Unit 6. Primary sector

UNIT 6
AGRICULTURE ACTIVITY: SUPPLY SOURCE

UNIT DIAGRAM
AGRICULTURE ACTIVITY
1. Agrarian
activity
2. Agriculture
across the
World:
landscapes
3. Livestock
and forest
exploitation
4. Fishing
CONCEPT
AGRICULTURE HISTORY
PRODUCTIVITY FACTORS
PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
OR ELEMENTS
TRADITIONAL AGRICULTURE:
subsistence, self-consumption
MODERN AGRICULTURE:
commercial & ecological
EXTENSIVE
INDUSTRIALIZED
FOREST EXPLOITATION
TYPES OF FISHING
FISHING AREAS
AQUACULTURE
PRODUCTION
5. Types of agrarian and
fishing landscapes

AGRICULTURE LIVESTOCK FISHING FORESTRY
Agriculture are those
activities which involve
the farming of lands in
order to obtain food for
humans or animals and
raw materials for
industries.
Livestock refers to
the breeding of
animals to produce
meat, milk, wool and
leather, or to be used
as labour.
Fishing is the activity
of trying to catch fish
or other aquatic
animals. Fish are
normally caught in
the wild.
Forestry involves using
forest to obtain Wood,
cork, resin and
firewood, as a grazing
and hunting area as
well as for harvesting
types of wild fruit.
PRIMARY SECTOR
Activities involved in obtaining
resources directly from raw
materials. These are the oldest
economic activities
MINING
Mining consists of
the extraction of
minerals from the
Earth’s crust,
transforming the
landscape.

Agriculture is farming of lands in order to obtain food for
humans or animals and raw material for the industry.
Concept
1. Agrarian activity

• It appeared 10.000 years ago, during the Neolithic.
• The Romans introduced the mediterranean trilogy (wheat, vine y olive tree). The agriculture
techniques were based on using the Roman plough, normally pulled by oxes, and the fallow land
system. Other contributions were the oil press, some irrigation techniques and fertilisers.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsbGA6boWCo
Historical evolution

• From the year 1.000 A.D. some techniques were implemented:
• Farmers’ labour was recognized.
• Heavy plough (with wheels). Deep plough.
• Watermill: more productivity.
• Better farming tolls: sickles, thresing machine…https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0oR-NE9oFc4
• Ox and mule introduction as a pull animal (horseshoe and horse collar).
• Better transport and commerce.
• Irrigation improvements and new crops introduction.
• Three-year crop rotation system.
• After discovering era (from XVI th century), the faming of crops became globalized.
• Agricultural revolution occured after industrial revolution (during the last 2 centuries).
Historical evolution

Three-year crop rotation system
1- Cereal
2- Legume
3- Fallow land
First year
Second year
Third year

Agricultural revolution concept map
Changes produced by the agricultural revolution (during the last 200 years)

In the 25 years that go from 1970 to 1995 there has been a significant reduction in European people
employed in agriculture, which has been more expectacular in those countries that had the highest
population rate working in that sector (Italy, Spain, Portugal, Ireland and Greece).The Spanish agrarian
sector has to be reinforced, among other things, to avoid masive countryside abandonment, which has
been a constant fact for decades in Spain.This causes ageing population in rural areas and, sometimes,
depopulation.That countryside abandonment is one of the biggest disasters, not only of the Spanish
agriculture, but also of the European agriculture and, yet, all over the world.
ALBAN D'ENTREMONT, economic geography, 1997.
(translated)
Why is the countryside abandonment being porduced?
Why do you think the autor is saying that this is a global problem?
Text: There are fewer and fewer farmers

- Low employed population rate (less than a 5%)
• Developed countries
- High productivity (technical advances)
- High employed population rate (80%)
• Developing countries
- Low productivity (traditional techniques)
Agriculture nowadays

Agriculture in developed and developing countries pictures
Machinery
Human strength
Hoe

Agriculture production and employed people
• Observing the graph, What
are the differences
showed?Why do you think
we obtain those datas?

