UNIT2_ - Internet and Intranet.pptxhjjjjjjjjh

Internet and Intranet
Unit 2
– By Tushar Sir

Internet and Intranet
– By Tushar Sir

What is Internet?
● The Internet is a global network that uses TCP / IP protocols to connect millions of
computers worldwide.
● It can include different networks, such as private, public, organizational, academic,
government, etc.
● It allows users to communicate with each other and share massive amounts of data in
various formats.
● Internet is available in both modes, wired and wireless.
● In wired mode, the data travels through fiber optic cables, whereas in wireless mode,
the data travels through radio waves.
– By Tushar Sir

What is Internet?
Some of the essential applications of the Internet are listed below: -
● File sharing
● Downloading media files and software
● Sending and receiving emails
● Browsing any information
● Using social media platforms, forums, and communities
● E-Commerce, bill payments, online purchasing of food and medicines
● Voice Calls, Video Conferencing, and Chatting with friends, family members, and
colleagues
– By Tushar Sir

How does Internet works?
● The internet is a network created by connecting a large number of computers or
computer networks.
● It is a type of network that cannot be owned by an entity. It is formed using networks
of networks configured using complex standards and rules (such as protocols).
● The Internet works through a packet routing network following the protocols, where
the packet routing is the technique of routing data packets from source computer to a
destination computer.
● However, there are several protocols; the transmission and internet protocols are the
primary impelling agents that help build the Internet network.
● The other common protocols used by the connected networks are HTTP, FTP, and
SMTP.
● Besides, the protocols and applications like Telnet, Gopher, WWW, Usenet News,
Internet Relay Chat, etc. are also used throughout the working of the Internet.
– By Tushar Sir

Architecture of Internet
● The architecture of the Internet is ever-changing due to continuous changes in the
technologies as well as the nature of the service provided.
● The heterogeneity and vastness of the Internet make it difficult to describe every
aspect of its architecture.
● The overall architecture can be described in three levels −
○ Backbone ISP (Internet Service Provider)
○ Regional ISPs
○ Clients
– By Tushar Sir

– By Tushar Sir

● Backbone ISP (Internet Service Provider) − Backbone ISPs are large international
backbone networks.
● They are equipped with thousands of routers and store enormous amounts of
information in data centers, connected through high bandwidth fiber optic links.
● Everyone needs to connect with a backbone ISP to access the entire Internet.
● There are different ways through which a client can connect to the ISP.
● A commonly used way is DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) which reuses the telephone
connection of the user for transmission of digital data.
– By Tushar Sir

● The user uses a dial-up connection instead of the telephone call. Connectivity is also
done by sending signals over cable TV system that reuses unused cable TV channels
for data transmission.
● For high-speed Internet access, the connectivity can be done through FTTH (Fiber to
the Home), that uses optical fibers for transmitting data.
● Nowadays, most Internet access is done through the wireless connection to mobile
phones from fixed subscribers, who transmit data within their coverage area.
– By Tushar Sir

Advantages of Internet
● The Internet establishes a network of devices from different locations all around the
world.
● It allows people to communicate easily from any location worldwide.
● The Internet is helping people to get information easily on different topics.
● It keeps the people updated on what's happening worldwide with the latest news and
technologies.
● It connects people through communities, forums, social networking sites and helps
them work together digitally.
● The Internet has made selling and purchasing of products and services easier.
● The Internet is the best platform for people to show their talent, such as singing,
dancing, drawing, etc.
– By Tushar Sir

What is Intranet?
● An Intranet is a part of the Internet and is owned and used privately by an
organization.
● It is mainly used to connect all the computers and establish a private network of an
organization to provide employees the ability to collaborate on projects, manage or
update information, share calendars, and to-do list, etc.
● Organizations prefer using Intranet to keep their data inaccessible from outsiders,
making their suspicious data and project information secure.
● Intranet includes a firewall to prevent unauthorized users from accessing the network.
– By Tushar Sir

