Universal Pre-K Initiative

POSITION PAPER
Universal Pre-K Initiative
Forsyth County, North Carolina

1
for Forsyth County, North Carolina
September 28, 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction.......................................................................................2
Purpose of the Position Paper...............................................................4
I. Advocacy Strategies........................................................................5
II. Funding Options...........................................................................10
III. Quality Standards........................................................................14
IV. The Way Forward.......................................................................17
Endnotes.........................................................................................19
________________________
Appendices.....................................................................................20
A. Public Funding in Forsyth County Pre-K Classrooms.........................20
B. Matrix of Program Quality Factors................................................21
C. Current Funding of Pre-K Classrooms and Implications
for a Universal Pre-K System........................................................22
D. Universal Pre-K in Forsyth County by 2020....................................24
________________________
Universal Pre-K Initiative Steering Committee.......................................25
Universal Pre-K Initiative Work Group Members...................................25

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INTRODUCTION
Early care and learning is alive and well in Forsyth
County. There’s never been a better time to marshal
greater public awareness and meaningful, scalable
support.
We already know what high-quality, early care and
learning looks like, and how to measure it.
It begins before birth. It is the distinctive domain
and responsibility of a child’s parents and primary
caregivers, both in the home and in the surrounding
community. It is the principal, developmentally-
appropriate script in every early childhood setting –
in the home, in the extended family, with neighbors,
in medical practices, in houses of worship, in family
child-care homes and child-care centers, and in
classrooms in public and private sites.
It is the defining mission of parents, children, and
professional care givers as members of the family,
the community, and the polity.
Child care and early development are also
critical to the success of corporate enterprise.
Strengthening our early education system is one of
our community’s best market-positioning strategies.
By improving early education we strengthen
opportunities not only for employers and the current
work force, but for the employers and workforce
of the future, as high-quality, affordable child care
is a primary building block for the fitness of every
generation of families, employers, and employees.
In Forsyth County, we are building the civic
awareness and the supporting infrastructure
to ensure that all parents, families, and early
childhood professionals have the tools they need to
help our children thrive, beginning at birth.
High-quality, affordable child care is not a
prerequisite for every family, but it is a necessity
for many. We are able to serve less than a quarter
of our 3- and 4-year-old children, although there is
evidence that as many as 90 percent of households
would enroll their children (particularly four-year-
olds) in high-quality, early childhood settings
outside the home if they could afford the upwards
of $8,400 annual cost.
For families that want their children to have the
benefit of larger, more socially-diverse early
childhood settings, we have built a limited, mixed
public-private child-care delivery system. It includes
private independent and corporate providers, the
Winston-Salem Forsyth County Schools, and Family
Services Head Start program.
Important private philanthropic and corporate
interests have awakened to the economic and
educational opportunities and to the urgent
needs of our families and employers. The Kate B.
Reynolds Charitable Trust’s Great Expectations
initiative is investing between $30 and $40 million
over 10 to 15 years to ensure that children in
Forsyth County reach developmentally appropriate
milestones in the first five years, enter kindergarten
ready to learn, and leave set for success in school
and life. Reynolds American Incorporated is
leading a coalition of corporate donors in the
ambitious Project Impact. The initiative plans to
spend $45 million over six years to achieve two
overarching goals: boost third-grade reading and
math proficiency among students in the district and
close literacy gaps with other urban school districts
in North Carolina. To that end, the initiative will
fund an expansion of Pre-K programs, provide
extended learning options, and increase staff
development and instructional support, beginning
with the 2016–17 school year.
Advocates for children, families, and economic
development take great encouragement from
these vibrant, private initiatives, building upon
the foundation of current public and parental
investments. They have already positioned Winston-
Salem and Forsyth County as an innovation hub
for early learning in North Carolina, employing a
model of private–public partnership to ensure that
our children succeed, our families thrive, and our
communities prosper.

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CHAMPIONING UNIVERSAL PRE-K
FOR FOUR-YEAR-OLDS
In June 2014 a group of local early childhood professionals came together to form the Universal Pre-K
Steering Committee to explore how to improve the quality and expand the capacity of center-based, early
childhood settings for our four-year-olds.
The group focused on the needs of families with four-year-old children
for several reasons:
• Many members of the working group already were accountable for
operating or funding the operations of high-quality early childhood
settings serving three- and four-year-olds with public funds;
• Settings for three- and four-year-olds, though expensive, carry less cost
than for serving infants and toddlers;
• Most families recognize the benefits of having their children
enrolled in child development programs as their children approach
kindergarten;
• Greater state and federal investment is available for serving three-
and four-year-olds than for younger children;
• Because of the North Carolina Pre-K Program (NC Pre-K), there is
already more coordination of services and higher standards of care
for children in four-year-old classrooms;
• Expanding the availability of four-year-old classrooms mirrors the roll-
out of kindergarten (the five-year-old classroom) in the last quarter of
the 20th century;
• Many other communities around the United States – both smaller and
larger than Winston-Salem/Forsyth County – have been successful
in expanding early learning programs for younger children by
beginning with four-year-olds.
The Universal Pre-K Initiative Steering Committee convened a forum for professionals involved in early
childhood work in March 2015 to discuss the factors that need to be considered in creating a quality
universal Pre-K system. Following the forum, three Work Groups were formed involving 25 individuals
from the early childhood development field. The groups targeted three critical areas: quality, funding,
and advocacy. They met during the summer and fall of 2015 to 1) establish standards for a high-quality
system, 2) study the options for local funding of the system, and 3) identify the benefits of the system for the
community.

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PURPOSE OF THE POSITION PAPER
Through this position paper and subsequent activities, the Universal Pre-K Initiative Steering Committee
seeks to build support for a high-quality universal Pre-K system in Forsyth County that:
• Supports children and working families,
• Increases school readiness,
• Directs more educational investments to the earliest years when
children undergo critical periods and aspects of brain development,
• Closes the achievement gap,
• Improves public safety and health outcomes, and
• Boosts Forsyth County as an innovative and supportive community for
all of its residents.
This report summarizes the findings and recommendations of three Work Groups and additional research
and analysis by members of the Universal Pre-K Steering Committee. The report is offered as a road map to
guide Forsyth County toward a universal Pre-K system.
I. Advocacy Strategies
II. Funding Options
III. Quality Standards
IV. The Way Forward

