Vertical transporation systems in building

 A vertical transport equipment that efficiently moves people between floors (levels,
deck) of a building, vessel or other structure.
 Generally powered by electric motor that drive by traction cable and counterweight systems
like a hoist or hydraulic pump.
 Rapid development : buildings design nowadays built vertically /higher because of high land
cost.
 Basic needs : to bring building user from one level to higher level in building
 Comfort needs : working efficiency for office building or large organization.
 UBBL : building with more than 6 storey must provide lifts system.
 Fire requirements : provide fire lift to be used during fire.

 Trade Lift
- Crucial to the good performance to clients of the building.
- Between 6 – 23 people.
- Speed of elevator 200 – 2000 ft/ min.
- Examples : offices, shopping mall and hotels
 Hospital Lift
- Used in hospital & treatment center
- Designed for transporting large carts or furniture.
- Speed of elevator 100 – 350 ft/ min.
- Two sides of front and back doors for loading and
unloading facilities.
- Door width between 900 – 1100mm

 High Residential Lift
- For high rise residential buildings such as flat, apartment or
condominium.
- Needs regular maintenance because high frequency
of its use everyday or possibility of vandalism.
 Institution Lift
- Used in library, office, classroom or lecture hall located at high altitudes.
 Store Lift
- Used to transport heavy goods but depends on types of good transported.
- Elevator speed 50 – 150ft/min.
- 5000 lbs normal, load haul 20000 lbs.
- Usually used in shoppping complex, airports, hotels, warehouse
Lift of Cars
- Used specifically to lift a car in multi storey car park or showroom.
NOTES :
•The six types of elevators had to be in the form of pull (traction)
and hydraulics.
•Form of traction is more commonly used for high velocity.
•Hydraulic type only used to transport goods where waiting time i
not concerned.

1. Lift needed for the building more than 6 storey.
2. Installation must be in accordance with the regulation in UBBL.
3. Suitable speed 100 – 150ft/min. Too fast will result in a nervous breakdown to the
user. If too slow will cause lack of function.
USER REQUIREMENTS :
 Good System – quiet equipment, smooth journey, good condition and safe at every
moment.
 Waiting time – minimum waiting time at any level.
 Aesthetics – Button panel clear and easily reached at appropriate level. Complete
instruction. Decorative lighting and comfortable.
 Movement of door – door movement is quiet and fast.

Lift sub-system
Control Motion – includes motor,
gear, engines, brakes and power
supply.
Control System - to get control the
movements of the lift.
Door Control – contained motor
connecting lift car doors, platforms
gates and door safety devices.
Safety Control – contain the safety
gear,
speed controller for the first balance,
heat
and lack of power.

LIFT CAR
Platform where passengers or goods is transported.
Constructed with steel or iron attached with steel frame.
Fire resistance
Elevator hoist ropes on top of a lift ca
 Equipment to be provided – door, floor panel indicators, button of
request, phone, emergency button, lighting, ventilation and enough
emergency supplies.
An external control panel
A modern internal control panel. Notice the
buttons labeled 1 above G.

LIFT SHAFT
Constructed with reinforced concrete.
To accommodate the loading and fire resistance.
Size of lift shaft space is determined by the number of user.
Looking down the lift
shaft of a hydraulic
elevator. The hydraulic
ram is to the left
Gearless motor mounted on the wall in the lift
shaft

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Utility – The function must be identified whether for commercial, office of hospital.
Capacity & number of lifts – depends on the access building pattern and building size.
Speed – depends on the number of stops, numbers of user and transport cost.
Type & size of lift gate – depends on the use or function.
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
Size of lift shaft – depends on lift cargo capacity
Depth of lift shaft – depends on the speed of elevator
Area of space in lift – depends on speed of elevators.
Mechanical room size – depends on type and size of the lift equipment.