What is Intranet?
● The websites created over Intranet look almost similar and act like any other website
on the Internet.
● However, these websites are much more task-oriented than promotional design
websites on the Internet.
● Like the Internet, the intranet's websites can also provide the interface to form
communication in the shape of chatting, image sharing, audio-video conferencing,
etc.
● All these activities can only be used by authorized users who have permission to
access the Intranet network.
– By Tushar Sir

What is Intranet?
Some other essential applications of the Intranet are listed below: -
● Sharing the updates regarding the company's rules and regulations
● Accessing employees details
● Onboarding of employees and customer details
● Sharing project details
● Submission of projects and reports
● Submitting feedback or complaints
● Corporate telephone directories
– By Tushar Sir

How does Intranet works?
● Intranet usually runs in a client/server environment where the computers are
connected using local area networks.
● Each computer is identified by the MAC address or an IP address, which remains
unique for every computer.
● As an Internet, the Intranet also uses the client-server model based on the TCP / IP
protocol suite.
● Because web browsers do not depend on the platform, they are also used on Intranet
to access and retrieve information from the server within the organization.
– By Tushar Sir

How does Intranet works?
● Besides, there is no need to install any special kind of software on the systems on the
Intranet.
● But most companies use customized software designed purposely for company-
specific tasks.
● In addition to the protocols, Intranet uses a firewall to filter unwanted elements to the
network and protects it from external intruders.
● It also includes network connectivity and the public telecommunication system,
which help access and share the company's data, projects, and operations securely
with the staff.
– By Tushar Sir

Advantages of Intranet
● The intranet is helping organizations to access internal and external information
securely.
● The intranet is fast, easy-to-use, and low-cost to implement.
● It enables employees to connect with other systems throughout the organization.
● The intranet is based on open standards.
● It has added improved communication and enhanced productivity to the operational
business processes.
● It encourages collaboration and reduces the error rate.
● It helps cut down the administration and the processing time.
– By Tushar Sir

Issues of Intranet
– By Tushar Sir

Key Differences between Internet and Intranet
● The Internet is a global system of computer networks available for everyone, whereas
Intranet is a network of computers owned by any organization for a certain group of
people.
● The Internet is a public network, while Intranet is a private network.
● The total number of users using the Internet is very high, whereas total users on
Intranet are limited.
● Information on the Internet is broad that involves almost every topic, category and
field. In contrast, Intranet includes limited information that refers to any group or
organization, such as the company's databases.
● The Internet can be accessed and used by anyone, whereas the Intranet is limited to
organization employees or admin with login details.
– By Tushar Sir

Key Differences between Internet and Intranet
● The Internet is a public network that is not considered safe, while the Intranet is a
safer network.
● The intranet is usually owned by a firm, institution, or organization, but any single
person or an organization does not own the internet.
– By Tushar Sir

Network Devices
● Have you ever wondered how a network is built and how data flows from one system
to another?
● Building a network is impossible without the physical and virtual devices that
comprise the network infrastructure.
● Network Devices are the answer to all of these questions.
● Network devices are physical devices that allow hardware on a computer network to
interact and communicate with one another.
● In layman’s terms, we can describe network devices in computer networks as the
devices that connect fax machines, computers, printers, and other electronic
devices to the network.
– By Tushar Sir

Network Devices
● One can quickly, safely, and accurately transfer data over one or more networks with
the help of network devices.
● Network devices are also referred to as hardware and networking hardware.
● Some common examples of network devices in computer networks are hub, router,
switch, gateway, etc.
– By Tushar Sir

Repeater
● A repeater operates at the physical layer.
● Its job is to regenerate the signal over the same network
before the signal becomes too weak or corrupted to
extend the length to which the signal can be transmitted
over the same network.
● An important point to be noted about repeaters is that
they not only amplify the signal but also regenerate it.
● When the signal becomes weak, they copy it bit by bit
and regenerate it at its star topology connectors
connecting following the original strength. It is a 2-port
device.
– By Tushar Sir