Agrarian employed population map

Agrarian production map

Agriculture production map

10 countries with more farmed land (%)

Malnourished population map

• Physical factors: (They have lost importance due to the technological advances).
• Climate: temperature y humidity (amount of water).
• Relief: altitude (temperature) and slope (+-10%).
• Ground: size and porosity (oxygen quantity and water retention), and chemical
composition (acidity) and biological (nutrient and organic material).
Factors of production.
1. Agrarian activity.

Factors: climate

Factors: relief

• This landscape, declared World
Heritage by the UNESCO, is a rice fild
composed by terraces that allow
people to stagge the ground slope in
order to make use of the monzonic
rains that flow the lands. Creating the
ideal conditions to farm rice.
Rice field in Banaue, Phiipines

• Clayey: thin and compact, rich in nutrients, but it gets swamped easily.
• Sandy: thickness and very separated, it doesn’t retain nutrients, it demand frecuent
irrigation and fertiliser.
• Muddy: medium size and half compact, optimal for agriculture, it retains water and
nutrients without swamp.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PkcDEK_cKFk
Factors: ground

• Human factors:
• Population size: + population = + farmed land.
• Agrarian techniques: + technologies = + agrarian productivity.
Subsistence.
• Production destination (Consumers):
Market economy.
• Agriculture policy. Consists of making laws and agriculture strategies to obtain
economic progress and social advances for farmers, balancing prices and productivity.
Agrarian factors.

Subsitence and market agricultural distribution.

• It was born in 1960.
• It was trying to introduce modern agrarian techniques into the least developed countries to
implement agrarian productivity, improving diet and finishing the famines and poverty.
• It had success in China.
• In the rest of the developing countries, the starving people grew a 11%, because, although
productivity increased, the costs did it too, so did the food and people could not afford
them.
The Green revolution

• Plots
• Plots exploitation
• Irrigation system Agrarian landscapes diversity
• Farmed crop
• Habitat and road system
Agrarian landscapes elements

• Parcela: cada una de las partes en las que se divide el espacio agrario
Plots: open fields / bocage
Open fields
(NOT fenced or enclosed)
Bocage or closed field
(enclosed or fenced)

Plots: minifundio / latifundio
Small-sized = (minifundio) Medium-sized = (latifundio)

Plots explotation: intensive / extensive
Extensive: it doesn’t maximize the land
productivity (natural fertilisers, rain water,
fallow land…).
MECANIZED NOT MECANIZED

Plots explotation: intensive / extensive
Intensive: it obtains the máximum land
productivity (chemical fertilisers,
irrigation, industrial machinery…).

Irrigation systems
Dry farming crops: only rain water Irrigated crops: need extra water
Sprinklers

Crop variety
Monoculture: one crop Polyculture: different crops grown

Habitat
Concentrated settlements Disperse settlements

CONSOLIDATION ACTIVITY: “Agrarian factors”
Observe the pictures:
• How are the
physical factor
influencing the
agriculture
productivity?
• Is it important that
influence?Why?
• In what kind of
areas would you
locate the images?
1 3
2
4
5
6

CONSOLIDATION ACTIVITY : “Agrarian elements”
Observe and explain the characteristics of the following images according to the
elements that are observed, make the difference:
1 2
3 4
5

REVIEW & PRACTICE
• OUTLINE PAG 26-27
• ACTIVITY: 6
• Glosario: erosion, agrarian fertiliser, sharecropping, hectare, CAP (Common Agricultural
Policy).

• It plays a very important role in their economy:
• Traditional agriculture: occupies farmers with traditional production methods and
no many resources.They farm large plots of land to obtain enough food.
• Plantations: bound to multinational companies interests and destined to
exportation.
Agriculture in developing countries
2. Agriculture across the world: agrarian landscapes.