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I. ADVOCACY
Making the Case for Universal Pre-Kindergarten in Forsyth County
The Advocacy Work Group focused on the
development of a strategic messaging and outreach
plan to effectively mobilize political, corporate, and
community leadership in adopting a universal Pre-K
system in Forsyth County.
The first step toward building this support is to
create an advocacy campaign centered on a
broad message that demonstrates how universal
Pre-K will provide benefits to the entire community.
The campaign will include targeted messages for
businesses, education, and community leaders, as
well as for parents and the general public, that all
connect to the overarching message.
Support for expanding early childhood education is
growing. Early childhood education is one of the
few bipartisan educational issues that truly crosses
partisan lines – both national and North Carolina
polls show that strong majorities of voters affiliated
with both political parties and independents
approve of increased support for early childhood
programs (54% Republican, 70% Independent,
91% Democrat i
). The primary challenge will
be translating that support into the political will
necessary to provide the requisite funding to
expand and sustain early childhood programming.
Grassroots AND Grass-tops
A successful advocacy strategy will engage
community leaders, school district officials, political
leaders, early childhood providers, the business
community, local law enforcement, and other
decision makers who are in a position to advocate
and implement a universal Pre-K system. This
strategy must include a parallel effort to garner
support from the larger community of parents,
families, taxpayers, and voters who will help
finance and directly benefit from universal Pre-K.
Community leaders who are prepared to embrace
the idea of universal Pre-K must also have the
support of the broader community because of the
significant political determination required to obtain
public funding for universal Pre-K.
Grassroots - Community Education/
Preliminary Outreach – Figuring
Out Where Things Stand in Forsyth County
In spite of the general level of support for expanded
early childhood education, significant community
outreach is needed to provide public education and
determine where the community currently stands
on the issue. In communities that have undertaken
successful efforts, advocates were frequently
surprised by how little community members knew
about Pre-K and how much public education was
needed. An initial sounding would explore:
1. What the community already knows about
early childhood education
2. Whether community members consider it
important or beneficial for children, families,
and the community
3. What steps they think need to be taken to
establish a universal Pre-K system
4. How involved people are willing to be in
support of the effort
Reaching parents can be difficult given the
demands on parents’ schedules. However,
parents from all walks of life, and particularly
those with young children, are increasingly
technology-oriented. A communications strategy
must be developed that allows the campaign
to communicate with parents via text, email,
Facebook, Twitter, and other forms of social media.
The advocacy campaign should target local school
groups, Parent Teacher Associations (PTAs), and

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other school-based resources designed for parents,
as well as adult education programs, church
groups, and civic organizations. More research
and discussion are needed to develop creative
ways to engage parents who ordinarily are not
reached through traditional education and outreach
efforts.
Grass-tops – Strategically Growing the
Circle of Universal Pre-K Supporters
The advocacy campaign targeted at grass-
top leaders has already begun. The Steering
Committee, work group members, and attendees
at the March 2015 event have already expressed
strong support for expanding the availability of
quality early childhood education programs.
Members of the Advocacy Work Group have
contacted community leaders from other sectors
to get a sense of the level of support that already
exists outside the early childhood development field.
The results have been very positive. An advocacy
campaign can build on these early steps by sharing
data, research, and talking points with leaders who
favor the expansion of the Pre-K system in order to
develop a cohort of community “champions” for
universal Pre-K.
Messages for Specific Groups
The overarching theme of the campaign should
be how universal Pre-K benefits everyone and
positions Forsyth County as an innovative, forward-
thinking community, attractive to families and
businesses. At the same time, specific messages
need to appeal to the various constituencies. The
work group is developing a toolkit for use in broad
communications efforts, as well as providing
research and talking points tailored to specific
audiences.
The Advocacy Work Group identified nine key
messages in support of universal Pre-K:
1. Universal Pre-K will benefit children
throughout their school years and into
adulthood.
Parents want to know they are making decisions
that provide the best education possible for their
children. Pre-K establishes the foundation on
which a child can build throughout life.
• High-quality Programs are Effective
– Extensive research studies have
demonstrated that high-quality Pre-K
programs help children become more
successful in their educational careers and
throughout adulthood. The early years in
a child’s life, when the brain is developing
and forming connections most rapidly,
represent a critical window of opportunity
to develop a child’s full potential – socially,
cognitively, and academically.
• Pre-K Nurtures a Child’s Mind at the
Most Critical Time – A child’s brain
develops most rapidly in the early years
of life, well before entering kindergarten.
Early intervention is akin to preventative
medicine, helping children develop
faculties and skills during a vital period
in their development when they are
most cognitively adaptive and rapidly
developing new neural pathways.
• Benefits That Last a Lifetime – The
benefits of a quality early childhood
education program last throughout the
course of a child’s education and result in
improved outcomes as adults in terms of
post-secondary educational attainment,
increased income, home ownership, health
status, and less contact with the criminal
justice system.
• Healthier Community – Children
who participated in North Carolina’s
Abecedarian Project in the 1970s – one
of the first early childhood development
programs to be rigorously evaluated – are
currently healthier than adults who did
not receive early childhood education.
Children in the Abecedarian project
received earlier screenings and developed
healthy eating habits through the program.

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Indicators of improved health include
lower rates of high blood pressure, obesity,
hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, and
stroke.
2. Universal Pre-K provides far-reaching
economic and social benefits to the
community.
Quality Pre-K programs:
• Reduce dropout rates, special education
costs, medical costs, and save money on
law enforcement, courts, and incarceration;
• Produce a more prepared citizenry,
workforce, and military;
• Increase lifetime earnings and health
outcomes;
• Reduce the need for remediation, enabling
schools to focus on student progress rather
than redress.
3. Quality Pre-K programs prepare
children to succeed in school.
Support for universal kindergarten programs
grew in the late 1960s as a means of
preparing children for school. A growing body
of research has shown that the most critical
period of brain development occurs prior to
kindergarten.
• 4-year-olds are ready to learn!
• Increased social maturity and other non-
cognitive skills fostered in Pre-K lead to
success in school.
• Increased confidence gained by young
learners is long-lasting.
• Quality Pre-K programs help children
develop a foundation for math and
literacy, reduce school behavior problems
and special education participation, and
reduce the number of children who are
held back in school.
• Pre-K is a critical building block for
achieving the state’s goal to have all
children reading at grade level by grade
3, and boosts the school district’s efforts
to improve third-grade reading and math
proficiency.
4. Quality Pre-K programs help close the
achievement gap.
High-quality, early educational interventions
are the most effective tools available to close
the achievement gaps among students of
different demographic and socio-economic
backgrounds.
• While quality Pre-K programs can benefit
any child, research shows that these
programs are especially beneficial for
minority and low-income children.
• Pre-K programs can overcome
insufficiencies in social-emotional
development, cognitive skills, language
development, and exposure to new words.
• The NC Pre-K program has been shown
to reduce the achievement gap by 31% in
math and 37% in reading.
5. Universal Pre-K supports working
families.
• Given the high cost of quality child care
(approximately $8,400 per child per
year), universal Pre-K can reduce part of
the burden of this expense for working
families.
• Pre-K programs can enhance parenting
skills by bringing families in contact with
resources that can support parents earlier
in their child’s development.
• Pre-K facilities often function as hubs
for community health and the early
identification of developmental and health
issues.