Hub
● A hub is a basically multi-port repeater.
● A hub connects multiple wires coming from different
branches, for example, the connector in star topology
which connects different stations.
● A hub is one of the simplest networking devices that
connects several computers or other network devices
when referring to networking (network devices hub).
● In layman’s terms, a hub is a hardware device that
allows multiple devices or connections to connect to a
computer.
– By Tushar Sir

Hub
● A USB hub, for example, allows multiple USB devices to connect with one
computer, even if that computer only has one USB connection.
● Depending on the hub, the number of ports on a USB hub can range from 4 to over
100, and it operates at the Physical layer (Layer 1) of the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model.
● Hubs cannot filter data, so data packets are sent to all connected devices.
● In other words, the collision domain of all hosts connected through Hub remains one.
Also, they do not have the intelligence to find out the best path for data packets which
leads to inefficiencies and wastage.
– By Tushar Sir

Hub
The top three advantages of the hub network device are: -
● Easy to install
● Inexpensive
● It does not affect the performance of the network seriously
The top three disadvantages of the hub network device are: -
● Can not filter information
● It can not reduce the network traffic
● Broadcast of the data happens to all the port
– By Tushar Sir

Types of Hub
● Active Hub:- These are the hubs that have their power supply and can clean, boost,
and relay the signal along with the network. It serves both as a repeater as well as a
wiring center. These are used to extend the maximum distance between nodes.
● Passive Hub:- These are the hubs that collect wiring from nodes and power supply
from the active hub. These hubs relay signals onto the network without cleaning and
boosting them and can’t be used to extend the distance between nodes.
● Intelligent Hub:- It works like an active hub and includes remote management
capabilities. They also provide flexible data rates to network devices. It also enables
an administrator to monitor the traffic passing through the hub and to configure each
port in the hub.
– By Tushar Sir

Switch
● A switch is a physical circuitry part that controls
the flow of signals in networking (network
devices switch).
● A switch enables you to open or close a
connection.
● When the switch is opened, a signal or power
can pass through the connection. When the
switch is closed, the flow is stopped, and the
circuit connection is broken.
● Early computers, such as the Altair, used
switches as input.
– By Tushar Sir

Switch
● A network switch is much more advanced than a hub, but it isn’t as advanced as a
router and operates at the Data Link layer (Layer 2) of the OSI model.
● A switch is a multiport bridge with a buffer and a design that can boost its
efficiency(a large number of ports imply less traffic) and performance.
● A switch is a data link layer device. The switch can perform error checking before
forwarding data, which makes it very efficient as it does not forward packets that
have errors and forward good packets selectively to the correct port only.
● In other words, the switch divides the collision domain of hosts, but the broadcast
domain remains the same.
– By Tushar Sir

Switch
The top three advantages of the switch network device are: -
● Increases the available bandwidth of the network.
● It helps in reducing the workload on individual host PCs
● Increases the performance of the network
The top three disadvantages of the switch network device are: -
● They are more costly than network bridges.
● Broadcast traffic can be problematic.
● Network connectivity problems are challenging to track down via the network switch.
– By Tushar Sir

Types of Switch
● Unmanaged switches: These switches have a simple plug-and-play design and do
not offer advanced configuration options. They are suitable for small networks or for
use as an expansion to a larger network.
● Managed switches: These switches offer advanced configuration options such as
VLANs, QoS, and link aggregation. They are suitable for larger, more complex
networks and allow for centralized management.
● Smart switches: These switches have features similar to managed switches but are
typically easier to set up and manage. They are suitable for small- to medium-sized
networks.
● Layer 2 switches: These switches operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model
and are responsible for forwarding data between devices on the same network
segment.
– By Tushar Sir

