Universal laws of physics
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Law of Inertia Law of Action and Reaction Law of Acceleration Law of Action and Reaction Law of Inertia
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Universal laws of physics
- 1. L E S S O N 4 : H O W D O O B J E C T S M O V E ? L E S S O N 5 : H O W D O N E W T O N ’ S L A W S O F M O T I O N E X P L A I N T H E M O T I O N O F A N O B J E C T ? L E S S O N 6 : W H A T I S N E W T O N ’ S L A W O F U N I V E R S A L G R A V I T A T I O N ? L E S S O N 7 : H O W A R E M O M E N T U M A N D E N E R G Y C O N S E R V E D ? UNIVERSAL LAWS OF PHYSICS
- 2. LESSON 5: HOW DO OBJECTS MOVE?
- 3. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SCIENCE CROSS-SPECIALIZATION FORCE, MOTION AND ENERGY Teaching and Learning Division DESCRIBE THE MOTION OF THE GIVEN BODIES What would be a good frame of reference to use when describing the car’s motion? The driver’s motion? 1 3 2 4-5
- 4. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SCIENCE CROSS-SPECIALIZATION FORCE, MOTION AND ENERGY Teaching and Learning Division Describe the motion of the given bodies Figure 1Reference Points The passenger can use a tree as a reference point to decide if the train is moving. A tree makes a good reference point because it is stationary from the passenger’s point of view. 6 7
- 5. What is Motion? The change in position with respect to a reference point Objects that we call stationary—such as a tree, a sign, or a building—make good reference points. A reference point is a place or object used for comparison to determine if something is in motion. An object is in motion if it changes position relative to a reference point.
- 6. DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT • Distance – refers to the total path length traveled between two points. -It is a SCALAR quantity that has magnitude but with no direction. • Displacement - refers to the change in position of a body relative to some reference point. I - it is a VECTOR quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
- 7. QUICK CHECK Identify the physical properties described by the following: •3. 350 km •4.120 km, S •5. 510 m •40 m, NW •100 km, E
- 8. SPEED AND VELOCITY • Speed – is the rate of motion. Average speed is the total distance an object travels divided by the time it takes to travel that distance. average speed = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙 Instantaneous Speed - tells how fast the car is moving at a given instant. Speedometer – is a device that measures instantaneous speed. Uniform motion – an object moving at a constant speed in a single direction.
- 9. SPEED
- 10. QUICK THINKING 1. Johnson covers a distance of 1.5 km in 10 minutes to reach turret. What is the average speed in m/s? 2. Lesley walks a distance of 300 m with an average speed of 1.5 m/s. What time is required to walk this distance?
- 11. SPEED AND VELOCITY • Velocity – refers to the speed of an object in a particular direction. • Instantaneous Velocity – the instantaneous speed at a given instant in time and having direction corresponding to that of an object in a particular direction. • Average velocity – is the change in displacement divided by the time interval required for the change. average velocity= 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
- 13. ACCELERATION • ACCELERATION refers to the change in velocity of a moving object per unit of time. • In change in velocity can be achieved in three ways: 1. By increasing its speed while traveling in a straight line 2. By decreasing its speed while traveling in a straight line 3. By changing its direction even while traveling at a constant speed acceleration= 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 acceleration= 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 −𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
- 14. ACCELERATION 1. A car starts from rest and accelerates at a constant rate of 2.5 m/𝑠2 for 5 s. What is the velocity of the car after 5 s? 2. A roller coaster is moving up at 25 m/s from the bottom of the hill. It decelerates at the rate of 6 m/𝑠2 at the top of the hill. How long did the roller coaster decelerates?
- 15. ACTIVITY 1. A boy swims from one end of a 30-m long pol to the other end and returns to his starting point in 28 s. What is his average speed? 2. A man is planning a trip between two cities and finds the total distance to be 585 km. He thinks that he will be able to make a trip at an average speed of 80 km/h. how long will be the amount of time he should allow for the trip? 3. A car on a straight road starts from rest and accelerates uniformly until it reaches 30m/s in 10 s. What is the acceleration of the car during this time? 4. A truck moving with an initial velocity of 25m/s slows down at a constant rate of 4 m/𝑠2. What is its velocity after 3 s of deceleration?
- 16. LESSON 6: HOW DO NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION EXPLAIN THE MOTION OF AN OBJECT?
- 17. MOTION ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE AND GALILEO ARISTOTLE GALILEO VERTICAL MOTION • Any object not in its natural place will strive to get there. • Object fall at a rate proportional to their weight. • Any two objects that are dropped together will fall together regardless of their weight if air resistance is negligible. • Objects fall at the same rate HORIZONTAL MOTION • Force is needed to start and sustain the motion of an object • Force is not needed to sustain motion of an object. • Force is required to change motion (to accelerate)
- 18. MOTION ACCORDING TO ARISTOTLE AND GALILEO ARISTOTLE GALILEO PROJECTILE MOTION • A force is needed to start an object to move through air until its natural motion eventually brings it to Earth. • A projectile is influenced by vertical motion due to the force of gravity and horizontal motion that is uniform.
- 19. NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION Isaac Newton – made a systematic study of motion and extended the ideas of Galileo by formulating the three laws of motion. 1. Law of Inertia 2. Law of Acceleration 3. Law of Interaction
- 20. LAW OF INERTIA • States that, “ an object remains at rest, or in uniform motion in a straight line, unless acted on by an external unbalanced force.”
- 21. LAW OF INERTIA • Unless acted upon by an unbalanced force, this golf ball would sit on the tee forever.
- 22. LAW OF INERTIA • MASS is the measure of the amount of matter in an object. It is measured in Kilograms (kg) • INERTIA is a property of an object that describes how much it will resist change to the motion of the object. • More mass means more inertia
- 23. LAW OF ACCELERATION • “The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to its mass.” acceleration = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
- 25. LAW OF ACCELERATION Suppose a ball of mass 0.60 kg is hit with a force of 12 N. Its acceleration will be:
- 26. LAW OF INTERACTION “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.”
- 27. LAW OF INTERACTION “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.”
- 28. QUICK CHECK What law of motion is illustrated in the following. 1. When a dog finishes swimming, it shakes itself to dry. 2. A ball bounces. 3. A truck has a more powerful engine than a small car. 4. A fireman using a fire hose holds it tightly. 5. A person jumping out of a moving vehicle runs a few steps before coming to rest.