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6. Universal Pre-K improves public safety.
• Quality early learning experiences prepare
children for long-term, academic success,
thereby reducing the likelihood they will
become involved in crime in later years.
Pre-K programs have a clear, positive
impact on graduation rates and other
educational outcomes. Adults who do not
have a high school diploma are three times
more likely to be incarcerated than adults
who have graduated.
• District attorneys and law enforcement
officials across the country support
expanded early childhood education
programs as a means of reducing future
crime rates. Successful early childhood
coalitions frequently include judges, police
chiefs, district attorneys, court counselors,
juvenile defenders, and other public safety
and justice personnel.
7. Universal Pre-K provides a significant
return on investment.
• Nobel Prize winning economist James
Heckman estimates long term savings of
$7 for every $1 spent on early childhood
education.ii
—This return is even greater in North
Carolina due to the high quality of the NC
Pre-K program.
8. Universal Pre-K can build upon our
existing system.
An expanded, universal Pre-K system will
require significant increases in the capacity
of local organizations that currently provide
Pre-K programs. Forsyth County can build on
the solid foundation provided by the current
coordination of established, publicly-funded
Pre-K programs in the public schools and the
community, including private childcare centers
and Family Services Head Start. This mixed
system of public and private providers affords
parents with options for service locations,
schedules, and programming that help meet
the varied needs of families. There is strong
anecdotal and survey evidence that parents
appreciate the choice among public and
private programs for their very young children.
The North Carolina Pre-K (NC Pre-K) program
offers a model for establishing standards of
excellence and making effective use of the
multiple funding streams that would support a
universal Pre-K system in Forsyth County.
• Referred to as “The Jewel of North
Carolina’s Education System,” NC Pre-K
is consistently ranked nationally as one of
the top five Pre-K programs in the country,
based on meeting all the critical indicators
of a high-quality program.
—NC Pre-K has a high-quality curriculum,
high facility and material standards,
low student-teacher ratios, and highly-
trained educators with sound foundational
requirements, certifications, and continuing
professional development.
—Children enrolled in NC Pre-K classrooms
have improved test scores, better verbal
skills, more developed social-emotional
skills, longer attention spans, and other
factors leading to success in school.
—NC Pre-K students are less likely to
require remediation or be in need of
special education services during their
K-12 years.
• The NC Pre-K funding model integrates
multiple funding streams – Title I, Head
Start, and NC Pre-K – under one, state-
sanctioned, evidence-informed, high-quality
service model.

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9. Building upon our existing Pre-K
system positions our community to
compete for new state and federal
Pre-K funds.
The full implementation of a universal Pre-K
system in Forsyth County – enrolling up to
90% of the community’s four-year-olds – will
grow incrementally over a period of years and
require additional local private and public
funding. At the same time we anticipate there
will be increased state and federal funding
for early childhood development programs,
particularly Pre-K. Early childhood development
is one of the few issues to enjoy bipartisan
support among voters and elected officials. For
example, in the past year alone, Congress has:
• Reauthorized the Children’s Health
Insurance Program (CHIP) and the
Maternal, Infant, and Early Childhood
Home Visiting program (MIECHV);
• Included support for early childhood
education in the Every Student Succeeds
Act (ESSA), which also authorizes
Preschool Development Grants for states;
and
• Appropriated nearly $1 billion in new
money for Head Start and Early Head
Start.
At the state level, following recession-driven,
across-the-board reductions in early education
spending that bottomed out in 2011, the state
legislature has restored more than $20 million
in recurring, early education investment since
2014.
By proceeding with the expansion of quality
Pre-K programs at the local level now, Forsyth
County will be prepared to take advantage of
additional public investments as funds become
available at the state and federal levels in the
future.
Additional Resources Needed to Achieve
Advocacy Goals
Training and public education events will need
to be conducted across the county to inform the
public about the benefits of quality Pre-K programs
and build support for the expansion of the system.
Professional staff and consultation will be needed
to spearhead advocacy and community education
efforts in the long term.
An advocacy campaign will also need a website
and resources to reach parents digitally, e.g., text
messaging, a Facebook page, Twitter account, etc.
A website could also house data, talking points,
research, and presentation materials tailored to
various audiences, available to the media and
policymakers in an easily accessible and intelligible
format. Testimonial videos and statements by
parents of how Pre-K has positively touched their
lives will be essential.
Campaign volunteers and staff will assist key
community leaders in writing and placing opinion
pieces and letters to the editor in local print and on-
line publications. Campaign leaders can meet with
editorial boards and news departments of local
media to educate them on the issues, and secure
editorial support for universal Pre-K. Researchers
and scholars at local colleges and universities can
be enlisted to speak out in support of the program.
Building a Network of Supporters —
Identifying “Champions”
A large network of community members and
leaders is needed to sustain this ambitious effort.
Most successful efforts to expand early childhood
education have enlisted respected public figures
to actively champion the cause, in addition to
fostering broad community support and securing
the commitment of public officials. A range of
supportive individuals and groups in the business,
education, government, health care, media, justice
and public safety, faith-based, and non-profit
sectors have been identified, a pool from which the
champions needed to achieve the goal of universal
Pre-K will emerge.

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II. FUNDING
Financing a High-quality Universal Pre-K System
The Funding Work Group focused on determining
the level of funding required to support a universal
Pre-K system in Forsyth County and identifying
possible mechanisms for funding that system.
A. Estimating the number of students to be
served in a universal Pre-K system
We begin with live-birth data for Forsyth County,
NC. (Data source: North Carolina Office of State
Budget and Management)
The Office of State Budget and Management also
estimates the number of 4-year-old children in
Forsyth County as follows:
We also compared data from the Winston-Salem
Forsyth County Schools on the number of five-
year-old children who enroll in kindergarten with
the number of live births five years previously.
Enrollment data is affected by population movement
into and out of the county from birth to 4 and 5
years of age; the number of births in Forsyth County
hospitals to parents who reside in adjoining
counties; and the number of parents who choose
not to enroll their children in public kindergarten at
the age of five.
Based on these data we project an age cohort of
approximately 4500 children eligible for entry into
a universal Pre-K system.
However, we assume that entry into a universal
Pre-K system will be voluntary, not mandatory.
Based on the experience of other communities
that have implemented voluntary universal Pre-K
systems, we can project that approximately 65%
of eligible children would enroll in the first year,
increasing to 80% in the second year, and capping
at approximately 90% of eligible children by the
third year.
B. How to calculate the cost of a universal
Pre-K system
North Carolina calculates per pupil expenditures as
salary and benefits for administrators and teachers,
transportation, classroom materials, classroom
services, lunches, and other non-instructional
support services.
The primary factors in determining the cost of a
universal Pre-K system are: (1) class size, at 18
pupils per class; (2) staffing, with one teacher and
one teacher assistant per class; [3] a school year
length of 10 months; and (4) 6.5 hours to 8 hours
Year Live Births
2014 4,548
2013 4,522
2012 4,624
2011 4,581
2010 4,693
Year 4-Year-Olds
2015 4685
2016 4,695
2017 4,675
2018 4,654
2019 4,616
2020 4,448
2025 4,509
Year Kindergarten
2015–2016 4,297iii
2014–2015 4,621
2013–2014 4,602
2012–2013 4,514
2011–2012 4,304
2010–2011 4,398
2009–2010 3,998

