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Values, morals and ethics
1. Morals are generally taught by society and relate to groups, while values come from within individuals and are personal principles. 2. Morals motivate good behavior and are deep-seated, whereas values can change with time and circumstances. 3. Ethics are codes or rules set by groups, focusing on duties, while values are individual beliefs about what is good or desirable.
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Values, morals and ethics
- 1. VALUES AND ITS FORMATION -Dr. Karishma Chaudhary
- 2. ◦ J.R.D. Tataonce said this when asked to define the House of Tatas and what links that forge the Tata companies together: ‘I would call it a group of individually managed companies united by two factors: First, a feeling that they are part of a larger group which carries the name and prestige of Tatas, and public recognition of honesty and reliability—trustworthiness. The other reason is more metaphysical. There is an innate loyalty, a sharing of certain beliefs. We all feel a certain pride that we are somewhat different from others.’These several values that J.R.D. Tata refers to have been derived from the ideals of the founder of the group, Jamsedji Tata.
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- 5. ◦ Morals vsValues ◦ Morals and values are a part of the behavioral aspect of a person. ◦ There is not much difference between morals and values but both are correlated to each ◦ Moral is a system of beliefs that is taught for deciding good or bad whereas values are personal beliefs or something that comes from within. These are emotionally related for deciding right or wrong. ◦ Morals have more social value and acceptance than values, therefore a person is judged more for his moral character than the values. ◦ One is said to be immoral for a person without morals but no such term is there for the person without values. ◦ Another difference between the morals and values is that moral is a motivation or a key for leading a good life in right direction whereas value is imbibed within a person, it can be bad good depending on the person’s choice. It can also be called as intuition or the call of the ◦ Morals do not determine the values but are formed because of the values. Morals contribute to the system of beliefs and are the values which we get from the society.
- 6. ◦ Morals canbe related to ones religion, political system or a business society. ◦ Business morals include prompt service, excellence, quality and safety. One practices all morals while running a business, but the values may not coincide with them. ◦ Therefore these morals do not come from within a person but are taught by the social group and has to be followed. ◦ On the other hand values are the standards to judge the right or wrong, good or bad, just or unjust. They are the fundamental principles that give guidance to a person to evaluate the merits and demerits of a thing. ◦ Values include courage, respect, patriotism, honesty, honor, compassion etc. All these are not mandatory by society but depend on individual’s choice.
- 7. ◦ Lastly thedifference between the morals and values is that morals are like commandments set by the elders and to be followed by the descendants. They can be set by ones elders or religious teachers or leaders of society who want to lead people away from immoral thoughts. One always treasures the morals throughout his life and they never change with time or conditions. ◦ While on the other hand values are not set by the society or teachers, but are governed by an individual. Values do not mean that it is always right to do so. Whatever is valuable for one person may not be the same for the other. Hence it is personal aspect and changes according to different situations with time and needs.
- 8. Summary ◦ 1.Morals aregenerally taught by the society to the individual whereas values come from within. 2.Morals act as a motivation for leading a good life while values can be called as an intuition. 3.Morals are related to ones religion, business or politics whereas values are personal fundamental beliefs or principles. 4.Morals are deep seated whereas values keep on changing with time and needs.
- 9. Ethics vs Morals ◦Many a time people forget to differentiate between ethics and morals. Ethics and morals are two different things. There may be things which are both ethical and legal, but they can be against a personal moral. There is a fine line dividing the two. ◦ Ethics ◦ Ethics is a code that points to the standards put forward by the society or the cultural group. Ethics are more a code of conduct set forward by the community. These could be company ethics, national ethics, social ethics, professional, or family ethics. ◦ Working ethics have stringent guidelines. An ethical behavior in the workplace requires constant education which helps the people to follow the newest guidelines and may mould themselves according to them. A strict follow-up of ethics is very important in the professional world. Ethics educates the professionals what the rules to follow are and also the consequences that would incur if they are defied.
- 10. Morals ◦ Morals area more personal thing. It’s a person’s inner and peculiar character. An act which a person thinks or assumes to be wrong or incorrect may be perfectly right and correct for another one. Morals are the faith of a person rather than any set of rules to be followed. It is essential to point out that ethics and legal issues have precedence to one’s beliefs and morals in society. ◦ For instance, a doctor has his medical ethics to follow. It is ethical for a doctor to treat a person be it a terrorist or a soldier from the opposite army. A doctor is bound with the Hippocratic Oath which frames the structure of the working ethics of the medical world. He is bound to treat even an enemy trying to kill him or his family or his fellow citizen. However, his morals may be totally against it.
- 11. ◦ Similarly formorals, an example regarding abortion can be placed. Abortion is totally legal and allowed in the medical ethics. However, it is against the morality of human kind. Citing another example, a criminal defense lawyer will keep aside his morals when defending a criminal and murderer in court. ◦ It does not matter whether he considers the killing of another person to be against a moral code but, according to his ethics, he has to defend the client as strongly as possible. Here the lawyer knows that his client is guilty and, if released on the charges, can repeat his crime. His morals take a back seat as compared to his legal ethics.
- 12. ◦ Summary: ◦ 1.Moralsare personal codes while ethics are codes followed by a group or culture. 2.Morals of a person do not change with time while his ethics can. 3.Morals differ from person to person while ethics are similar in the group. 4.Morals are based on religion whereas ethics are based on philosophy.
