Unit: 6 Demographic Rates and Ratios vital statistics
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The document outlines various demographic rates and ratios used in population studies, including birth and death rates, fertility rates, and mortality rates. It explains how these rates are calculated and their significance in understanding population dynamics, such as crude birth rate, general fertility rate, and infant mortality rate. Additionally, it discusses the implications of demographic measures for political, economic, and social planning and administration.
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Unit: 6 Demographic Rates and Ratios vital statistics
- 1. DEMOGRAPHIC RATES AND RATIOS VITAL STATISTICS by Ms. Preeti SMVDCoN
- 2. RATE It measures the occurrence of some particular event in a population during a given period of time. It indicates the change in some event that take place in a population over a period of time like death rate or birth rate.
- 3. CATEGORIES OF RATE • CRUDE RATE • SPECIFIC RATES • STANDARDIZED RATE
- 4. CRUDE BIRTH RATE It is the number of live births per 1000 estimated midyear population, in a given year. Total no. of live births in a given year CBR: ---------------------------------------------- X1000 Estimated midyear population
- 5. • Sample Equation • For example, in 2007, there were 3,250 births in a city with population of 223,000. Therefore: CBR = (3,250 ÷ 223,000) X 1,000 or CBR = 14.57. So, there were 14.57 births for every 1,000 people in the city.
- 6. DEATH RATE The simplest measure of mortality is the crude death rate. It is defined as the number of deaths per 1000 estimated midyear population in one year in a given place. No. of deaths during the year in an area CDR= --------------------------------------------------X 1000 Mid-year population during the same Year in the same area
- 7. • 3. Examples: • 15,231 total deaths in India during calendar year 2006. • 2,010,787 = estimated 2006 mid-year population for’ India • .(15,231 / 2,010,787) x 100,000 = 757.5 resident deaths per 100,000 population in 2006 in New
- 8. TOTAL FERTILITY RATE It represents the average number of children a woman would have if she is to pass through her reproductive years bearing children at the same rates as the woman now in age group. It is computed by summing the age specific fertility rates for all ages if 5 years age groups are used the sum of the rates is multiplied by 5. This measure gives the magnitude of complete family size.
- 10. • The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is a standard demographic indicator used internationally to estimate the average number of children that a woman would have over her childbearing years (i.e. age 15-49), based on current birth trends. It is calculated by adding up the average number of births per woman across five-year age groups (i.e. age-specific fertility rates, or ASFR). The specific formula to calculate TFR is: • What this means is that there are only two key components that affect TFR: • The number of births for each age group of women (in the numerator), and • The number of women in each age group (in the denominator).
- 11. GENERAL FERTILITY RATE • It is the number of births per 1000 women of reproductive ages (15-49 years) • It uses the number of women of child bearing age in a population as base for the calculation of birth rate rather than total population. • It is obtained by expressing the live births as a rate per 1000 of women of child bearing age taken as either 15- 44 years/ 15-49 years.
- 12. GENERAL FERTILITY RATE No. of live births in an area during the year GFR: ---------------------------------------------------------- -----X1000 Midyear females population age (15-44) in the Same Area in the same year
- 13. GENERAL MARITAL FERTILITY RATE It is the number of births per 1000 women married in reproductive age group (15-49 year) in a given year. No. of live births in a given year GMFR:-------------------------------------X1000 Midyear married female population In age group (15-49 years)
- 14. AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE As more precise measure of fertility in age specific fertility rate, defined as the number of live births in a year to 1000 women in a specified “age group”. It throws light on fertility pattern. No. of live births born to a woman in a particular age group ASFR: -------------------------------------------------------- ---X1000 Midyear female population of same age group
- 15. AGE SPECIFIC MARITAL FERTILITY RATE It is the number of births per 1000 women married in any specified age group in a year. No. of live births in a particular age group ASMFR:--------------------------------------------- ---X1000 Midyear married female population of same age group
- 16. TOTAL MARITAL FERTILITY RATE Average number of children that would be born to a married woman if she experiences the current fertility pattern throughout the reproductive span.
- 17. GROSS REPRODUCTIVE RATE It is restricted to the number of female children. It shows how many girl babies potential future mothers would be born to 1000 women passing through their childbearing years, if the age specific fertility birth rates of a given year remained constant and if no women entering the child bearing period died before reaching menopause.