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of operation per day. Other factors include Division
of Child Development and Early Education (DCDEE)
facility and cost standards for serving four-year-old
children.
Currently, there are three principal public and
two main private sources of funding for four-year-
old classrooms in Forsyth County. Public sources
include NC Pre-K (state funds) and Head Start
and Title I (both federal funds). Parent fees and
corporate funding through Project Impactiv
are the
private sources.
For a detailed review of current cost and payment
strategies for our four-year-old classrooms, see
Appendix C. Based upon those figures and
assuming an age cohort of 4,500 children at a
90% enrollment rate, 4,050 children would enroll
in the universal Pre-K system. There are already
1,184 children enrolled in publicly-funded Pre-K
programs (cf. page 13 below for a census of
publicly-funded Pre-K children.) At $8,400v
per
child, the additional cost for enrolling the remaining
2,866 children would be $24,074,400 annually.
C. What is the projected return on
investment?
While the cost of a universal Pre-K system may
seem daunting, the projected return on investment
for a high-quality Pre-K program is substantial.
A study of the Chicago Child-Parent Center, a
public preschool program for at-risk children,
tracked participants to age 20. They were more
likely to have finished high school – and less likely
to have been held back a grade level in school,
to need remedial help or to have been arrested.
Steven Barnett, director of the National Institute
for Early Education Research, has estimated that
$48,000 in benefits accrued to the public per child
from participation, with an estimated return of
$7 for every dollar invested.” (Southern Regional
Education Board Report of the Early Childhood
Commission, 2015)
A benefit-cost analysis for Oklahoma’s universal
Pre-K program concludes that earnings increases
alone provide a $3 or $4 to $1 return.vi
As
earnings are less than half the benefits in the
comprehensive benefit-cost analyses performed in
other studies, projecting a total return of $7 to $1
for the Oklahoma program is not a stretch.
The Perry Preschool Program has been the subject
of a series of benefit-cost analyses since 1985. As
the length of follow-up increased from age 19 to
27 and then 40, the evidence for more confident
estimates of the benefits and the estimated benefit-
cost ratio has risen to $16 to $1.7
D. What are the options for funding a local
universal Pre-K system?
Local Option Sales Tax. Counties can
increase the sales tax by one-quarter of a
penny, provided the public approves the sales
tax option by referendum. The ballot cannot
say how the funds will be used, but the County
Board of Commissioners can adopt a resolution
that stipulates how it plans to use the additional
revenue. Of the 25 counties that have received
voter approval for local option sales taxes, only
Durham County resolved to allocate some of the
funds to early childhood education. A $0.0025
sales tax in Forsyth County would realize
approximately $9,834,375 in annual revenue.viii
Increase or earmark local property tax
revenue. The Board of County Commissioners
has the ability to increase property tax rates in
North Carolina. Property taxes have long been
used to fund education in other states, and there
are a growing number of localities and states that
allocate a portion of local property taxes to early
education.
Social Impact bond financing.ix
Some
local communities – in Utah, New York and
Massachusetts – have leveraged private capital
to finance investments in public programs and
services. Utah is the only state to fund early

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childhood education in targeted school districts
through this mechanism. This financing tool
is based on the ability to measure results, as
well as to capture the savings from preventive
investments rather than treatment costs. The local
government sets a specific, measurable outcome
that it wants to achieve and promises to pay an
external organization if that organization achieves
the outcome. Investors provide the working
capital, and a third party evaluator determines
whether the outcome has been achieved. If the
program succeeds in reducing government costs,
the government pays the external organization
the agreed upon sum, with a return paid to the
investors for the upfront risk. For example, Pre-K
programs could be funded through a social impact
bond on the basis that the school district will
experience reduced costs for special education.
Tax Credits. Maine, Oklahoma and Florida have
issued tax credits for early childhood businesses.
However, given the loss of tax revenue at the
state level, such an approach, without strong
accountability standards, might be difficult to
pursue. Another approach is to offer individuals
tax credits for tuition and fees paid for early
education.
Parent Fees and Sliding Scale. Some states
and localities (most notably Seattle) have adopted
graduated payment or sliding scales to reduce
the cost of the program for the state or local
jurisdiction, while obtaining wide support among
the electorate by reducing the cost of child care for
working and middle class families. For example,
most middle class families would support a high-
quality Pre-K program if they paid a portion of
tuition and fees that was significantly less than
what they were paying for child care without the
program. Low income families would pay tuition
and fees similar to those paid under the current
North Carolina Partnership for Children (NCPC)
scholarship program and the federal Child Care
and Development Fund (CCDF) child-care subsidy
program, which is10% of a family’s gross monthly
income. Families enrolled in NC Pre-K, Head Start,
Title I, and Project Impact programs do not pay
a parent fee. With the addition of tuition and fee
income, the cost of the program to the general
budget would be substantially less.
E. Current Funding Scenario for Pre-K
Programs in Forsyth County
Currently in Forsyth County, approximately 1,079
four-year-old children receive some amount of
Four-year-old children enrolled in licensed, subsidized,
early learning & care by funding source AY 2016–17
NC Pre-K 138 At a combination of private provider & public school sites
NC Pre-K + Head Start 218 At a combination of private provider & Head Start sites
NC Pre-K + Title I 246 At public schools
Head Start 162
At Family Services’ Kernersville, Mineral Springs, Sarah Y.
Austin, and WSSU locations
Head Start + Title I 54 At public schools
Title I 102 At public schools
CCDF 99 At private provider sites (estimated)
NCPC Family Child Care
Scholarships
60 At private provider sites
Project Impact 105 At public schools
Total 1,184

