Vegetarianism poster

Lacto-‐Vegetarians

Vegans
abstain
from
consuming

animal
products
of
any
type

(including
fish
and
poultry).

By-‐
products
of
animal
cruelty
such
as

eggs,
dairy,
honey
and
gelatin
are
also

excluded
from
their
diets.

Alsha
Patel

s16522
Food,
Water
and
Agriculture

Vegans

Pescetarians
consume
dairy

products,
eggs
and
fish
however

keep
away
from
any
other
type
of

meat.
Many
categorize
pescetarians

as
semi-‐vegetarians.

Pescetarians

A
lacto-‐vegetarian
diet
prevents

people
from
eating
meat
and
eggs

however
they
do
still
eat
dairy.

Why
do
people
become

vegetarian?

Evaluate
the
causes
and
consequences
of

vegetarianism
compared
to
a
meat-‐based
diet.

What
is
a
vegetarian?

Vegetarians
are
people
who
choose
not
to
eat
meat
of
any
sort
(red

meat,
poultry,
seafood
and
the
flesh
of
any
other
animal).
Vegans,
and

an
increasing
number
of
vegetarians,
also
avoid
wearing
or
using

products
derived
from
animals
or
that
may
have
involved
cruelty
to

animals:
so
no
leather,
wool,
silk,
bees
wax,
soap,
beauty
and
household

products
that
contain
animal
products
or
have
been
tested
on
animals.

Different
people
follow
different
forms
of
vegetarianism.
A
common

vegetarian
(lacto-‐ovo-‐vegetarian)
eats
no
meat
at
all,
including
chicken

and
fish,
however
they
do
consume
dairy
products.

On
the
right
is
list

of
some
of
the
other
various
different
forms
of
vegetarian
diets.

Some
macrobiotic
diets
fall
into
the
vegan
category.
Macrobiotic
diets

restrict
not
only
animal
products
but
also
refined
and
processed
foods,

foods
with
preservatives,
and
foods
that
contain
caffeine
or
other

stimulants.

Ovo-‐Vegetarians

Fruitarian
is
an
uncommon
from
of

vegetarian,
strictly
based
on
fruits.

Fruitarians

Jain-‐Vegetarians

An
ovo-‐vegetarian
refrains
from

meat
and
dairy,
however
still
eats

eggs.

Jain
vegetarianism
is
a
diet

practiced
by
the
Jain
religion.
They

eat
dairy
products
however
their

diet
excludes
eggs,
meat
and
all

foods
grown
underground
(root-‐
vegetables),
like
onions
and
carrots.

Vegetarianism
can
be
adopted

for
different
reasons.
Many

people
object
to
eating
meat
out

of
respect
for
sentient
life.
Such

ethical
motivations
have
been

codified
under
various
religious

beliefs,
along
with
concern
over

animal
rights.
Some
religions

that
practice
vegetarianism

include
Hinduism
and
Buddhism.

For
much
of
the
world,

vegetarianism
is
largely
a
matter

of
economics:
Meat
costs
a
lot

more
than,
say,
beans
or
rice,
so

meat
becomes
a
special-‐occasion
dish
(if
it's
eaten
at
all).
Even
where
meat
is

more
plentiful,
it's
still
used
in
moderation.

Many
choose
to
go
vegetarian,
as
it
is
much
better
for
the
environment.

Other
motivations
for
vegetarianism
are
health-‐related,
political,
cultural,

aesthetic,
family
preference
etc.

The
chart
above
shows
the
most
common
reasons
for
vegetarianism
is
that

animal
cruelty
is
unethical
and
immoral.

2

Issue
#:
[Date]
Dolor
Sit
Amet

What
effect
does
vegetarianism
have
on
the

environment?

Reduces
Air

Pollution

According
to
the
United
Nations,
a

global
shift
toward
a
vegan
diet
is

one
of
the
steps
necessary
to
combat

the
worst
effects
of
climate
change.