OTHER REQUIREMENTS
Electrical panels and power outlets.
Ventilation fan and lighting in engine room.
Steps down and power sockets in the wells lift (lift pit).
The structure for lifting the machinery room.
Maintanence works.
Building type Waiting time
(second)
Office building
-Central town
-Commercial
25 – 30
30 – 45
Residential building
-Luxury
-Medium type
-Low cost
-Hostel
50 – 70
60 – 80
80 – 120
60 – 80
Hotel
-Class A
-Class B
40 – 60
50 - 70

Function Lif capacity
(lbs)
Min. Speed
(ft/min.)
Building height
(ft)
Office Building
Small size
Medium size
High scale
2500
3000
3500
350 – 400
500 – 600
700
800
1000
0 – 125
126 – 225
226 – 275
276 – 375
> 375
Hotel 2500
3000
Same as above
Hospital 3000
3500
4000
150
200
250 – 300
350 – 400
500 – 600
700
0 – 60
61 – 100
101 – 125
126 – 175
176 – 250
> 250
Residential 2000
2500
100
200
250 – 300
350 - 400
0 – 75
76 – 125
126 – 200
> 200
Commercial 3500
4000
5000
200
250 – 300
350 – 400
500
0 – 100
101 – 150
151 – 200
> 200

LIFT ARRANGEMENT
To ensure there is no interference between passengers who wish to get into the lift.
Should be carefully planned so can easily get into lobby and travel distance is reasonable.
Maximum travel distance 150 – 200ft
System layout depends on the number of elevator cars that use the elevator
Normally the elevator is set in the layout or zoned.
BENEFIT
If there is high traffic , the usage is at optimum level
Waiting time will be shorten.

Side by side
arrangement –
width of corridor =
width of car lift
Opposite
arrangement of
corridor = width of
car lift
ment –
width of corridor =
width of car lift
Not good
arrangement

Opposite
arrangement –
width of corridor =
1.5 – 2A, where A
is width of lift
Side by side
arrangement -width
of corridor = 1.5A,
where A is width of
lift

Opposite
arrangement –
width of corridor =
1.75 – 2A, where A
is width of lift
Side by side
arrangement -width
of corridor = 2A,
where A is width of
lift

Weak arrangement
for 6 car lift

Opposite
arrangement –
width of corridor =
2A, where A is
width of lift
According To Hoist Mechanism:
Elevators will be classified according to hoist mechanism to 4 main types as follows:
1.Hydraulic Elevators
2.Traction Elevators
3.Climbing elevator
4.Pneumatic Elevators

Hydraulic Elevators (Push Elevators
Hydraulic elevators are supported by a piston at the bottom of the elevator that pushes
the elevator up. They are used for low-rise applications of 2-8 stories and travel at a
maximum speed of 200 feet per minute. The machine room for hydraulic elevators is
located at the lowest level adjacent to the elevator shaft.

Traction
elevators
Traction elevators
are lifted by ropes,
which pass over a
wheel attached to an
electric motor above
the elevator shaft.
They are used for
mid and high-rise
applications and
have much higher
travel speeds than
hydraulic elevators. A
counter weight
makes the elevators
more efficient.
Climbing elevator
They hold their own power device on them,
mostly electric or combustion engine.
Climbing elevators are often used in work
and construction areas.

Pneumatic Elevators
Pneumatic elevators are raised and
lowered by controlling air pressure in a
chamber in which the elevator sits. By
simple principles of physics; the
difference in air pressure above and
beneath the vacuum elevator cab literally
transports cab by air. It is the vacuum
pumps or turbines that pull cab up to the
next Floor and the slow release of air
pressure that floats cab down. They are
especially ideal for existing homes due to
their compact design because excavating
a pit and hoist way are not required.
According to building height
A- Low-Rise buildings (1- 3 stories)
Buildings up to about (1 to 3) stories typically use hydraulic elevators because of their lower initial cost
B- Mid-Rise buildings (4 -11 stories) Buildings up to about (4 to 11) stories typically use Geared Traction Elevato
C- High-Rise buildings (12 + stories)
Buildings up to about 12+ stories typically use Gear-Less Traction Elevators

VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION: LIFT
Factor of Safety
The minimum factor of safety for any part of the lift shall not be
less than five.
Number of Lifts and Capacity
The number of passenger lifts and their capacities, that is load and
speed, required for a given building depend on the characteristics
of the building.
•Number of floors to be served by the lift.
•Floor to floor distance.
•Population of each floor to be serve.
•Maximum peak demand; this demand maybe unidirectional, as in
up and down peak periods, or a two-way traffic movement.
PRELIMINARY LIFT PLANNING
The three main factors to be considered for lift installation:
•Population or the number of people who require lift service.
•Handling capacity of the maximum flow rate required by these
people.
•Interval or the quality of service required.
Population :
•If a definite population figure is unobtainable an assessment
should be made from the net area and probable population
density.
•If a definite population figure is unobtainable an assessment
should be made from the net area and probable population
density.
•Average population density can vary from about one person per 4
m2 to one person per 20 m2.
• If no indication is possible population in the region of 5 m2
per person for general office buildings is usually assumed.
Quantity of Service :
DETERMINATION OF TRANSPORTATION OR
HANDLING CAPACITY DURING THE UP PEAK
The handling capacity is calculated by the following formula:
H= 3OO X Q X 1OO
T x P
H = Handling capacity as the percentage of the peak
population handled during 5 min period.
Q = Average number of passengers carried in a car.
T = Waiting interval in seconds, and
P = Total population to be handled during peak morning
period.
The waiting interval is calculated by the following formula:
T= R T T
N
N = Number of lifts.
RTT = Round trip time
Speed :
Quality of Service :

LIFT TRAFFIC DESIGN:Elevator
The value of Q depends on the dimensions of the car.
It maybe noted that the car is not loaded always to its
maximum capacity during each trip and, therefore, for
calculating H the value of Q is taken as 80 percent of
the maximum carrying capacity of the car.

BASIC PRINCIPLE OF LIFT WORKING :
Hydraulic Lift :
Hydraulic elevator systems lift a car using a hydraulic ram,
a fluid-driven piston mounted inside a cylinder.
The hydraulic system has three parts:
•A tank (the fluid reservoir)
•A pump, powered by an electric motor
•A valve between the cylinder and the reservoir
 The Cable System :
In roped elevators, the car is raised and lowered by
traction steel ropes rather than pushed from
below.
Main parts of cable system are :
• Control System – (1)
• Electric Motor – (2)
• Sheave / Pulley – (3)
• Counterweight – (4)
• Guide Rail – (5)
Sheave, motor & control system are placed in
Safety Systems:
Safeties
•Activated by a governor
when the elevator moves too
quickly.
•Governor systems
positioned at the top of the
elevator shaft.
1 -
2 -

VERTICAL TRANSPORTATION :Elevator
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR ELEVATOR :
Safety regulation = EN81-1
KONE Product type = PW13/10-19
Rated type = 1000 Kg
Number of persons = 13
Rated speed = 1.00 m/s
Acceleration /deceleration rate = 0.5 m/s2
Travel = 8290 mm
Headroom height = 3570 mm
No. of stops / landing = 3 / 3
Car entrance = 1
Door type = AVD/Narrow
frame
Door width = 900 mm
Door height = 2100 mm
Car internal height = 2300 mm
Car internal width = 1500 mm
Car internal depth = 2000 mm
Car area = 3.00m2
Roping arrangement = 2 : 1
WEIGHTS :
Car weight = 780 Kg
ELECTRICAL REQUIREMENT :
Main supply voltage = 3x415Vac
+6% -10%
Frequency = 50 Hz +/- 1 Hz
Riser fuses = 3 x 25 A
Riser fuses for separate light = 1 x 16 A
Nominal line current = 24 A
Max. acceleration current = 32 A
Main fuses = 3 x 16 A
Lighting fuses (shaft + car) = 10 A + 6 A
Thermal loss – machine room = 1.3 kW
Motor output power = 5.8 kW
Motor RPM at full speed = 80 rpm
Maximum start / hour = 180 / ED 40 %
VENTILATION :
•Ambient temperature - +5 TO + 40 deg. C
•Humidity – 90% Max at 40 deg. C
MINIMUM RECOMMENDATION FOR SHAFTS :
•Shaft height - 12660 mm
•Shaft width – 2500 mm
•Shaft depth – 1970 mm
•Opening area at top of the shaft is 1 % of the horizontal section of
the shaft.
•Minimum wall thickness 150 mm
3 phase power supply for elevator & installation hoisting is provided.