13
public support to attend full day Pre-K programs.
This represents just less than one quarter of the
approximately 4,500 four-year-olds in the county.
Public funding for Pre-K classrooms consists of
federal funding (CCDF, Head Start, and Title I), state
funding (NC Pre-K and NCPC), and parent fees.
The current model is based on a reimbursement rate
per child that is supported by one or more funding
sources, often using a layered or blended system
that combines funding streams and parent co-pays
to accomplish the total rate.
This methodology is challenging to implement,
in large part, due to eligibility requirements and
funding restrictions that are sometimes incompatible
with each other and complex to administer. At
present, four separate organizations – Forsyth
County Department of Social Services, Family
Services, Inc., Smart Start of Forsyth County, Inc.,
and Winston-Salem Forsyth County Schools –
manage their respective funding streams, creating
complexities and challenges for parents and
administrators alike.
The table on the previous page provides an
overview of children enrolled in publicly-funded
Pre-K programs for the 2016–17 school year, plus
the 105 children funded through Project Impact.
F. Administering a System with Multiple-
Funding Stream.
Perhaps the greatest challenge in relation to funding
will be how to effectively administer a system that
will draw on financial resources from multiple
sources, with local funding added to existing
streams of state, federal, and corporate funds.
Experts on both the right and the left have decried
the complexities of the current funding mélange.
Today’s federal early care and education policies
are fragmented, inefficient, and unnecessarily
complex. Federal policymaking is driven by
coping with what exists rather than by what we
are trying to accomplish. At the state and local
levels, integrating incoherent federal funding
streams with growing city- and state-funded early
childhood programs is difficult to impossible.
In the dysfunctional landscape of federal early
childhood policy, policymakers have gotten locked
into choosing among three bad options: tinkering
around the edges of existing programs, trying to cut
them, or adding new ones on top of what is already
in place.
Entire offices in early childhood programs are
staffed with experts dedicated to what the early
childhood field calls “blending and braiding”:
the complicated, bureaucratic task of combining
incoherent federal funding streams into money
that is actually useful to children and working
families. (Katherine B. Stevens, November 2015
“Renewing Childhood’s Promise,” American
Enterprise Institute)
Child Care and Development Fund, Temporary
Assistance for Needy Families, Head Start,
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act or Title
I [are the most commonly used funding sources for
Pre-K programs]. Because these federal grants flow
through different state agencies to address different
needs, the funding streams and services are
disconnected. Kindergarten readiness programs for
children birth to age five are usually administered
by multiple state agencies. Too often, silos among
the agencies that administer the funds result in
duplicated services, service gaps, confusion for
families and funding inefficiencies.
SREB’s reports have been clear that stable funding
is critical to strong programs. SREB encouraged the
various state agencies responsible for children’s
programs to cooperate, particularly in accessing,
leveraging and appropriating funding from state,
federal and private sources. States that led in
cooperative funding and programming led in
outcomes. (SREB Report of the Early Childhood
Commission, 2015)

14
III. QUALITY
Maintaining and Improving High Standards While Expanding
Pre-K Availability
The Quality Work Group reviewed existing criteria
and standards related to quality Pre-K programs.
As stated in the North Carolina Foundations for
Early Learning and Development document,
“Children’s experiences before they enter school
matter – research shows that children who
experience high-quality care and education,
and who enter school well prepared, are more
successful in school and later in their lives.” (NC
Foundations Task Force. 2013. p.1)
North Carolina has numerous programs and
initiatives such as Smart Start, NC Pre-K, and Nurse
Family Partnerships that promote children’s learning
and development. Although focusing on somewhat
different areas of development, all are designed
to improve the quality of programs and services in
North Carolina and, in turn, benefit young children
and their families.
The work group identified several common
components that have been determined to
characterize high-quality programs, environments,
and experiences for young children, including the
North Carolina Star Rated License program that
denotes quality on the basis of staff education,
program standards, and compliance with licensing
rules. To ensure high-quality experiences for young
children, there are several areas in which Forsyth
County needs to continue to place emphasis.
• Attracting and retaining teachers by helping
them to gain the specialized knowledge
required and earn degrees in early childhood
education, resulting in improved compensation.
• Using high-quality, research-based and
developmentally appropriate standards,
curriculum and assessments in all settings;
• Ensuring that programs engage families and
support children’s comprehensive needs;
• Building on the use of existing state systems to
deliver preschool programs in high-quality child
care, Head Start, and school settings.
The following items expand on the above ideals,
comprising the necessary components of a high-
quality preschool program for all children, and
stand as recommendations as Forsyth County
moves toward a Universal Pre-K system.
Curriculum, Screening, and Assessment
Recommendations:
Important to the success of young children in
preschool settings is the type of curriculum,
screening, and assessments that are provided.
Much research supports the use of developmentally
appropriate curriculum, screenings, and
assessments.
Curriculum
Curriculum in preschool settings can be defined as
“everything that students learn. It can be implicit
or explicit, planned for or spontaneous [and]
play is truly the most important part of a
curriculum (emphasis ours).” (Study.com, 2016).
The National Association for the Education of
Young Children (NAEYC) describes a curriculum for
young children as an “organized framework” that
delineates the following:
• The content that children are to learn;
• The process through which children achieve the
identified curricular goals;
• What teachers do to help children achieve
these goals; and
• The context in which teaching and learning
occur.” (NAEYC, 2009).

15
NAEYC also defines various indicators of an
effective and appropriate curriculum for young
children:
• Children are active and engaged;
• Goals are clear and shared by all;
• Curriculum is evidence-based;
• Valued content is learned through investigation
and focused, intentional teaching;
• Curriculum builds on prior learning and
experiences;
• Curriculum is comprehensive;
• Professional standards validate the curriculum’s
subject-matter content; and
• The curriculum is likely to benefit children
(NAEYC, 2009)
Based on this established knowledge, the
Department of Public Instruction and NC Division of
Child Development and Early Education (DCDEE)
recommend the following curricula for use within
preschool programs:
• Creative Curriculum for Preschool 4th Edition;
• The Empowered Child (Child Time 2nd Edition);
• Exploration with Young Children: Curriculum
Guide from the Bank Street College of
Education;
• High Scope for Preschool;
• Opening the World of Learning;
• Passports: Experiences for Pre-K Success; and
• Tutor Time: Life Smart
Screening and Assessment
Effective, ethical, appropriate, and reliable
screenings and assessments are a fundamental part
of a high-quality preschool experience. According
to NAEYC’s position statement on assessment
(2009), “to best assess young children’s strengths,
progress, and needs, [educators should] use
assessment methods that are developmentally
appropriate, culturally and linguistically responsive,
tied to children’s daily activities, supported by
professional development, inclusive of families and
connected to specific, beneficial purposes.”
North Carolina shares these views and has
developed criteria and indicators for screening
and assessment that support the appropriate use of
these following tools:
Screening – Developmental screenings assist with
identifying children who should be referred for
further evaluation or assessment based on concerns
in one or more developmental domain. DPI and
DCDEE-approved screenings include:
• Ages and Stages Questionnaire 3rd Edition;
• Brigance Early Childhood Screen II or
Brigance Head Start Screen, Brigance
Preschool Screen II;
• DIAL 3 or DIAL 4 (Developmental Indicators for
the Assessment of Learning);
• Parents’ Evaluation of Developmental Status
(PEDS).
Assessment – There must be an ongoing,
formative assessment that allows educators to
observe, record, and document what children can
do and how they do it. The following are NC Pre-K-
approved assessments that are aligned with the NC
Foundations for Early Learning and Development
standards:
• Creative Curriculum Developmental
Continuum, Ages 3-5 and Teaching Strategies
GOLD;
• Galileo On-line Assessment System (Galileo
Pre-K);
• Highscope Preschool Child Observation
Record (COR) (second edition);

