Urea treatment of straw
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This document discusses urea treatment of cereal straw to increase its nutritional value for animal feed. Urea treatment involves chopping straw and moistening it with a 2.5-5% urea solution, then covering it to allow fermentation for several weeks. The ammonia released from hydrolyzed urea weakens the lignified cell walls and increases digestibility. Properly treated and stored material can be fed to animals for several months. The treatment process, benefits, precautions, and effect on straw nutrients are described over multiple pages.
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Urea treatment of straw
- 1. Urea treatment of Cereal straw 16-Arid-3171 composed by ; Touqeer Yazdan 1 Created by: AN-201 Submitted To: Dr. Naeem Tahir
- 2. Introduction Almost all of the domesticated animals in lesser developed countries and even some in the developed world exist mainly on poor quality plant materials. Perhaps the most abundant feed in most region is straw remaining after harvest of cereal grains. Straw can provide some carbohydrates but is very deficient in other nutrients. Also because of high lignin content , digestibility is poor. Methods are available for ,however ,to increase the digestibility of poor quality feeds. composed by ; Touqeer Yazdan 2
- 3. Urea treatment of wheat straw One of the most successful procedure to improve digestibility of crude plant material is through urea. This weakens the hard cell walls , allowing better penetration by rumen microorganisms to produce more effective fermentation and liberation of nutrients. After chopping the straw is moistened with urea solution{2.5-5%} and usually cover for several weeks. composed by ; Touqeer Yazdan 3
- 4. Ammonia , released from the urea ,weakens the lignified the outer wall and increase the digestibility of the straw. Once treated and if properly covered to preserve anaerobic conditions , the urea ensiled material can be stored for several months composed by ; Touqeer Yazdan 4
- 5. Requirement 100 kg of wheat straw 40% of water 4 kg of urea Polythene sheet Water cane Bucket composed by ; Touqeer Yazdan 5
- 6. Procedure Polythene sheet should be spread over on the selected site. The one fourth wheat straw spread over the polythene sheet. The water urea solution sprinkle over the wheat straw and mix properly. The next one fourth wheat straw spread over and again sprinkles the urea solution. Air tight the treated straw and kept for 21 days composed by ; Touqeer Yazdan 6
- 7. Benefits Treated wheat straw has enhance the nutritive value then untreated paddy straw. Treated wheat straw is liked by cattle. Increase palatability. Feed intake will increase. Maintained the health quality composed by ; Touqeer Yazdan 7
- 8. Precaution The calf of below six month should not be fed with treated straw. The pregnant cattle are also not fed with treated straw. The fungal growth straw should not be taken for urea treatment of wheat straw. The treated straw will be fed after exposure of air for at least 10 minutes. The starting quantity of urea treatment of wheat straw should be regulated from lesser quantity to higher in periodic manner . composed by ; Touqeer Yazdan 8
- 9. Urea toxicity can take place due to higher intakes within a shorter period-thus limit feeding ,provide adequate soluble carbohydrates. Urea toxicity is characterized by ureasiness , tremors , excessive salivation, rapid breathing ,incoordination , bloat , tetany . due to rise in blood ammonia levels. rise of rumen pH cease the rumen function An emergency treatment for urea poisoning is drenching of vinegar composed by ; Touqeer Yazdan 9
- 10. Effect of urea treatment on wheat straw nutrients Nutrients Untreated wheat straw Urea-treated wheat straw CP 4.2± 0.3a 9.3±0.5b NDF 74.1± 0.3a 60.6± 1.2b ADF 44.6± 0.8a 56.3± 1.1b Gross energy 61.3± 1.1 61.4± 1.2 composed by ; Touqeer Yazdan 10
- 11. Urea Treatment Principle CO(NH2) 2 + H2O urease 2NH3+ CO2 Once hydrolysis is completed One molecule of urea generate 2 molecules of ammonia. 5 kg of urea thus allows production of 2.83 kg of ammonia composed by ; Touqeer Yazdan 11
- 12. Weighing of ureacomposed by ; Touqeer Yazdan 12
- 13. Mixing Urea with watercomposed by ; Touqeer Yazdan 13
- 14. An empty 1 x 2 x 1 m pit for urea treatment composed by ; Touqeer Yazdan 14
- 15. Packing teff straw mixed with urea-water solution in a pit lined with heavy plastic.composed by ; Touqeer Yazdan 15
- 16. A shade over urea treatment pit composed by ; Touqeer Yazdan 16
- 17. Treated straw (left) and untreated straw (right)composed by ; Touqeer Yazdan 17
- 18. composed by ; Touqeer Yazdan 18
- 19. composed by ; Touqeer Yazdan 19