- 13. ◦ Ethics vsValues ◦ Every person has certain set values and a certain code of ethics which are very much valued. Some people who do not know the exact difference between ‘values’ and ‘ethics’ often use the two words interchangeably. Though these two are different, these two together form the basis for making decisions. ◦ What are values? ◦ They are the basic beliefs that an individual thinks to be true. Every individual has a set of values through which he looks at all things and also at the world. It can be said that most of the people will never deviate from their values. ◦ The values can be said to be the guiding principles in one’s life. ‘Value’ can be defined as a bridge by which an individual makes a decision regarding good and bad, right or wrong, and most important or less important.
- 14. ◦ Ethics isguidelines or rules that are set for a society or an organization rather than for an individual. ◦ Ethics can be defined as a set of rules formulated by a country or a company or some institutions. Ethics is mainly based on moral values. ◦ Ethics is not that it is set for any particular society, but it is mainly based on virtues, rights, and obligations. ◦ For example, the obligation to refrain from crimes, killings, and rape is an ethical aspect. Ethics has also been built on loyalty, honesty, and compassion.
- 15. ◦ Values arevery much personal while ethics is very much societal. ◦ One can also see that values and ethics sometimes can be in conflict. Even if one has certain values, he will not be able to entertain certain decisions based on the ethical codes. ◦ Though abortion is considered to be legal, most people do not approve of it morally.
- 16. ◦ Summary: ◦ 1.Values are the basic beliefs that an individual thinks to be true. Every individual has a set of values through which he looks at all things and also at the world. 2. Ethics is guidelines or rules that are set for a society or an organization rather than for an individual. 3. Values can be said to be the guiding principles in one’s life. ‘Value’ can be defined as a bridge by which an individual makes a decision regarding good and bad, right or wrong, and most important or less important. 4. Ethics can be defined as set of rules formulated by a country or a company or some institutions. Ethics is mainly based on the moral value
- 17. Concept of Values,Types and Formation of Values ◦ According to M. Haralambos (2000), “a value is a belief that something is good and desirable”. For R.K. Mukerjee (1949) (a pioneer Indian sociologist who initiated the study of social values), “values are socially approved desires and goals that are internalised through the process of conditioning, learning or socialisation and that become subjective preferences, standards and aspirations”. ◦ A value is a shared idea about how something is ranked in terms of desirability, worth or goodness. ◦ Familiar examples of values are wealth, loyalty, independence, equality, justice, fraternity and friendliness. ◦ These are generalised ends consciously pursued by or held up to individuals as being worthwhile in themselves. ◦ It is not easy to clarify the fundamental values of a given society because of their sheer breadth.
- 18. Values arespecific: • principles • beliefs • standards • ideals that one holds as - important - right Values exert major influence: These shape: • our attitudes • motivate actions What are Values ?
- 19. Values arethe rules by which one makes decisions: - about right and wrong - should and shouldn't do - good and bad They are more than words- they are: - moral - ethical - professional attributes of character - certain core values that must be instilled in us
- 20. My Values GiveMe Direction • Incredible damage that can be done when individuals lose direction as they forget to practice values • Values give us a moral compass • We need them to make good and wise decisions, especially when we face tempting circumstances
- 21. These values should: -determine our character - be central to our profession -guide our lives as we serve our Nation
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- 24. • Be honestto the least bit – don’t deceive, cheat or steal • Be reliable — do what you say • Be convincing — have the courage to do /say the right thing • Be loyal — stand by your family, friends, organization, and country 1. Be Trustworthy
- 25. • Take charge –Do what you are supposed to do • Give your best —never settle for anything less than the best that you have • Be self-disciplined — practice responsive behavior as a rule, and exercise self-control in difficult situations • Be accountable for your choices — think about the consequences before you act 2. Be Responsible
- 30. Value Then valuesprovide the basic foundation for understanding a person’s personality perception and attitudes. Value Beliefs Perception Attitudes Behavior interest and personality
- 31. Formulation of OurValue 40% value is genetically determined Balance is given by the environmental factors Culture Parental dictates Teachers Friends and other situations
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- 33. Values don’t justreflect what we want they specify what we “ought” to do. Values contain a judgmental element. Values are emotionally charged priorities and passionately defended. They are moralistic in nature. They are relatively permanent and resistant to change.
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- 35. TERMINAL VALUES The reflecta person’s preferences regarding the “ends” to be achieved. For e.g – prosperity,achivement,world- peace,freedom,equality,wisdom etc.
- 36. They are thegoals individuals would like to achieve during their life time.
- 37. INSTRUMENTAL VALUES They representthe “means” foe achieving desired ends. For e.g – ambition & hard work,open- mindness,competence,cheertulness,coura ge,honesty,resopnsibility etc.
- 38. They indicate howyou might go about achieving your important end-states depending on the relative importance your attached to the instrumental values.
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- 41. WHY SHOULD BUSINESSES ACT ETHICALLY? ◦ toprotect its own interest; ◦ to protect the interests of the business community as a whole so that the public will have trust in it; ◦ to keep its commitment to society to act ethically; ◦ to meet stakeholder expectations; ◦ to prevent harm to the general public; ◦ to build trust with key stakeholder groups; ◦ to protect themselves from abuse of unethical employees and competitors; ◦ to protect their own reputations; ◦ to protect their own employees; and ◦ to create an environment in which workers can act in ways consistent with their values.