16
• Learning Care System (for use with Tutor Time
Life Smart™ and The Empowered Child™
Childtime);
• Work Sampling System (Meisels);
• The Creative Curriculum Developmental
Continuum Assessment System;
• Highscope Child Observation Record, 2nd
Edition;
• Investigator Club (Approved with the stipulation
that this is used only with Investigator Club
curriculum);
• Teaching Strategies GOLD®; and
• The Work Sampling System, 4th Edition.
Family Engagement
Meaningful family engagement in children’s early
learning supports school readiness and later
academic success. It is essential that preschool
programs:
• Increase and support family engagement,
partnerships, and two-way communication;
• Use an evidence-based Family Engagement
Curriculum, such as Parents as Teachers;
• Assign a Family Advocate/Educator to all Pre-K
classrooms.
Additional Recommendations:
The following, additional recommendations relate
to quality program as Forsyth County moves
forward with plans expand Pre-K resources in our
community.
1. Work toward a more consistent and fair
compensation system by:
• Completing a wage compatibility study to
determine gaps;
• Identifying the salary scales of various Pre-K
providers; and
• Providing a competitive salary with benefits.
2. Because the center manager’s role is critical
to the success of Pre-K programs, it will be
important to:
• Provide leadership training for managers;
• Ensure managers have early childhood
knowledge and experience, preferably
having a degree in early childhood
education;
• Ensure managers have Level I, II or III (Level
III BS/BA in early childhood or in childhood
development); and
• Establish a mentor and coaching program.
3. Although training requirements are different
within systems, the community should strive
to provide common training for all child
development staff, including topics such as child
abuse and neglect; health and safety; First Aid
and CPR; developmentally appropriate practice;
and Classroom Assessment Scoring System
(CLASS). All stake- holders must come together
to develop a comprehensive collaborative
training plan.
4. Partner with local universities and colleges to:
• Develop mentoring and coaching
programs, similar to teacher mentor
programs, co-ops, student teaching, etc.;
• Engage in continuous improvement
processes in order to enhance the early
childhood education curriculum preparation
program and the relationships among
the higher education system and local
communities; and
• Invite Winston-Salem State University, Salem
College, UNC Greensboro, and NC A&T
to the table to discuss Birth-to-Kindergarten
license requirements to ensure consistent
expectations as local Pre-K systems
provide input to the process for qualifying
educators.

17
IV. THE WAY FORWARD
This report is a compendium of the critical factors
that our community will need to discuss and debate
to determine the structure, components, cost, and
standards for a universal Pre-K system in Forsyth
County. Many issues must be examines in depth if
we hope to effectively utilize all the funds available
– from Head Start, Title I, CCDF, and Exceptional
Children at the federal level; from NC Pre-K and
NCPC at the state level; and from parent fees,
corporate contributions, and tax revenues at the
local level – to create a quality system that will
bring the return on investment that our children and
community deserve.
The way forward requires diligent
consideration of the following issues:
• Establishing and meeting standards
for high-quality programs. A single set of
standards governing Pre-K providers needs to
be established to assure that all children have
the same quality experience. Forsyth County
parents, educators, and public officials have
the necessary information (referenced in this
report) to establish a single, harmonized set
of standards for Pre-K providers to assure that
all children receive a reliable, high-quality
experience.
• Developing a uniform, comprehensive
system. A universal Pre-K system will be
established incrementally over the next several
years. (See Appendix D for an illustration of
a timetable.) At each step the addition of new
capacity must take place with the final end of
a uniform, comprehensive system in mind. The
challenge is twofold: 1) to establish greater
programmatic and administrative coherence
in the existing system, and 2) to ensure that
any expansion of the system incorporates the
standards that have been adopted for the
universal system. Project Impact provides an
opportunity to model how the broader universal
Pre-K system will be developed. This impending
expansion of Pre-K must continue to incorporate
the elements that are the hallmark of our
county’s Pre-K programs, so as to create a
single system that assures comparable levels
of quality to all children, regardless of the
provider.
• Maintaining a mixed system of public
and private providers. Forsyth County
has utilized the multiple sources of public
funding for Pre-K programs to craft a mixed
system of providers – the public schools,
privately run child development centers, and
Family Services’ Head Start program – that are
responsive to the varied needs of families and
children. Maintaining a mixed system provides
parents with choices that correspond to their
varied needs and circumstances.
• Building System Capacity. A mixed system
of providers is also the best way to meet the
demand for the additional facilities needed in
a universal Pre-K system. With approximately
3,000 slots to be added no single institution
or sector has the necessary capacity. Even
meeting the space needs for the 600 slots to be
added by Project Impact over the next twelve
months will require the involvement of both the
school district and community providers. Smart
Start of Forsyth County, as part of its mission,
is already engaged in assessing providers that
could add capacity to the system.
• Gaining Community-wide Support.
The expansion of the Pre-K system requires
community involvement from within the early
childhood development field, from business
and community leaders, and from parents
and community groups. Public awareness and
education are essential elements for ensuring
that universal Pre-K is universally endorsed
across the community.

18
• Establishing Uniform Compensation
Practices. We need to strengthen
compensation practices so that Pre-K educators
– regardless of the size or assets of the
organization for which they work – receive
reasonably equivalent salaries and benefits.
Disparity in compensation creates disruption
from staff turnover and talent loss from the
system.
• Involving Families. The involvement
of parents in their child’s Pre-K learning
experience is critical, as what happens at
home ultimately has a greater impact on a
child’s development than what happens in the
classroom. A quality Pre-K program includes
effective methods of family engagement and
participation.
• Accomplishing Transitions. Pre-K is not
an island. How children and families transition
into a Pre-K program affects how children
will benefit from their Pre-K experience. How
children transition from a Pre-K program into
kindergarten determines how that benefit will
continue on through the early elementary years.
• Attaining Diverse Enrollment. Allowing
young children to interact with other children
from different backgrounds is a proven value-
added in early learning. The peer effect of
Pre-K programs that are ethnic and income-
integrated have a greater effect in closing
achievement gaps.
If the work of the Universal Pre-K Steering
Committee has accomplished anything it is to
identify how much work remains to be done in
order to create a successful universal Pre-K system.
The issues raised in this report provide ample
material for additional work groups to explore.
Forsyth County has a rare opportunity to do this
right. The philanthropic, business, civic, education,
and child development sectors are each poised
to contribute their expertise and resources to
achieve a positive outcome. However, we have
much important work before us to strengthen
communications and coordination. Only by
establishing an integrative planning process will
we achieve the high-quality universal Pre-K system
envisioned in this report.
To ensure that the investments the community makes
to expand Pre-K programs is money well-spent
will require a community-wide planning process
that includes all the parties committed to the
creation of a quality universal Pre-K system. The
Universal Pre-K Initiative Steering Committee and
all who have contributed to this report are ready
and eager to engage in such a process. The goal
– our community’s goal – is to establish a Pre-K
system in Forsyth County that gives every child the
opportunity to reach his or her full potential. Do we
owe our children anything less?