• It is a subsistence agriculture that is practised in small properties.
• Policulture predominance.
• Involves traditional production methods and tools = low productivity.
• Strong dependence on physical factors.
Traditional agriculture (general concept)

• It is known as the “felling and burn” agriculture and it is the most archaic system.
• It’s located in the intertropical zone.
• It is practised in savannahs (cereals), in forests (tubercle) and not very fertile soil.
• It’s a subsistence agriculture model.
• It’s extensive and not very productive.
Itinerant farming

• It is practised in tropical countries.
• It’s a subsistence agriculture, extensive, dry framing, low productive and characterized
by policulture.
• The crop rotation is applied.
• It uses natural fertilisers.
Savannah agriculture

Savannah agriculture diagram

• It is practised in the east of China, south-east ofAsia and Eastern coastline of India.
• They produce mostly rice.
• It is farmed in big plains and terraces created in mountainsides.
• The agrarian landscape it’s composed by many plots of land separated by dikes and
irrigation canals.
• It’s an intensive agriculture.
Monzon irrigated agriculture

• It is carried out in not developed tropical countries. Using modern
techniques:
• It’s a market agriculture, destined to exportation.
• It’s practised in large properties.
• It demands a big capital investment (many time from foreign countries).
• Monoculture predominace.
• It employs abundant people.
• High mechanization and productivity.
Plantations

• Problems:
• The profits are for the foreign companies.
• Some countries have to import foodstuffs to their population.
• The peasants have been forced to abandon their lands and go to work to the
plantations.
• Very intensive exploitation, exhausting the lands.
• If the prices go down, the plantation can be closed down.
Plantation

Plantation economy text
Plantation economy
Plantations, inspired by the ingenuity, appear in its evolution when the sugar
trading explotation reaches its peak. Placed in the tropical zone,
or sometimes in subtropical, develop a strong farming specialization, and the
workforce used was mainly indigenous or black slaves. Conceive as a company, its
productive structure, using high investments, was articulated depending on the
foreign market.
The European people necessities, mostly priviledge social classes, stimulated the
production of great economic value for the colonial trade.
Sugar, cocoa and tobacco become the most important exportation monocultures.
N. MARTÍNEZ DÍAZ, “La agricultura en América”, Cuadernos de Historia 16, n.
135, 1985. (Adaptado)
(translated)

Plantations
1. Sabanas y grandes latifundios ganaderos. 2. Propiedades de los peones de los latifundios. 3. Gran plantación de caña de azúcar. 4. Terreno
agotado por la agricultura intensiva. 5. Explotaciones agrícolas medianas. 6. Centro administrativo de la plantación. 7. Pueblo. 8. Viviendas de
los campesinos pobres sin tierras. 9. Fábrica azucarera. 10. Gran hacienda ganadera.
11. Parcelas cercadas con pastos mejorados. 12. Terreno empobrecido por el pastoreo excesivo. 13. Plantación de café.
14. Cultivos de los campesinos pobres en suelos desgastados. 15. Casas de los trabajadores de la plantación de café. 16. Pantanos y
ciénagas.

Plantations across the world

• The market agriculture has as the main objective to obtain the máximum
profit, so it is destined to sale:
• The production specialization: work simplification and machinery, increasing the
productivity.
• The mechanization of cultivation: less workforce required and time spent.
• Modern farming techniques aplications: fertilisers and pesticides that generate a high
productivity, green houses, irrigation systems, genetically modified crops (transgenic
crops).
Agriculture in developed countries: market agriculture

• Specialized in cereal
monoculture
production located in
developed countries.
Highly productive extensive agriculture

• It allows to lower the prices.
• Speed up trading. Positives.
• Specialized transports.
• Pollute. Negatives
• The grant the are given by developed governments place the other countries in a
disadvantage competitive position.
Agriculture in developed countries : market agriculture effects

Benefits and risks of the modern agriculture
BENEFITS RISKS
High productivity Environmental deterioration
More resistance against plagues Overproduction
Spatial specialization Agrarian products prices drop
Active population reduction in the
sector, so less cost price
Workforce excess, so unemployment
aggravation
More qualified peasants Social and economic Inequalities
between developing and developed
countries
Regular market supplying