Aside
from
greenhouse
gases
such
as

methane
and
carbon
dioxide,
cows

and
pigs
produce
many
other

polluting
gases.
Nearly
two
thirds
of

the
manmade
ammonia
–
a
major

contributor
to
acid
rain
–
is
also

generated
by
livestock.
In
addition,

concentrated
factory
farming
of

animals
contributes
to
ozone

pollution.

Producing
2
pounds
of
beef
causes

more
greenhouse-‐gas
emissions
than

driving
a
car
for
three
hours
and

uses
up
more
energy
than
leaving

your
house
lights
on
for
the
same

period
of
time.

Factory
farms
also
produce
vast

amounts
of
dust
and
other

contaminates
that
pollute
the
air.

Dust
produced
in
animal
feedlots

contain
biologically
active
organisms

such
as
bacteria,
mold,
and
fungi

from
the
feces
and
the
feed.
And

when
the
cesspools
holding
tons
of

urine
and
feces
get
full,
factory
farms

may
circumvent
water
pollution

limits
by
spraying
liquid
manure
into

the
air,
creating
mists
that
are

carried
away
by
the
wind
and

inhaled
by
nearby
residents.

Reduces
Water

Pollution

A
cow
excretes
around
40kg
of

manure
for
every
kilogram
of
edible

beef
it
puts
on
and
when
you
have

many
thousands
crowded
into
a

small
area
the
effect
can
be
dramatic.

Their
manure
and
urine
is
funneled

into
massive
waste
lagoons

sometimes
holding
as
many
as
40m

gallons.
These
cesspools
often
break,

leak
or
overflow,
polluting

underground
water
supplies
and

rivers
with
nitrogen,
phosphorus

and
nitrates.

Most
summers
between
13,000-‐
20,000
sq.
km
of
sea
at
the
mouth
of

the
Mississippi
become
a
"dead

zone",
caused
when
vast
quantities

of
excess
nutrients
from
animal

waste,
factory
farms,
sewage,

nitrogen
compounds
and
fertilizer

are
swept
down
the
mighty
river.

This
causes
algal
blooms,
which
take

up
all
the
oxygen
in
the
water
to
the

point
where
little
can
live.

Nearly
400
dead
zones
ranging
in

size
from
one
to
over
70,000sq
km

have
now
been
identified,
from
the

Scandinavian
fjords
to
the
South

China
Sea.
Animal
farming
is
not
the

only
cause
for
this,
but
it
is
one
of
the

worst.

Reduces

Deforestation

Another
natural
resource
that
is
being

threatened
today
by
the
increased

production
of
livestock
is
the

rainforest.
According
to
the
Nature

Conservancy,
every
second
of
every

day
one
football
field
of
rainforest
is

being
destroyed.

Much
of
this
forestland
is
being
cut

down
to
farm
and
raise
livestock,

which
is
then
exported
to
the
U.S.
and

ends
up
in
fast-‐food
hamburgers.

According
to
the
Rainforest
Action

Network,
55
square
feet
of
tropical

rainforest
are
destroyed
to
make

every
fast-‐food
hamburger
made
from

rainforest
cattle.
This
is
an
area
about

the
size
of
a
small
kitchen
and
it
is

gone
forever
each
time
one
of
these

hamburgers
is
eaten.
It
is
even
worse

because
with
each
square
foot
of

rainforest
gone,
up
to
30
different

plant
species,
100
different
insect

species
and
dozens
of
bird,
mammal

and
reptile
species
are
destroyed.

The
rainforests
are
so
important

because
half
of
the
species
on
earth

live
in
them
and
the
forests
are
vital

to
the
world’s
oxygen
supply.

As
you
can
see
from

the
graph,
meat

produces
the
most

carbon
dioxide
of
all

foods.

Alsha
Patel
s16522

Food,
Water
and
Agriculture

3

Issue
#:
[Date]
Dolor
Sit
Amet

The
map
on
the
right
shows
that

vegetarianism
in
most
common
in

India.
This
is
due
to
the
fact
that
most

Indians
believe
in
Hinduism,
which
is

a
religion
where
consuming
animals

is
immoral.
The
USA
is
also
very
rich

in
vegetarians
however
their
reasons

are
mostly
health
related
and
to

prevent
animal
slaughter.
Africa
is
an

entire
continent,
where

vegetarianism
is
least
common.