Types of Switch
● Layer 3 switches: These switches operate at the Network layer of the OSI model and
can route data between different network segments. They are more advanced than
Layer 2 switches and are often used in larger, more complex networks.
● PoE switches: These switches have Power over Ethernet capabilities, which allows
them to supply power to network devices over the same cable that carries data.
● Gigabit switches: These switches support Gigabit Ethernet speeds, which are faster
than traditional Ethernet speeds.
● Rack-mounted switches: These switches are designed to be mounted in a server rack
and are suitable for use in data centers or other large networks.
● Desktop switches: These switches are designed for use on a desktop or in a small
office environment and are typically smaller in size than rack-mounted switches.
● Modular switches: These switches have modular design, which allows for easy
expansion or customization. They are suitable for large networks and data centers.
– By Tushar Sir

Routers
● In regards to networking (network devices router), a router is a piece of hardware that
receives, analyses, and forwards incoming packets to another network.
● Routers examine incoming packets to determine the correct target IP address and
send the packet to that address.
● Routers typically connect LANs and WANs and use a rapidly updating routing table
to make routing decisions for data packets.
● The router divides the broadcast domains of hosts connected through it.
● Edge routers, core routers, virtual routers, wireless routers, and various other types of
routers are available, and they operate at the Network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI
model.
– By Tushar Sir

Routers
The top three advantages of the router network device are: -
● Connects various network architectures such as ethernet and token ring, among
others.
● Reduces network traffic by establishing collision domains as well as broadcast
domains.
● Chooses the best path across the internetwork using dynamic routing algorithms.
The top three disadvantages of the router network device are: -
● They work with routable network protocols.
● More expensive than other network devices.
● They are slower because they must analyze data from layer 1 to layer 3.
– By Tushar Sir

Bridge
● In regards to networking (network devices bridge), a bridge is a device that connects
two LANs or two segments of the same LAN.
● Networking bridges are also known as network bridges and bridging.
● There are two types of bridges: the Transparent bridge and the Source Routing
bridge.
● Bridges, unlike routers, are protocol independent in that they can forward packets
without analyzing and re-routing messages.
– By Tushar Sir

Bridge
● Bridging, in a nutshell, connects two smaller networks to form a more extensive
network.
● Bridges’ primary function in network architecture is to store and forward frames
between the various segments that the bridge connects.
● They transfer frames using hardware Media Access Control (MAC) addresses.
Bridges can forward or prevent data crossing by analyzing the MAC addresses.
● A bridge operates at the OSI model’s Data Link layer (Layer 2). It has a single input
and single output port, thus making it a 2 port device.
– By Tushar Sir

Types of Bridge
● Transparent Bridges:- These are the bridge in which the stations are completely
unaware of the bridge’s existence i.e. whether or not a bridge is added or deleted from
the network, reconfiguration of the stations is unnecessary. These bridges make use
of two processes i.e. bridge forwarding and bridge learning.
● Source Routing Bridges:- In these bridges, routing operation is performed by the
source station and the frame specifies which route to follow. The host can discover
the frame by sending a special frame called the discovery frame, which spreads
through the entire network using all possible paths to the destination.
– By Tushar Sir

Bridge
The top three advantages of the bridge network device are: -
● Reduces collisions
● Reduces network traffic with minor segmentation
● Connects similar network types with different cabling
The top three disadvantages of the bridge network device are: -
● Does not filter broadcasts
● More expensive compared to repeaters
● Slower compare to repeaters due to the filtering process
– By Tushar Sir

Gateway
● A gateway, as the name suggests, is a
passage to connect two networks that may
work upon different networking models.
● They work as messenger agents that take
data from one system, interpret it, and
transfer it to another system.
● Gateways are also called protocol
converters and can operate at any network
layer. Gateways are generally more
complex than switches or routers.
– By Tushar Sir