- 18. NET REPRODUCTIVE RATE It is defined as the number of daughters or newborn girl will bear during her life time assuming fixed age specific and mortality rate. But this method of finding out rate believes that both fertility and mortality are stable and will not change. But that in practice not so. This is very serious defect.
- 19. PREGNANCY RATE It is ratio of number of pregnancies including all pregnancies, whether these had terminated as live births, still births or abortions or had not yet terminated.
- 20. ABORTION RATE The number of all types of abortions usually per 1000 women of child bearing age. No. of all types of abortions in a year AR: -------------------------------------------------- -- X 1000 Women of child bearing age (15-44)
- 21. MARRIAGE RATE It is the number of marriages in the year per thousand population. Demographers consider this as a very unsatisfactory rate because the denominator is comprised primarily of population that is not eligible to marry. No. of marriages within one year GMR: ----------------------------------------------- ---X1000 No. of unmarried persons (15-49 years)
- 23. INFANT MORTALITY RATE The annual number of deaths of children less than one year old per 1000 live births in that area. No. of deaths of children less than 1 year of age in a year IMR = ----------------------------------------------- --X 1000 No. of live births in the same year
- 25. CHILD MORTALITY RATE OR UNDER -5 MORTALITY RATE It is defines as an “annual no. of deaths of children age under 5 years, expressed as a rate per 1000 live births”. No. of deaths of children less than 5 year Of age in a given year CMR= ------------------------------------------------ X 1000 No. of live births in the same year
- 26. UNDER 5 PROPORTIONATE MORTALITY RATE It is the proportion of total deaths occurring in the under 5 age group to number of live births & it is expressed as no. of under five deaths per 1000 live births. This rate can be used to reflect both infant and child mortality rates No. of deaths under five years of Age in the given year Under 5 PMR = -------------------------------------------------- X 1000 Total no. of live births in the same year
- 27. MATERNAL MORTALITY RATE A Maternal death is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration or site of pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from incidental or accidental causes. Total no. of female deaths due to complications of pregnancy, childbirth or within 42 days of delivery From “Puerperal causes” in an area during a given year MMR=--------------------------------------------------------X 100,000 No. of live births in a same area and Year
- 28. DISEASE-SPECIFIC MORTALITY RATE It is defined as number of deaths due to any specific disease in a given year, per thousand populations at the midpoint of the year concerned. No. of deaths from a specific disease in the given year Disease-Specific MR=-------------------------------X 1000 Mid-year population
- 31. GROWTH RATE It is the average annual percent change in the population, resulting from a surplus of births over deaths and the balance of migrants or in simple words it is the measure of how in an area the population is increasing.
- 32. RATIO It expresses the relation in size between two random quantities. A ratio is a relationship between two numbers indicating how many times the first number contains the second. It expresses in the form of x:y. For example, if a bowl of fruit contains eight oranges and six lemons, then the ratio of oranges to lemons is eight to six ( that is, 8:6, which is equivalent to the ratio 4:3).
- 33. SEX RATIO It is defined as the number of females per 1000 males. One of the basic demographic characteristics of the population is the sex composition. In any study of population analysis of the sex composition plays a vital role. The sex ratio in India has been generally adverse to women i.e. the number of women per 1000 has been less than 1000.
- 34. DEPENDENCY RATIO The person above 65 years of age and children below 15 years of age are considered to be dependent upon the economically productive age group 15-65 years. The ratio of the combined age group 0-14 years plus 65 years and above to the 15-65 years age group is referred to as the total. It can be subdivided as: • Young Dependency Ratio (0-14 years) • Old Dependency Ratio (65 years and above)
- 35. ABORTION RATIO This is calculated by dividing the number of abortions performed during the particular time period.
- 36. • Abortion ratio = number of all type of abortion/no. Of live births • World abortion ratio= 32:100 live births-this means for every 100 live births in the world there are 32 abortion.
- 37. CHILD- WOMAN RATIO It is the number of children 0-4 years of age per 1000 women of child bearing age usually defined as 15-44/ 15-49 years of age. This is not an accurate measure of fertility, it is more like a measure of population structure.
- 38. Child/women ratio = living children aged 0-4 years/ women of child bearing age (15-44 years)
- 39. IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHIC RATES AND RATIOS Political Economic Planning Social Advantage to administrators Essential for checking regional imbalances