3. Causes:
1) Trauma: The most common cause is trauma, such as:
• Fall onto an outstretched arm (FOOSH), especially in older adults.
• Motor vehicle accidents or high-energy injuries.
• Sports injuries (e.g., contact sports like football or rugby).
• Direct blow to the shoulder.
2) Osteoporosis: In elderly individuals with weaker bones, even a minor
fall can lead to fractures.
3) Rotator Cuff Disease: Chronic rotator cuff tendinopathy or
degeneration can predispose individuals to greater tuberosity fractures,
especially in older patients.
4. Clinical Features:
• Pain: Severe localized pain around the shoulder, especially in the upper arm and lateral
shoulder.
• Limited Range of Motion (ROM): Difficulty with shoulder movement, particularly
overhead motion or external rotation.
• Deformity: In some cases, visible deformity or abnormal positioning of the shoulder
due to displaced fragments.
• Swelling: Localized swelling or bruising around the shoulder joint.
• Weakness: Due to disruption of the rotator cuff tendons, patients often experience
weakness with shoulder abduction and external rotation.
• Tenderness: Tenderness is present over the greater tuberosity area, and there may be
crepitus (grinding or popping sensation) on movement if there is bone-on-bone
contact.
9. Causes
• Low-Energy Trauma (e.g., Falls):
Elderly Patients: The most common cause of neck of humerus fractures in elderly individuals is a fall
onto an outstretched arm (FOOSH), especially in those with weakened bones due to osteoporosis.
• High-Energy Trauma: Motor Vehicle Accidents (MVAs), sports injuries, or direct trauma to the
shoulder (e.g., during contact sports or in younger individuals) can cause more severe fractures,
including displaced fractures.
• Rotator Cuff Degeneration: In older patients, a degenerative rotator cuff tear may also predispose
to fractures because the rotator cuff muscles may no longer provide enough stabilization to the
shoulder joint.
• Osteoporosis: Bone weakening due to osteoporosis makes fractures more common in the elderly
population.
• Pathological Fractures: These fractures can also occur in patients with bone diseases like
metastatic cancer, osteomyelitis, or Paget’s disease, which weaken the bone structure.
10. Clinical Features
• Pain
• Swelling
• Deformity
• Limited Range of Motion
• Tenderness
• Neurological Symptoms
• Decreased Function
14. Causes
• Falls: The most common cause is a fall onto an outstretched hand
(FOOSH), where the elbow is hyperextended, causing stress to the
distal humerus.
• Sports Injuries: Activities like basketball, gymnastics, or skateboarding
often lead to falls or trauma that can result in a supracondylar
fracture.
• Motor Vehicle Accidents: High-impact trauma can also lead to this
type of fracture.
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