Gateway
● A wireless router, for example, is frequently used as the default gateway in a home
network.
● In short, a gateway acts as a messenger agent, taking data from one network,
interpreting it, and transferring it to another.
● Gateways, also known as protocol converters, can operate at any OSI model layer.
– By Tushar Sir

Gateway
The top three advantages of the gateway network device are: -
● Allows to broaden the network
● Handles traffic issues effectively
● Permits to link two different kinds of networks
The top three disadvantages of the gateway network device are: -
● Never filter data
● Costly and difficult to manage
● Protocol conversion is performed, thus resulting in a slower transmission rate.
– By Tushar Sir

Modem
● A modem is a piece of hardware that enables a computer to transmit and receive data
over telephone lines.
● In a nutshell, a modem is a piece of hardware that connects a computer or router to a
broadband network.
● When a signal is sent, the device converts digital data to an analog audio signal and
sends it over a phone line.
● Similarly, when an analog signal is received, it is converted back to a digital signal by
the modem.
● Onboard modems, internal modems, external modems, and removable modems are all
examples of modems.
● A modem operates at the OSI model’s physical layer (Layer 1) or Data link layer
(Layer 2), depending on the type.
– By Tushar Sir

Modem
The top three advantages of the Modem network device are: -
● Easily allows connecting LAN to internet
● Converts digital signal into an analog signal
● When compared to the hub, the speed is slow
The top three disadvantages of the Modem network device are: -
● It only serves as a bridge between the LAN and the internet.
● It cannot maintain its network traffic.
● The modem is unaware of its destination path.
– By Tushar Sir

Access Point
● An access point (AP) is a wireless network device that acts as a portal for devices to
connect to a local area network.
● Access points can extend an existing network’s wireless coverage and increase the
number of users who can connect.
● Wireless access points (WAPs) are devices that combine a transmitter and receiver
(transceiver) to form a wireless LAN (WLAN).
● The access point operates at the OSI model’s Data Link layer (Layer 2).
– By Tushar Sir

Access Point
The top three advantages of the Access Point network device are: -
● Installing is easier and faster.
● Allows data transmission even when the user is moving.
● It is simple to extend to places where wires and cables are inaccessible.
The top three disadvantages of the Access Point network device are: -
● The range of network devices is limited, which causes issues for many users.
● Installing this network device is difficult and time-consuming.
● Because these network devices are susceptible to interference, fog and radiation can
cause them to malfunction.
– By Tushar Sir

Brouter
● It is also known as the bridging router is a device that combines features of both
bridge and router.
● It can work either at the data link layer or a network layer.
● Working as a router, it is capable of routing packets across networks and working as
the bridge, it is capable of filtering local area network traffic.
– By Tushar Sir

NIC
● NIC or network interface card is a network adapter that is used to connect the
computer to the network.
● It is installed in the computer to establish a LAN. It has a unique id that is written on
the chip, and it has a connector to connect the cable to it.
● The cable acts as an interface between the computer and the router or modem.
● NIC card is a layer 2 device which means that it works on both the physical and data
link layers of the network model.
– By Tushar Sir

Cables
● We are getting different types of services by using various modes of communication.
● The wired method of communication is one of the most efficient and successful
modes.
● Cables are commonly used to carry communication signals within Local Area
Networks (LAN).
● Networking cables are networking hardware used to connect one network device to
other network devices or to connect two or more computers to share devices such as
printers or scanners.
● There are three common types of cable media that can be used to connect devices to a
network and they are coaxial cable, twisted-pair cable, and fiber-optic cable.
– By Tushar Sir

Co-axial Cable
● Coaxial cable looks similar to the cable used to carry TV signal.
● A solid-core copper wire conductor runs down the middle of the cable.
● Around that solid-core copper wire is a layer of insulation, and covering that
insulation is braided wire and metal foil shield, which shields against electromagnetic
interference.
● A final layer of plastic insulation jacket covers the braided wire.
– By Tushar Sir