• Green houses:
A Green house allows people to
control the temperatures and
humidity conditions, therefore
it can be farmed in difficult
places and to reduce the plants
growing period.We can save
water because of evaporation
reduction and protect better
the plants against plagues and
adverse climatological
conditions.
Modern techniques

Green houses

• Drip:
The water is taken by hoses
to the plant, where a
dropper will irrigate the
plant drop by drop.This
increases the plant
productivity because of not
wasting energy to obtain
water and nutrients,
reducing the plants
growing period. Besides it
allows us to save even a
60% of water.
Modern farming techniques

Subsistence and market agricultura comparison

• Ecological agriculture can be defined very simply as a combination, in agriculture and
livestock, of techniques that rule out the use of chemical products like fertilisers,
pesticidals, antibiotics, etc., with the purpose of preserving the natural environment,
mantein or increase soil fertility and to provide food with all its natural properties.
• https://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/organic/organic-farming_es
Ecological agriculture.

Agricultural production characteristics
AGRICULTURE SPACES USE OF LAND PRODUCTIVITY PRODUCTS
Subsistence agriculture Extensive Very low Millet, sorghum, cassava,
legumes, berries.
Itinerant livestock Extensive Low Goats, camels, sheep, cows.
Intensive subsistence agriculture (no
rice)
Intensive Low Wheat, sorghum, corn, barley,
potato, cotton, cows, sheep.
Intensive subsistence agriculture of rice Intensive Very low, except in Japan Rice, corn, soy, tea, citrus,
legumes, cows, pigs.
Plantations Intensive High Coffee, cocoa, tea, sugar cane,
cotton, bananas, tobacco,
rubber.
Mediterranean agriculture Intensive Medium or high, depending on
the place
Wheat, barley, vine, olive,
legumes, sunflower, citrus,
sheep, pigs.
Market cereal agriculture and farms Extensive in developing countries, normally
intensive in developed ones
High Wheat, barley, corn, soybean,
beet, sunflower, cows, pigs.
Market extensive livestock (ranch) Extensive, except in USA Medium-high Cows, sheep, horses, pigs,
barley, wheat, alfalfa.
Milk farms Intensive Very high Dairy cows, pigs, potatoes,
beets, rye, oats.
Horticulture Intensive Very high Vegetables, vegetables, fruit
trees, flowers.

Map of the agricultural land uses around the world

CONSOLIDATION: “production systems” (ACT 9 y 10 PAG 29)
Observe the images:
• Analyze.What are
the characteristics
that both agrarian
exploitation
systems present?
• Where would you
locate them?Why?
• Why do you think
those noticeable
differences exist?
• What would you
propose for
improving the
subsistence system
productivity?

REVIEW & PRACTICE
• ACTIVITY: 12 y 13
• Glosario: Green house, hydroponic cultivation, transgenic crop (genetically modified).

Livestock refers to the breeding of animals to
produce meat, milk, wool, leather or to be
used as labour.
Concept
3. Livestock

• The most common cattle, in a world level, are those related to the livestock
beef, sheep and pork.
• In some parts of theWorld, other types of livestock have more importance,
like rabbit breeding, aviculture (bird raising) or apiculture (bee keeping).
Most common spicies
3. Livestock

• It’s localized in the least farming favourable zones.
• It has experimented a deep change during the last century:
• Select breed = + productivity and – diseases.
• New technologies = more productivity and transporting products for long distancies.
There are two types: extensive and intensive
Livestock: characteritics
3. Livestock

• It’s practised as much in developed countries as developing.
• It’s typical of large exploitations, in which the livestock roam all over the countryside and
it’s fed of natural grazing. (Trashumance)
• It requires scant investments, but its productivity is low.
• It’s destined to selling in the developed market economy and to the subsistence in
developing ones.
• Species: beef, sheep and, to a lesser extent, pork (meadow or dehesas).
Traditional or extensive livestock
3. Livestock

3. Livestock

3. Livestock
What do you think about the benefits
that are proposed by the influence of
the livestock over the mountains?