19
ENDNOTES
i First Five Year Fund, http://ffyf.org/2016-poll.
ii Heckman, J.J., Moon, S.H., Pinto. R., Savelyev, P.A., & Yavitz, A. (2010).
The rate of return to the HighScope Perry Preschool Program, Journal of
Public Economics, 94(1), 1140128
iii This value represents the Average Daily Membership for 2015–16, which
underestimates the total enrollment during the year.
iv www.ProjectImpact.WS
v There is great variance in price across communities and Pre-K markets. Figures
range from less than $7K to more than $10K per annum. For this paper, we
have adopted the figure of $8.4K cited in ChildCare Aware of America’s
“Parents and the High Cost of Child Care” report, which details the cost of full-
time child care in centers, along with 2014 Median household income from
the U.S. Census Bureau.
vi Bartik, T.J., Gormley, W., Adelstein, S. (2012). Earnings benefits of Tulsa’s
Pre-K program for different income groups. Economics of Education Review.
31(6), December 2012, 1143-1161
vii Barnett, Stephen, W., Getting the Facts Right on Pre-K, National Institute for
Early Education Research, February, 25, 2013
viii http://www.ncacc.org/index.aspx?nid=227
ix https://www.americanprogress.org/series/social-impact-bonds/view

20
APPENDIX A
Public Funding in Forsyth County Pre-K Classrooms
The tables below provide an overview of the
changes in NC Pre-K and Head Start for Pre-K
programs in Forsyth County in recent years.
Additional state funding is available through NCPC
and additional federal funding is available through
Title I and CCDF. The fluctuations in number of
children served each year demonstrate expansion
and contraction in funding as determined by state
and federal law makers and appointed officials.
Enhancements were provided using Smart Start
scholarship funding in 2010–11 and 2013–14.
The majority of enhancement funds in 2010–11
were used to provide family support specialists
for Pre-K classes. This program enhancement
was discontinued in 2011–12; only Head Start-
supported classes have had access to family
support specialists since 2010–11. In 2013–14,
the enhancements were used to increase the
reimbursement rates to providers. These were one-
time only, non-recurring enhancements.
Head Start funding also covers the employment of
program specialists in such areas as health and
nutrition, mental health and disabilities, curriculum
enhancement, recruitment and enrollment, training
and professional development, and cultural
diversity.
Fiscal Year NC Pre-K
Total Number of Pre-K
children served with
State Funding
Smart Start Scholarship
Enhancements to
State-funded Pre-K in
Forsyth County
2010–11 $3,348,810 711 $616,260
2011–12 $3,006,274 568 n/a
2012–13 $3,735,928 818 n/a
2013–14 $2,855,949 560 $222,672
2014–15 $3,091,033 606 $169,000
2015–16 $3,131,177 600 n/a
2016–17 $3,131,177 626 (enrolled) n/a
Totals $22,300,348 4,489 $1,007,932
Fiscal Year
Head Start Funding for
4-year-old classrooms
Total Number
of 4-year-olds served
2011–12 $3,325,617 407
2012–13 $3,497,426 425
2013–14 $3,540,314 453
2014–15 $3,675,759 441
2015–16 $3,434,042 412
2016–17 $3,681,828 434
Totals $21,154,986 2,572

21
APPENDIX B
Matrix of Program Quality Factors
StaffEducation/
credential
Requirements
Facility
Specification
Curriculum,
Screening,
Assessment
Environmen-
talRequire-
ments
OngoingProfessional
Development
Management
Requirements
Public
Schools
BS/BAB-K
Teachingassistantsmust
meet‘NoChildLeft
Behind’standards
Meetsschool
districtfacility
standards
Childrenare
screenedprior
toentryand
ongoingassess-
mentsareimple-
mentedatleast
twiceayear
Meetsschool
districtfacility
standards
(Buildingand
fire,andsanita-
tioncodes)
ProfessionalDevelopmentis
offeredthroughouttheyear
CEU’sarerequiredtomain-
tainlicensure
PrincipalCertifi-
cation
Head
Start
LT-BS/BAECE
TA-AAECE
35sq.ftindoor
perchild
75sq.ft.out-
doorperchild
Sanitationand
firecompliance
Mustcomply
withthestate
andlocalrules
regulations
Validand
reliable;research
basedinstru-
ments
ECERSAnnualProfessionalDevel-
opmentPlans
In-servicesandPre—service
trainingtoincreasethe
knowledgeandskillneeded
tofulfilltheirjob.
BS/BAinECE
and/orbusiness
AdminIIorIII
Licensed
Child
Care
Goalstoreach5star
dependheavilyon
Scalescores;however,
educationrequirements
aretomaintainatleast
50%atcredentialsplus
12hoursforAssistant
Teachersand75%at
AAdegreeorhigher
Mustmaintain
sanitationand
fireapproval
Mustmaintain
at75%compli-
ancehistoryfor
licensing
Musthavea
curriculumand
evidencelesson
plan
Ratedlicenseis
basedonEnvi-
ronmentalRating
Scales,compli-
ancehistory;
StaffandAdmin
education;
Annualtraininghours
requiredbasedonstaffand
admineducationlevel.
Playgroundsafety,SIDS,
BSAC,FirstAide/CPRare
requiredforallAdminand
somestaffdependingon
agegroup
MusthaveAdmin
Credentials,
Licensepointsfor
educationcannot
behigherthanthe
Admineducations
points,
CRCrequirements
forallstaffand
Admin(with3
yearre-licensure)
NC
Pre-K
MinimumBAdegreein
ECEorrelatedfield
RequiredB-Klicensure
Assistantteacherre-
quiresAAECE
Complywith
stateandlocal
rulesandregula-
tions
MustbeaDC-
DEEapproved
curriculum
Severalareiden-
tifiedinNCPK
Guidelinesand
Requirements
Mustmaintaina
4or5Starrated
license
Minimumof15hoursin-ser-
vicestrainingannually
Teachersinprivatesitesmust
beenrolledinEESLPDfor
B-Klicensure
BS/BAandAdmin
LevelIIIorPrinci-
palCertification