Co-axial Cable
● There are two types of coaxial cabling: ThinNet and ThickNet.
● ThinNet is a flexible coaxial cable about ¼ inch thick.
● ThinNet is used for short-distance.
● ThinNet connects directly to a workstation’s network adapter card using a British
Naval Connector (BNC).
● The maximum length of thinnet is 185 to 200 meters.
– By Tushar Sir

Co-axial Cable
● ThickNet coaxial cable is thicker cable than ThinNet.
● ThickNet cable is about ½ inch thick and can support data transfer over longer
distances than ThinNet.
● ThickNet has a maximum supported cable length of 500 meters and usually is used as
a backbone to connect several smaller ThinNet-based networks.
– By Tushar Sir

Co-axial Cable
● There are two Ethernet media standards defined for coaxial cable-based Ethernet.
Those standards are 10Base2 and 10Base5.
● 10Base2 has a bandwidth speed of 10 Mbps, to a maximum distance of 200 meters.
10 denotes bandwidth speed and 2 denotes 200 meters. Base denotes baseband type
of signal. Coaxial cable used for 10Base2 Ethernet media standard is ThinNet.
● 10Base5 has a bandwidth speed of 10 Mbps, to a maximum distance of 500 meters.
10 denotes bandwidth speed and 5 denotes 500 meters. Base denotes baseband type
of signal. Coaxial cable used for 10Base5 Ethernet media standard is ThickNet.
● The bandwidth available for both 10Base2 (Thinnet Ethernet) and 10Base5 (Thicknet
Ethernet) were 10 Mbps (Megabits per second).
– By Tushar Sir

Characteristics of Co-axial Cable
● High-frequency signals are sent using this design.
● Coax cables are divided into two types: RG59 and RG6.
● The signal is transmitted by the inner conductor in electrical form.
● Magnetic fields do not affect coax cable.
● It consists of a solid conductor wire, a grounding conductor, an insulation layer, and
an outer insulation layer.
● The cost of the cable is relatively higher.
– By Tushar Sir

Advantages of Co-axial Cable
● Better bandwidth: Co-axial cables offer better bandwidth than twisted pair cables,
allowing for faster data transfer rates and improved performance.
● Longer distance transmission: Co-axial cables can transmit data over longer
distances than twisted pair cables.
● Resistance to interference: Co-axial cables are resistant to electromagnetic
interference, improving signal quality and reducing data loss.
– By Tushar Sir

Disadvantages of Co-axial Cable
● More expensive: Co-axial cables are more expensive than twisted pair cables,
making them less cost-effective for some applications.
● Difficult to install: Co-axial cables are more difficult to install than twisted pair
cables, requiring specialized equipment and expertise.
● Limited flexibility: Co-axial cables are less flexible than twisted pair cables, limiting
their use in some applications.
– By Tushar Sir

Twisted Pair Cables
● Twisted-pair cable is the most common type of cabling you can see in today's Local
Area Networks (LAN) networks.
● A pair of wires forms a circuit that can transmit data. The pairs are twisted to provide
protection against crosstalk.
● Crosstalk is the undesired signal noise generated by the electromagnetic fields of the
adjacent wires.
● When a wire is carrying a current, the current creates a magnetic field around the
wire.
● This field can interfere with signals on nearby wires.
● To eliminate this, pairs of wires carry signals in opposite directions, so that the two
magnetic fields also occur in opposite directions and cancel each other out.
● This process is known as cancellation.
– By Tushar Sir

Twisted Pair Cables
● Color codes used for Twisted Pair wire’s plastic insulation are Orange, Orange-
White, Blue, Blue-White, Green, Green-White, Brown and Brown-White.
● Two types of twisted pair cables are Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) and Shielded
Twisted Pair (STP).
– By Tushar Sir