Africa
is
still
developing
and
for
most

people
food
is
a
scarce
resource.

They
often
do
not
have
a
choice
of

what
to
eat.

Reduces
consumptions
of
vital
resources

The
production
of
beef
and
other
animal
protein
consumes
huge
amounts
of
natural
resources
such
as
water,
fossil
fuels

and
topsoil,
while
polluting
our
water
and
air.

One
of
the
biggest
environmental
impacts
of
a
meat-‐eating
diet
is
the
depletion
of
natural
resources,
particularly
the

consumption
of
vast
amounts
of
water
for
livestock
production.
Today,
there
are
more
than
17
billion
livestock
in
the

world;
that’s
about
triple
the
number
of
people.
Raising
these
animals
requires
huge
amounts
of
water,
most
of
it
used
to

irrigate
the
grains
and
hay
fed
to
the
animals.
According
to
the
Water
Education
Foundation,
it
takes
2,464
gallons
of
water

to
produce
one
pound
of
beef
in
California.
This
is
the
same
amount
of
water
you
would
use
if
you
took
a
seven-‐minute

shower
every
day
for
six
entire
months.
In
contrast,
only
25
gallons
of
water
are
needed
to
produce
one
pound
of
wheat.

Present
human
water
consumption
drains
aquifers
around
the
world.
Water
tables
are
dropping
drastically
and
wells
are

going
dry.
The
United
States
Geological
Survey
says
that
40%
of
fresh
water
used
in
the
U.S.
in
2000
went
to
irrigate
feed

crops
for
livestock.
Only
13%
was
used
for
domestic
purposes
including
showers,
flushing
toilets,
washing
cars
and

watering
lawns.
Switching
to
a
plant-‐based
diet
or
reducing
the
amount
of
meat
in
your
diet
is
by
far
the
most
important

choice
you
can
make
to
save
water.

Raising
livestock
depletes
other
natural
resources
as
well,
including
fossil
fuels
and
topsoil.
Aside
from
the
cost
of
grains

used
to
feed
livestock
you
can
also
measure
the
cost
of
fossil
fuel
energy.
Agricultural
production
uses
ten
percent
of
the

energy
used
every
year
in
the
United
States.
Roughly
40
calories
of
fossil
fuel
are
needed
to
produce
one
calorie
of
protein

from
feedlot
beef
while
only
2
calories
of
fossil
fuel
are
needed
to
produce
one
calorie
of
protein
from
tofu.

Topsoil
is
another
vital
natural
resource
being
used
faster
than
nature
can
replace
it.
The
production
of
corn
and
soybeans,

the
grains
fed
to
livestock,
causes
massive
soil
erosion
because
those
crops
are
grown
in
rows.
The
bare
patches
between

the
rows
expose
the
topsoil
to
both
wind
and
rain
erosion.
It
is
estimated
that
we
lose
nearly
7
billion
tons
of
topsoil
every

year.

Where
in
the
world
is
vegetarianism
most

common?

Alsha
Patel
s16522

Food,
Water
and
Agriculture

4

Issue
#:
[Date]
Dolor
Sit
Amet

Positive

A
plant-‐based
diet
supplies
larger
quantities
of

certain
antioxidants,
vitamins,
minerals
and

phytonutrients,
as
are
some
of
the
essential
fatty

acids.
Focusing
on
the
plant
kingdom
for
food

naturally
aids
vegetarians
in
cutting
a
lot
of
sugar

out
of
their
diet.

Reduces
chances
of
developing
kidney

stones.

Diets
high
in
animal
protein
cause
the
body
to

excrete
calcium,
oxalate,
and
uric
acid—the
main

components
of
kidney
stones
and
gallstones.
A
diet

high
in
animal
protein
is
responsible
for
the
high

rates
(15%
of
men
and
7%
of
women)
of
kidney

stones
in
the
United
States.