22
APPENDIX C
Current Funding of Pre-K Classrooms, and Implications for
a Universal Pre-K System
There are three primary and two secondary sources of regulated public funding that
support the operation of our local Pre-K system. The three primary sources are:
1. NC Pre-K program, managed by Smart Start of Forsyth County, Inc.
2. Title I program, managed by Winston-Salem Forsyth County Schools
3. Head Start program, managed by Family Services, Inc.
The two secondary sources are:
1. Child Care Development Fund (CCDF), the
federal childcare subsidy program managed
by the Forsyth County Department of Social
Services
2. The North Carolina Partnership for Children
(NCPC) family childcare scholarship funds,
managed by Smart Start of Forsyth County, Inc.
Across all sources, cost data are normally calculated in terms of a per pupil cost per month (pp/pm) or per
pupil/per year (pp/py).
Because the three primary funding sources serve the more than 20% of our four-year-old children, and at
a higher average level of regulated quality, we will focus only on the Head Start, NC Pre-K, and Title I
supported programs.
The primary factors in determining the cost of a universal Pre-K program are:
• Class size = 18 pupils per class;
• Staffing = one teacher and one teacher
assistant per class;
• Length of school year = 10 months; and
• Hours of operation = 6.5 hours per day or 8
hours per day.
• DCDEE facility and costs standards for serving
four-year-old children.

23
A summary of the current levels of public support to classrooms and implications
for a universal Pre-K system:
1. Classrooms supported through NC-Pre-K Program
a. Private organizations in Forsyth County:
1) Selected independent and corporate childcare centers receive $650 pp/pm ($6,500 pp/py)
to cover all of the costs to operate the program, based on a class size of 18 and staffing with a
certified teacher and TA. Most private centers also receive $150 pp/pm from Family Services
through its Head Start program.
2) Selected Family Services’ Head Start facilities receive $300 pp/pm ($3,000 pp/py), in
addition to federal Head Start base-funding already available to Family Services’ through its
Head Start program.
b. Winston-Salem Forsyth County Schools
Selected district schools receive $473 pp/pm ($4,730 pp/py), supplemented with Title I, and
other school district dollars. It is estimated that the cost of the WS/FCS Pre-K program is closer to
$800pp/pm.
2. Classrooms supported through Winston-Salem Forsyth County Schools
Title I Program
The Title I Pre-K annual expense is $6,479 per child, excluding snacks. With snacks it is $6,704 per
child. This average cost includes salary, wages, benefits, and instructional supplies and materials, but
does not include the cost of the building.
3. Classrooms supported through Family Services, Inc.,
Head Start Program
The cost per child in Family Services’ Head Start program is approximately $11,150. This cost covers
both classroom expenses and the additional services provided under the Head Start model, i.e., family
advocacy/case management; parent, family, and community engagement; nutrition and health; mental
health and disabilities, and cultural diversity. Curriculum, enrollment, and professional development
also have dedicated staff resources.
4. Assuming an age cohort of 4,500 children and 90% enrollment, 4,050 children would
be served in a universal Pre-K System. After subtracting the 1,079 children already served
through publicly-funded programs, the remaining 2,971 children that would be enrolled in a universal
program at $8,400 pp/py would require an additional $24,956,400 in annual funding.

24
Period
Phase-in
Scenario^
Current
Total Cost*
Living Wage
Cost**
Funding
Sources***
Dec. 31, 2016
Current # of
children enrolled
in quality ECD
1,184 enrolled,
2,866 remaining

$10.0 million —
CCDF, NC Pre-K,
Head Start, Title I,
Project Impact,
Parent Fees
Dec. 31, 2017
25% of remaining
4-year-olds
1,900 enrolled,
2,150 remaining
$16.0 million $17.5 million
CCDF, NC Pre-K,
Head Start, Parent
Fees Title I, Project
Impact, Parent Fees
Dec. 31, 2018
25% of remaining
4-year-olds
2,616 enrolled,
1,434 remaining
CCDF, NC Pre-K,
Head Start, Parent
Fees, Title I, Project
Impact, Sales Tax,
Property Tax,
Grants, Social
Impact Bond
Dec. 31, 2019
25% of remaining
4-year-olds
3,332 enrolled,
718 remaining
CCDF, NC Pre-K,
Head Start, Parent
Fees, Title I, Sales
Tax, Property Tax,
Grants,Social
Impact Bonds
Dec. 31 2020
25% of remaining
4-year-olds
4,050 enrolled
CCDF, NC Pre-K,
Head Start, Parent
Fees, Title I, Sales
Tax, Property Tax,
Grants,Social
Impact Bonds

^ Based on maximum projected enrollment of 4,050 4-year-olds.
* Current Cost is based on $8,400 per child per year.
** Living Wage Cost is based on personnel costs calculated at 70% of current cost, with a 13% wage increase.
*** Funding Sources for the periods ending December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2017 are based on actual
sources. Funding for subsequent periods – notably Sales Tax, Property Tax, Grants, and Social Impact Bond
– are included to illustrate potential sources of funding.
UNIVERSAL PRE-K IN FORSYTH COUNTY BY 2020
Sample Timetable and Possible Funding Sources

STEERING COMMITTEE MEMBERS
• Nikki Byers, Executive Director, Imprints Cares
• Joe Crocker, Director, Poor and Needy Division,
Kate B. Reynolds Charitable Trust
• Matt Ellinwood, Director of the Education and Law Project,
North Carolina Justice Center
• Bob Feikema (convener), President & CEO, Family Services
• Sharee Fowler, Director of the Department of Not-for-Profit
Management and Arts Management, Salem College
• Khari Garvin, Director, Great Expectations, MDC (for KBR)
• Katura Jackson, Executive Director, Work Family Resource Center
• Tanya McDougal, Director of Strategic Initiatives,
Forsyth County Department of Social Services
• Eva Phillips, Ready Schools Coordinator,
Winston-Salem/Forsyth County Schools
• Larry Vellani, Executive Director, Smart Start of Forsyth County, Inc.
• Jenny Whitley, Director of Teaching and Learning,
Smart Start of Forsyth County, Inc.
WORK GROUP MEMBERS
Quality
Janie Costello
Eva Phillips
Gena Puckett
Janet Ray
Karatha Scott
Vivien Stearns (convener)
Glenda Welch
Uschi Wells
Okeyma Wright
Funding
Nikki Byers (convener)
Jib Chattrabhuti
Kathie Fansler
Katura Jackson
Tanya McDougal
Doug Punger
Larry Vellani
Jenny Whitley
Advocacy
Natalie Blake
Dean Clifford
Joe Crocker
Matt Ellinwood (convener)
Kathie Fansler
Bob Feikema
Michael Lawless
Remona Ramsey-Brooks
Larry Vellani
Publication produced by Family Services | 1200 S. Broad Street, Winston-Salem, NC | 336.722.8173

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