Twisted Pair Cables
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cables
● Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) cable is the most common networking media.
● Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) consists of four pairs of thin, copper wires covered in
color-coded plastic insulation that are twisted together.
● The wire pairs are then covered with a plastic outer jacket. UTP cables are of small
diameter and it doesn’t need grounding.
● Since there is no shielding for UTP cabling, it relies only on "cancellation" to avoid
noise.
● UTP cable is used on Ethernet.
– By Tushar Sir

Twisted Pair Cables
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cables
● Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cables additionally have an overall conducting metallic
shields covering four twisted pair wires.
● There may be another conducting metallic shields covering individual twisted pairs
also.
● These metallic shields blocks out electromagnetic interference to prevent unwanted
noise from the communication circuit.
● Drain wires are also used in Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) cables together with
metallic shields for grounding purpose.
● The drain wire provides a low-resistance connection to shield for better grounding.
The main purpose of drain wire is to carry away unwanted interference noise to
ground.
– By Tushar Sir

Characteristics of Twisted Pair Cables
● Two conductors are twisted together in a single circuit.
● Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) or Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) are the two types of
Ethernet cables used today (STP).
● The twisted-pair wire can be affected by an external magnetic field.
● Insulated copper wire is used in the pair.
● The lines come at a reasonable price.
● Designed to decrease outside noise.
● Signals are transmitted in an electrical format.
● It has high attenuation.
● Installation and implementation are both straightforward.
● Twisted pair cables have limited bandwidth.
– By Tushar Sir

Advantages of Twisted Pair Cables
● Cost-effective: Twisted pair cables are the most cost-effective option for
communication and networking.
● Easy to install: They are easy to install and terminate, making them ideal for small to
medium-sized networks.
● Flexibility: Twisted pair cables come in different categories, including Cat5, Cat6,
and Cat7, offering different levels of performance and flexibility.
● Suitable for short distances: Twisted pair cables are suitable for communication
over short distances, making them ideal for use in homes and small businesses.
– By Tushar Sir

Disadvantages of Twisted Pair Cables
● Limited bandwidth: Twisted pair cables have limited bandwidth, which can restrict
data transfer rates and performance.
● Susceptible to interference: Twisted pair cables are susceptible to interference from
other electrical equipment, leading to data errors and loss.
● Limited distance: Twisted pair cables are limited in terms of distance, making them
less suitable for larger networks.
– By Tushar Sir

Optical Fiber Cabling
● Optical Fiber cables use optical fibers that carry digital data signals in the form of
modulated pulses of light.
● An optical fiber consists of an extremely thin cylinder of glass, called the core,
surrounded by a concentric layer of glass, known as the cladding.
● There are two fibers per cable—one to transmit and one to receive.
● The core also can be an optical-quality clear plastic, and the cladding can be made up
of gel that reflects signals back into the fiber to reduce signal loss.
– By Tushar Sir

● It consists of thin glass fiber that can carry information at frequencies in the visible
light spectrum.
● Typical optical fiber consists of a very narrow strand of glass called cladding.
● The typical core diameter is 62.5 microns.
● Typically cladding has a diameter of 125 minors.
● Coating the cladding is a protective coating consisting of plastic, it is called the
jacket.
● The device generating the message has it in electromagnetic form (electrical signal).
● This has to be converted into light to send it on an optical fiber cable.
– By Tushar Sir

There are two types of fiber optic cable: Single Mode Fiber (SMF) and Multi Mode
Fiber (MMF).
● Single-mode Fiber (SMF) uses a single ray of light to carry transmission over long
distances.
● Multi-mode Fiber (MMF) uses multiple rays of light simultaneously with each ray
of light running at a different reflection angle to carry the transmission over short
distances. Multi-mode fiber cables can transmit data at 100 Mbps (megabits per
second) for distances up to 2 kilometers (100Base-FX), 1 Gbps up to 1000 meters (1
kilometer), and 10 Gbps up to 550 meters.
– By Tushar Sir