Healthier
bones.

Meat
has
high
renal
acid
levels,
which
the

body
must
neutralize
by
leaching
calcium
from

the
bones,
which
is
then
passed
into
urine
and

lost.
There
are
many
sources
of
healthy

vegetarian
calcium
including
tofu,
dark
leafy

greens
like
kale,
spinach,
and
collard
greens,
as

well
as
fortified
cereals.

Lower
risk
of
heart
disease.
Vegetarians
have
a
24%
lower
mortality
from

heart
disease
than
meat
eaters.
A
vegetarian
diet

also
helps
lower
blood
pressure,
prevent

hypertension,
and
thus
reduce
the
risk
of
stroke.

Meat
increases
risk
of
type
2
diabetes.

Eating
meat
increases
the
risk
of
getting
type
2

diabetes
in
women
and
men.
A
vegetarian
diet
rich

in
whole
grains,
legumes,
nuts,
and
soy
proteins

helps
to
improve
glycemic
control
in
people
who

already
have
diabetes.

A
vegetarian
diet
delivers
complete

nutrition
and
can
provide
health
benefits.

A
vegetarian
diet
can
meet
protein
requirements,

provide
all
the
essential
amino-‐acids
(the
building

blocks
of
protein),
and
improve
health.
It
can
also

provide
all
the
necessary
vitamins,
fats,
and

minerals,
and
can
improve
one’s
health.

Negative

Meat
is
the
best
source
of
protein.

In
one
serving,
meat
provides
all
the
essential
amino

acids
(the
building
blocks
of
protein),
as
well
as

essential
nutrients
such
as
iron,
zinc,
and
B
vitamins.

Most
plant
foods
do
not
provide
adequate
levels
of
all

the
essential
amino
acids
in
a
single
serving.

Meat
is
beneficial
to
immune
and
nervous

systems.

Saturated
fats
contain
the
fat-‐soluble
vitamins
A,
D,
E

and
K,
and
the
cholesterol
from
saturated
animal
fat
is

needed
for
the
proper
function
of
serotonin
receptors

in
the
brain.
Vegetarians
suffer
significantly
more

often
from
anxiety
disorder
and/or
depression.
Low

cholesterol
levels
have
been
linked
to
depression.

Saturated
fats
are
also
essential
for
building
and

maintaining
cell
health,
and
help
the
body
absorb

calcium.

Meat
is
the
best
source
of
vitamin
B12.

Although
it
is
also
found
in
eggs
and
dairy,
a
peer-‐
reviewed
July
2003
study
showed
two
in
three

vegetarians
were
vitamin
B12
deficient
compared
to

one
in
20
meat
eaters.

Meat
helps
with
weight
loss.

It
takes
fewer
calories
to
get
protein
from
lean
meat

than
it
does
from
vegetarian
options.
One
serving
of

lean
beef
(3
oz.)
contains
as
much
protein
as
one

serving
of
beans
(1½
cups)
or
a
veggie
burger.

However,
the
lean
beef
has
half
the
calories
of
beans

(180
vs.
374),
and
50%-‐75%
fewer
calories
than
the

veggie
burger.

Fish
provides
the
body
with
essential
omega-‐3

fatty
acids.

Fish
are
a
powerful
source
of
the
omega-‐3
fatty
acids

EPA
and
DHA,
which
are
important
for
brain
function,

lowering
triglycerides,
and
reducing
the
risk
of
death

from
heart
attacks
and
strokes.
Although
the
omega-‐3

fatty
acid
ALA
can
be
found
in
plant
oils,
the
ALA
must

first
be
converted
by
the
body
into
the
essential
EPA

and
DHA.
The
process
is
inefficient
and
may
not

provide
the
same
cardiovascular
benefits
as
eating

fish.

How
does
Vegetarianism
affect
your
health?