Escalators and moving walks
Escalators are load carrying units designed to transport people, between two landings. They are
driven by an electric motor and a drive system that moves steps and handrails at
synchronised speeds. The escalator is supported by a truss which contains all the mechanical
components, such as the drive unit, brakes and chain.
Escalators typically travel at speeds of around 0,5 m/s – fast enough to provide rapid
displacement while not disregarding comfort and safety. They are used both in commercial
buildings and in public transport facilities such as airports, metros and railway stations. For the
transport of trolleys between two floors, inclined moving walks are used. At airports, horizontal
moving walks are installed to move passengers more quickly to their destination.

Basic Operating Guidelines
-Escalators
Regularly (at least monthly)
apply a silicone friction reducer
on skirt panels
Document any unusual noises
or vibrations.
Remove any debris
Monitor for broken comb teeth
Always remove the start-up key
from the "on” direction.
If an escalator or moving
walkway makes an automatic
emergency stop, perform a
detailed equipment check
before returning to operation.
Do not permit overloading of
passengers or freight.
Do not permit the use of an
inoperative escalator as a
stairway

An escalator is a conveyor transport device for transporting people,
consisting of a staircase whose steps move up or down on tracks that keep the surfaces
of the individual steps horizontal Where large numbers of people are anticipated, such
asairports and railway terminals, department stores and shopping malls, several
escalators will be required and can
be grouped in a number of ways to suit the building functions
The angle of inclination is normally 30o, but may increase to 35o if the vertical rise does
not exceed 6 m and the speed is limited to 0.5 ms-1

Step Speed
Escalator speeds vary from about 90 feet per minute to 180 feet per minute (27
to 55 meters per minute)
An escalator moving 145 feet (44 m) per minute can carry more than 10,000
people an hour – many more people than a standard elevator

TRAVELATORS
A moving walkway, moving sidewalk, or travelator is a slow conveyor belt that
transports people horizontally up to the practical limitations of about 300 m.
They work in a similar manner to an escalator. In both cases, riders can walk or stand. The
walkways are often supplied in pairs, one for each direction.
They are particularly useful in large railways and airports terminals, as well shopping
complexes, and may be inclined up to about 15o where level differentials occurs.
Speed range between 0.6 and 1.3 ms-1, limitations being imposed because of the difficulty in
getting off.
Combine with walking, the overall pace could be about 2.5 ms-1.
Materials for travelators must be flexible or elastic and include reinforced rubber or
composites and interlaced steel plates or trellised steel.
The latter two have the facility to deviate from theconventional straight line.

Dumb Waiter Elevators Standard
Specifications :-
Dumbwaiters are small freight Elevators (or lifts) not intended to carry People or live
Animals, but for Objects.
Small lifts installed in Hotels' Kitchens for transferring cooked hot food, raw materials
etc. to various pantries at all floors in multi-storied hotels, large households, marriage
halls, restaurants, etc. Dumbwaiters for kitchens are usually made of stainless steel so
that they are not affected by steam, hot food, water, etc.
Dumwaitesr are also used in hospitals and departmental stores to carry stores to
various levels in the building. These can also be of S.S. or M.S or GLASS.
Capacities 100 Kgs 150 Kgs 200 Kgs 250 Kgs
Speed / Drive 0.25 / 0.50 metre per second
Drive A.C. VVVF
Car Mild Steel (Spray Painted) or Stainless Steel
Landing Doors
Mild Steel (Spray Painted) or Stainless Steel
Vertical lifting type or vertical bi-parting type
Control Call & Snd Systems
Indicators 'Car Here' indication

Vertical transporation systems in building

Vertical transporation systems in building

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