Advantages of Optical Fiber Cabling
● High-speed data transmission: Optical fiber cables can transmit data at very high
speeds, up to several gigabits per second. This makes them ideal for applications that
require fast and reliable data transmission, such as video conferencing, online
gaming, and cloud computing.
● Immunity to electromagnetic interference: Optical fiber cables are immune to
electromagnetic interference, making them ideal for use in environments where
electromagnetic interference is a concern. This includes industrial settings and
medical applications, where sensitive electronic equipment must be shielded from
electromagnetic interference.
● Lower power consumption: Optical fiber cables use less power than traditional
copper cables, which means they are more energy-efficient and cost-effective to
operate over the long term.
– By Tushar Sir

Disadvantages of Optical Fiber Cabling
● Cost: Optical fiber cables are more expensive to install than traditional copper cables.
This can make them less attractive to companies and organizations that are looking
for cost-effective solutions.
● Fragility: Optical fiber cables are fragile and can be damaged easily if they are bent
or twisted too much. This makes them less suitable for applications that require
cables to be frequently moved or repositioned.
● Difficult to splice: Optical fiber cables are more difficult to splice than traditional
copper cables, which can make them more challenging to install and maintain.
– By Tushar Sir

Difference Between Twisted pair cable, Co-axial cable, and Optical fiber
– By Tushar Sir
Characteristics Twisted pair cable Co-axial cable Optical fiber cable
Signal transmission
Takes place in the electrical
form over the metallic
conducting wires.
Takes place in the electrical
form over the inner
conductor of the cable.
Takes place in an optical
form over glass fiber.
Consists of
Pair of insulated copper
wires
Requires 4 components
from inner to outer-
Solid conductor wire, Layer
of insulation, Grounding
conductor, Layer of exterior
insulation.
Bundling of very thin
optical fibers made up of
glass or plastic in a single
cable.

– By Tushar Sir
Installation and
Implementation
Simple and easy Relatively difficult Difficult
External magnetic field
Affected due to external
magnetic field.
The external magnetic
field is less affected.
The external magnetic
field is not affected.
Cause of power
Power loss due to
conduction and radiation.
Power loss due to
conduction.
power loss due to
absorption, scattering, and
bending.
Diameter
Large diameter than
Optical fiber cable.
Large diameter than
Optical fiber cable.
Small diameter

– By Tushar Sir
Bandwidth
The twisted-pair cable has
low bandwidth.
Co-axial cable has
moderately high
bandwidth.
Optical fiber cable has a
very high bandwidth.
Electromagnetic
interference(EMI)
EMI can take place.
EMI is reduced to
shielding.
EMI is not present.
Installation Easy installation. Fairly easy installation. Difficult to install.
Attenuation
In twisted pair cable has
very high attenuation.
In coaxial cable has low
attenuation.
In optical fiber cable has
very low attenuation.

– By Tushar Sir
Data rate
Twisted pair cable
supports a low data rate.
Moderately high data rate. Very high data rate.
Noise immunity
Twisted pair cable has
low noise immunity.
Co-axial cable has higher
noise immunity.
Optical fiber cable has the
highest noise immunity.
Cost The cost is very low. Cost is moderate Cost is expensive.
Repeater Spacing
Repeater spacing is 2-10
km.
Repeater spacing is 1-10
km.
Repeater spacing is 10-
100 km.

– By Tushar Sir
Security
Security is not guaranteed
of the transmitted signal.
Security is not guaranteed
of the transmitted signal.
Security is guaranteed of
the transmitted signal.
Types
● Unshielded
Twisted Pair
(UTP)
● Shielded Twisted
Pair (STP)
● RG59
● RG6
● Single mode
fiber (SMF)
● Multimode fiber
(MMF)
Power loss
Reasons-conduction and
radiation
Reasons- absorption,
scattering dispersion and
bending
Reasons-conduction

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