• It’s typical of developed countries.
• It’s practised in small and specialized exploitations.
• It demands great investments that produce high productivity.
• Depending on the place where the animals are breeded, it can be stabled (estabulada) or
semistabled (semiestabulada).
• Species:
• Beef, pork and poultry (stabled).
• Beef and sheep (semistabled).
Modern or intensive livestock
3. Livestock

3. Livestock

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BklLhCgN9
CQ
3. Livestock
Do you think that the animals that are shown in these
videos are having good life conditions? Should we eat
them?

Livestock production map
3. Livestock

Milk production per regions in the world
Europa
40%
África
4%
América del Sur
9%
América del Norte
15%
Oceanía
4%
Asia
28%
3. Livestock

It involves using forests to obtainWood, cork, resin and
firewood, as a grazing and hunting area as well as for
harvesting types of wild fruit.
Concept
3. Forest exploitation

• Wood production is related to climatological conditions.
• The uncontrolled forests exploitation is putting in serious danger wide wooded áreas of the
Earth.
• To avoid that, in many places it is practised what is known as silviculture (farming the
forests to obtain economic benefits, but conserving it).
• In some areas, repopulations are taking place.
Forest exploitation

Forest exploitation
Deforestation
Reforestation

Forest lands around the world

Forest lands in Spain

REVIEW & PRACTICE
• Glossary: trashumance, stable (estabulación), reforestation.

Fishing is to capture fish and other aquatic
animals in oceans and seas, rivers or lakes
Fishing: concept
4. Fishing

• Coastal fishing:
• It is performed in rivers and coastal areas.
• In small watercrafts.
• It uses traditional methods (harpoons, hooks, traps ...).
• Production is for self-consumption or local market.
• It is an important food resource for underdeveloped countries.
Fishing: types
4. Fishing

• Inshore fishing:
• It is practised next to the coastal areas.
• Small or medium size boats.
• Fishing tools is used depending on the species.
• The cellars are equipped with cold rooms.
• Duration: 1 day
Fishing: types
4. Fishing

• Deep-sea fishing:
• Offshore.
• Large boat with great tonnage.
• Modern techniques that detect the fish banks.
• They have facilities to clean, chop, pack, and store frozen catches.
• Duration: weeks or months.
Fishing: types
4. Fishing

Some fishing techniques
4. Fishing

• Fishing areas.
• The best fishing grounds are the underwater plains, since here the rivers pour their
nutrients and the shallow depth allows the passage of sunlight. Being the Pacific Ocean
where they are in greater abundance.
• They are subject to laws, which mark the Exclusive Economic Zone (to 370km).
• In order to be able to fish in foreign waters there must be fishing agreements.
Where do we fish?
4. Fishing

Map of the main fishing areas
4. Fishing

Main countries producing fish and their origin
4. Fishing

Distribution of world fish production by continents
Europa
18%
Asia
57%
Oceanía
1%
América del
Norte
6% América del
Sur
14%
África
4%
4. Fishing

It is captive breeding or in a controlled environment of aquatic animal and
plant organisms.
• The majority of the salmon, trout, mussels ... that we consume come from the fish farms.
They represent 30% of total production.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKE0W8KXWDY&feature=fvwrel
Aquaculture
4. Fishing

REVIEW & PRACTICE
• ACTIVITY: 32
• Glossary: fishing ground, fish farm, exclusive economic zone.

5.The value of agrarian and fishing landscapes
OUR
HERITAGE
LEGACY
HISTORICAL
VALUE
TRADITIONAL
LANDSCAPES
MARKS OF
IDENTITY

GLOSSARY
• Erosion
• Agrarian Fertiliser
• Sharecropping
• Hectare
• CAP (Common
Agricultural Policy)
• Green house
• Hydroponic cultivation
• Transgenic crop
(genetically modified)
• Transhumance
• Stable (estabulación)
• Reforestation
• Fishing ground
• Fish farm
• Exclusive Economic
Zone

• FranciscoJavier Montaño Fernández
Geography and History teacher

Unit 6. Primary sector

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