Unit-II AES Algorithm which is used machine learning

ADITYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE (A)
COURSE:CRYPTOGRAPHY AND NETWORK SECURITY
TOPIC:Advanced Encryption Standard Algorithm
By
P.Sri Latha
Sr. Assistant Professor
Dept of Computer Science & Engineering
Aditya Engineering College(A)
Surampalem.

Aditya Engineering College (A)
Cryptography & Network
Security
At the end of this class student will be able to:
Implement Advanced Encryption Standard Algorithm for transfering
data securely over a network.
Thursday, March 28, 2024
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Learning Outcomes

Security
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) was published by the National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2001.
AES is a block cipher intended to replace DES for commercial applications.
It uses a 128-bit block size and a key size of 128, 192, or 256 bits.
AES does not use a Feistel structure. Instead, each full round consists of
four separate functions:
1. byte substitution
2. permutation
3. arithmetic operations over a finite field
4. XOR with a key.
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Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)

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AES Parameters
Key size(words/bytes/bits) 4/16/128 6/24/192 8/32/256
Plaintext block Size
(words/bytes/bits) 4/16/128 4/16/192 4/16/256
Number of rounds 10 12 14
Round Key size (words/bytes/bits) 4/16/128 4/16/192 4/16/256
Expanded key size (words/bytes) 44/176 52/208 60/240

Security
The algorithm begins with an Add round key stage followed by 9
rounds of four stages and a tenth round of 3 stages.
The four stages are as follows:
1. Substitute bytes
2. Shift rows
3. Mix Columns
4. Add Round Key
The tenth round simply omits the Mix Columns stage.
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AES-Working of Single Round

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The first 9 rounds of the decryption algorithm consist of the
following:
1. Inverse Shift rows
2. Inverse Substitute bytes
3. Add Round Key
4. Inverse Mix Columns
Again, the tenth round simply leaves out the Inverse Mix Columns
stage.
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AES-Working of Single Round

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AES Structure

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Stage-1: Substitution Bytes

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This stage (known as SubBytes) is simply a table lookup using a 16×16
matrix of byte values called an s-box.
For this particular round each byte is mapped into a new byte in the
following way: the leftmost nibble of the byte is used to specify a
particular row of the s-box and the rightmost nibble specifies a
column.
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Security
The matrix that gets operated upon throughout the encryption is
known as state matrix.
For example, the byte {95} (curly brackets represent hex values )
selects row 9 column 5 which turns out to contain the value {2A}.
This is then used to update the state matrix.
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Stage-1: Substitution Bytes-S Boxes

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The Inverse substitute byte transformation makes use of an inverse
s-box.
In this case what is desired is to select the value {2A} and get the
value {95}.
The s-box is designed to be resistant to known cryptanalytic attacks.
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Security
Shift row transformation are two types.
1. Forward Shift row transformation which is used in encryption.
2. Inverse Shift row transformation which is used in decryption.
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Stage-2: Shift Rows Transformation

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FORWARD SHIFT ROW TRANSFORMATION:
The first row of State matrix is not altered.
For the second row, a 1-byte circular left shift is performed.
For the third row, a 2-byte circular left shift is performed.
For the fourth row, a 3-byte circular left shift is performed.
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INVERSE SHIFT ROWS:
Performs the circular shifts in the opposite direction for each of the
last three rows, with a one-byte circular right shift for the second row
and so on.
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Mix columns transformation are two types.
1. Forward Mix columns transformation which is used in encryption.
2. Inverse Mix columns transformation which is used in decryption.
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Stage-3: Mix Columns Transformation

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Forward Mix columns transformation called mix columns, operates
on each column individually.
Each byte of a column is mapped into a new value that is a function
of all 4 bytes in that column.
The transformation can be defined by the following matrix
multiplication on state.
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The inverse mix column transformation, called InvMixColumns, is
defined by the following matrix multiplication:
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In the forward add round key transformation, called AddRoundKey,
the 128 bits of State are bitwise XORed with the 128 bits of the round
key.
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Stage-4:Add Roundkey Transformation
State array
(mix columns o/p)
Round key Output state array

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The 128-bit key value can be expanded into 44 words i.e.
44 X 32 = 1408 bits . In each round 4 words will be used i.e. (4x32=128
bits)
In Addroundkey first 4 words w0,w1,w2,w3 are used. In first
round,w4,w5,w6,w7 are used and so on…
The 128 bit key is expanded as follows:
First 128 bit key is arranged as a 4x4 matrix each value size is 8-bits
The 32 bits (k0,k1,k2,k3) is considered as w0.
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AES Key Expansion

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Next 4 words w4,w5,w6,w7 are followed as
w4=w0 ⊕ w3
w5=w1 ⊕ w4
w6=w2 ⊕w5
w7=w3 ⊕w6
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AES Key Expansion

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AES Key Expansion

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Learning Outcomes
AES Algorithm
Parameters of AES
AES- Working of single round
AES Structure
Stage-1: Substitution Bytes
Stage-2: Shift Rows Transformation
Stage-3: Mix Columns Transformation
Stage-4: Add Rond Key Transformation
AES Key Expansion
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Summary

Unit-II AES Algorithm which is used machine learning

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