![Shell Commands
history show previously-run commands
escape (repeat k or j) move up or down
through history of commands. Press “enter”
to re-execute (ksh only).
alias newcommand command-string create new
command that runs command-string, including
all of the given options
command > outputfile command ’s output replaces
outputfile (>> will append)
command < inputfile command ’s input comes
from inputfile
command1 | command2 command1’s output
becomes command2 ’s input
Editing
vi options filename standard (vi)sual editor
emacs options filename terminal-based editor
pico options filename simple text editor
textedit options filename X-windows editor
Permissions and Security
chmod permission filename(s) set level of access.
permissions pertain to (u)ser, (g)roup and
(o)ther and include (r)ead, (w)rite, and
e(x)ecute.
Turn access on with “+”
Turn access off with “-”
Set access exactly to with “=“
chmod go-rwx filename(s) protect your files
from prying eyes
Working With Processes
ps option show running jobs on system.
ps -fu userid show jobs running as userid
kill pid kill job given by process id pid.
Use ps -fu userid to find the pid.
control-z stop the foreground job
bg (fg) put a stopped job into the
background (foreground)
jobs show user’s running and
suspended jobs
nohup command & run command in the
background; it will not stop when you logout.
(applies to ksh only)
X-Windows
. enableX sets user DISPLAY.
Xwindows server must be enabled on PC
netscape start Netscape Navigator
textedit filename edit filename
jws Java Workshop programming suite
ws Sun Workshop programming and
debugging suite
Compressing and Archiving
compress (uncompress) options filename(s)
compress (uncompress) using LZ algorithm.
gzip (gunzip) options filename(s)
slightly more efficient compress/uncompress
zip (unzip) options filename(s) compress
(uncompress) and archive (unarchive)
tar options -f archive-name filename(s)
work with “tar” archive of files:
tar -cvf archive files(s) create archive
tar -xvf archive extract files
tar -tvf archive list files
Scripting
Programs can be be scripted using the any of the
following. Login startup files are in ( ).
/bin/ksh (.profile, .kshrc [if setup])
/bin/sh (.profile)
/usr/local/bin/bash (.bash_login, .bash_profile,
.profile)
/bin/csh (.login, .chsrc)
/usr/local/bin/tcsh (.login, .chsrc)
/usr/local/bin/perl
/usr/local/bin/wish8.0
/usr/local/bin/rexx
Compilers
f77 options filename.f FORTRAN77 (Sun)
f90 options filename.f90 FORTRAN90 (Sun)
cc options filename.c C (Sun)
CC options filename.cc C++ (Sun)
gcc options filename.c C (gnu)
g++ options filename.cc C++ (gnu)
pc options filename.p Pascal (Sun)
Options are compiler-specific. Execute the
compiled binary with ./binary-name
If not specified, binary will be called “a.out”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/unixrefcard-220929235446-d65ae69a/85/unix_ref_card-pdf-2-320.jpg)
unix_ref_card.pdf
- 1. Getting Started UNIX commands are used while connected directly to bama through an SSH or terminal interface. Our recommended programs include SSH Security Shell, TeraTerm with SSH, and Macintosh Terminal. More information is available online at ncs.ua.edu. Commands are entered by giving the command name, any desired options, then any filenames or directory names all separated by spaces. When “enter” is pressed, the command is processed by bama. UNIX is case sensitive. All UNIX commands are lower-case. Type commands demonstrated on this reference card exactly as shown. File and directory names can be mixed-case but always must be typed exactly as named. For complete lists of options use the “man” command. Directories mkdir directory-name make a new directory rmdir directory-name remove a directory (must be empty of all files) cd directory-name change to a directory cd change to your home directory cd .. change to directory one level up ~ home directory . current directory .. directory one level back / entire filesystem root Working With Files ls options filename list files in a directory Options for ls include: -a show all files including hidden ones (those beginning with a “.”) -l long list showing ownership, permission and links -t time-ordered list -F mark directories with “/”, links with “@” and executables with “*” mv options filename new-filename rename a file mv options filename directory-name move file to a new directory mv options directory-name new-directory-name move a directory and all of its contents to a new directory, keeping the structure intact. New directory must already exist. cp options filename new-filename copy file rm options filename delete file The most useful option for mv, cp, and rm is -i. This will cause command to verify (inquire) before execution. Viewing File Contents page filename go through file one page at a time less filename page through file with capability to go backwards head options filename view the first few lines tail options filename view the last few lines Other Useful Commands clear clear the screen pine text-based email program date current date and time script keep a record of terminal session quota -v show disk space usage and quota cat file1 >> file2 append file1 to file2. ispell options filename spell-check grep string filename search for string in filename wc options filename count lines, words, and characters filep options filename print a file w/ formatting Printing To select a new printer: LPDEST printername export LPDEST lp option filename print file cancel printjob cancel print job in queue. Get printjob name from lp command result enscript options filename format file for PostScript printer lpstat –p printername check printer queue. Use printername “all” to see full list. Unix Reference Card
- 2. Shell Commands history show previously-run commands escape (repeat k or j) move up or down through history of commands. Press “enter” to re-execute (ksh only). alias newcommand command-string create new command that runs command-string, including all of the given options command > outputfile command ’s output replaces outputfile (>> will append) command < inputfile command ’s input comes from inputfile command1 | command2 command1’s output becomes command2 ’s input Editing vi options filename standard (vi)sual editor emacs options filename terminal-based editor pico options filename simple text editor textedit options filename X-windows editor Permissions and Security chmod permission filename(s) set level of access. permissions pertain to (u)ser, (g)roup and (o)ther and include (r)ead, (w)rite, and e(x)ecute. Turn access on with “+” Turn access off with “-” Set access exactly to with “=“ chmod go-rwx filename(s) protect your files from prying eyes Working With Processes ps option show running jobs on system. ps -fu userid show jobs running as userid kill pid kill job given by process id pid. Use ps -fu userid to find the pid. control-z stop the foreground job bg (fg) put a stopped job into the background (foreground) jobs show user’s running and suspended jobs nohup command & run command in the background; it will not stop when you logout. (applies to ksh only) X-Windows . enableX sets user DISPLAY. Xwindows server must be enabled on PC netscape start Netscape Navigator textedit filename edit filename jws Java Workshop programming suite ws Sun Workshop programming and debugging suite Compressing and Archiving compress (uncompress) options filename(s) compress (uncompress) using LZ algorithm. gzip (gunzip) options filename(s) slightly more efficient compress/uncompress zip (unzip) options filename(s) compress (uncompress) and archive (unarchive) tar options -f archive-name filename(s) work with “tar” archive of files: tar -cvf archive files(s) create archive tar -xvf archive extract files tar -tvf archive list files Scripting Programs can be be scripted using the any of the following. Login startup files are in ( ). /bin/ksh (.profile, .kshrc [if setup]) /bin/sh (.profile) /usr/local/bin/bash (.bash_login, .bash_profile, .profile) /bin/csh (.login, .chsrc) /usr/local/bin/tcsh (.login, .chsrc) /usr/local/bin/perl /usr/local/bin/wish8.0 /usr/local/bin/rexx Compilers f77 options filename.f FORTRAN77 (Sun) f90 options filename.f90 FORTRAN90 (Sun) cc options filename.c C (Sun) CC options filename.cc C++ (Sun) gcc options filename.c C (gnu) g++ options filename.cc C++ (gnu) pc options filename.p Pascal (Sun) Options are compiler-specific. Execute the compiled binary with ./binary-name If not specified, binary will be called “a.out”