Alsha
Patel
s16522

Food,
Water
and
Agriculture

5

Issue
#:
[Date]
Dolor
Sit
Amet

Vegetarianism

and
Me:

I
have
been
a
vegetarian
all
my
life.

Since
childhood
I
have
been
raised

not
to
eat
meat
as
it
was
both
a

preference
and
a
religious
belief

for
my
family.
I
personally
also

think
that
cruelty
towards
animals

for
food
is
unethical.

Although
I
am
from
India,
a
place

where
vegetarianism
is
so

common,
I
live
in
Hong
Kong.

It’s

very
different
here
as
almost

everyone
follows
a
meat-‐based

diet,
however
over
the
past
few

years
this
has
been
changing.
This

was
a
very
fascinating
topic
for
me

to
research
as
I
was
always

vegetarian
but
I
had
never
thought

of
its
benefits
and
what
effect
this

has
on
the
environment
and
me.

I
believe
that
vegetarianism
is

definitely
the
better
option
as
it

contributes
to
solving
so
many

issues
and
is
beneficial
in
many

ways.
Not
only
does
it
reduce

green
house
gasses
and
is
good
for

the
environment;
it
is
also
great
for

your
health.

The
Hong
Kong
Vegfest
is
an

annual
festival
that
exhibits

healthy
living
and
eco-‐
friendly
entities.
It
is
run
by

volunteers
and
promotes

vegetarianism
by
education

people
of
its
health
benefits.

Currently
only
2%
of
the
people
living
in
Hong
Kong
follow
a

vegetarian
diet,
however
this
number
is
slowly
increasing.
Traditional

Chinese
cuisine
in
Hong
Kong
does
not
provide
many
vegetarian

options
with
items
like
pig’s
blood,
chicken’s
feet
and
shark
fin
on
the

menu.
Buddhist
dining
establishments
have
always
been
around
in

Hong
Kong
and
offer
vegetarian
options
however
they
are
quite

unvaried.

Events
such
as
the
Hong
Kong
VegFest
and
movements
like
Meat
Free

Mondays,
are
helping
to
raise
awareness
of
the
health
benefits
of

vegetarianism
and
are
slowly
winning
people
over.
Over
the
past
5

years
there
has
also
been
an
increase
in
the
number
of

Vegan/Vegetarian
restaurants
in
Hong
Kong.
Hong
Kong
is
also
home

to
many
organic
farms.
The
founder
of
the
Hong
Kong
vegan
society

says
“I
believe
we
need
to
make
an
informed
choice
about
the
food

that
we
put
in
our
bodies,
and
to
eat
like
it
matters,”
“People
have
a
lot

of
misconceptions
about
vegetarianism,
like
that
you
need
to
take

supplements
to
have
a
well-‐balanced
diet,”

Most
vegetarians
in
Hong
Kong
have
chosen
this
lifestyle
to
become

healthier
and
also
to
avoid
animal
cruelty.

Vegetarianism
in
Hong

Kong

Alsha
Patel
s16522

Food,
Water
and
Agriculture

Issue
#:
[Date]
Dolor
Sit
Amet

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<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism>.
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magazine.com/restaurants/article/vegetarian-dining>.
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<http://vegetarian.procon.org>.
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<http://www.neverendingvoyage.com/vegetarian-hong-kong-survival-guide/>.
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<http://www.neverendingvoyage.com/vegetarian-hong-kong-survival-guide/>.
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10 Mar. 2014. Web. 16 Nov. 2014. <http://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/vegetarian-or-
omnivore-the-environmental-implications-of-diet/2014/03/10/648fdbe8-a495-11e3-a5fa-
55f0c77bf39c_story.html>.
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<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism>.
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<http://www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-food/animals-used-food-factsheets/vegetarianism-
environment/>.
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Guardian, 18 July 2010. Web. 16 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2010/jul/18/vegetarianism-save-planet-environment>.
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<http://www.calorieking.com/learnabouts/What-Does-Being-Vegetarian-Mean_OTM2.html>.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Alsha
Patel
s16522

Food,
Water
and
Agriculture

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