2. POLYMORPHISM
âą Polymorphism means many (poly) shapes (morph)
âą It can be defined one interface multiple methods
which means that one interface can be used to
perform different but related activities.
âą It is achieved by two ways:
âą Overloading.
âą Overriding.
3. Classification of Polymorphism
âą It can be classified in two ways on the basis of
binding performed by the compiler for all the
related but different operations having a common
name.
âą The concept of binding refers to the linking of
function call to the code of the function to be
executed in response to the function call.
(i)Compile time(or static) polymorphism.
(ii)Run time (Or Dynamic) polymorphism.
5. Compile Time Polymorphism
âą In compile time polymorphism ,static binding is
performed.
âą In this compiler makes the decision regarding
selection of appropriate function to be called in
response to function call at compile time.
âą This is because all the address information requires
to call a function is known at compile time.
6. âą It is also known as early binding as decision of
binding is made by the compiler at the earliest
possible moment.
âą The advantage is its efficiency as it often requires
less memory and function calls are faster.
âą The disadvantage is lack of flexiability.
âą The compile time polymorphism is implemented
using function overloding and operator overloading
7. Run time(Dynamic)Polymorphism
âą In this dynamic binding is performed
âą In dynamic binding the decision regarding the
selection of appropriate function to be called is
made by compiler at run time.
âą This is because the information pertaining to the
selection of appropriate function definition
corresponding to a function call is known only at
the run time.
8. âą It is also called the late binding as the compiler
delays the binding decision until run time.
âą The advantage is that it allows greater flexiability by
enabling user to create class libraries that can be
reused and extended as per requirement
âą The disadvantage is that there is little less od
execution speed as compiler will have to perform
certain overheads at run time
9. âą One should note that if polymorphism if not
explicilty specified is run time polymorphism.
âą Run time polymorphism is implemented using
virtual functions.
10. Pointer to derieved class object
âą Base class pointers can point to derived class objects and
invoke members functions that manipulate those objects.
âą The fact that the pointer of the base class can point to objects
if the derived classes is absolutely fine because each derived
class object is an object of its base class also.
âą Even though the base class pointer has been assigned the
address of the object of one of its derived classes it still cannot
access the public members which are defined in the derived
class.
12. âą It can access only those members that are
in-heritated from the base class to derived
class
âą Any reference to the same named inherited the
members using base class pointer will result in
accessing the base class member and not the
member of derived class.
13. VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS
âą A virtual function is a member function declared in
the base class using the keyword virtual whose
functionality is redefined(same function name) by
its derieved classes.
âą The virtual function declared in the base class
represent the single interface and its redefinition by
the derieved classes implements operations specific
of each derieved class
14. âą To implement run time polymorphism using virtual
function ,it must be invoked through the base class
pointer that can contain the address of objects of
different derieved classes.
âą When the virtual function is invoked through the
base class pointer the compiler chooses the
appropriate member function of the derieved class
at run time depending upon the contents of base
class pointer and not the type of pointer.
15. âą Thus by making the base class pointer pointing to
objects of different classes ,the different versions of
virtual functions can be called at run time
16. PURE VIRTUAL FUNCTIONS
âą A virtual function is defined inside the base class
and redefined in the derived classes.
âą But in most situations,a virtual function defined in
the base class does not have any meaningful
operation for it to perform.
âą A better way to change the virtual function
cal_area() in the base class is:
virtual void cal_area() =0;
17. âą The above statement is not an assignment
statement but itâs a way to inform the compiler
that the function has no body.
âą Such a virtual function having intializer=0 in its
declaration and whichdoes not provide any
implementation (no body) is known as pure virtual
functions.
âą A pure virtual function is also known as dummy
functions or do nothing function. they serve merely
as an interface to be overriden by subsequent
derieved classes
18. âą The main difference between pure virtual function
and virtual function is that
âą :-a virtual function has a body and provide the
derieved class the option of overriding the base
class virtual function
âą a pure virtual function doesnot have any body and
derive class must override the base class pure
virtual function.
19. âą Pure virtual function doesnot have any body so a
class in which a pure virtual function is declared
cannot be instantiated,i.e we cannot create objects
of such a class.This is known as ABSTRACT CLASS.
âą A class whose objects cannot be created and
contain aatleast one pure virtual function is known
as abstract class
20. âą We cannot create the objects of a abstract class
and if we try it gives a error message.
âą But we can use abstract base class to declare
pointers for storing the address of the objects of
concerete classes derieved from it.
21. Virtual Destructor
âą Destructor can also be declared as virtual
âą If we want to create an object of a derived class
dynamically using the base class pointer. If we
destroy this derived object with non-virtual
destructor explicitly using the delete operator in
association with the base class pointer then only
the destructor of the base class is executed and not
the derived classâs destructor .
22. âą The reason behind the non execution of derieved
class destructor is that the compiler uses static
binding when calling the destructor.
âą The solution to this problem is to make the
destructor to be dynamically bound which is
achieved by making the base class destructor as
virtual
23. âą Now if you destroy the derieved object explicity
using delete operator in association with the base
class pointer,the destructor of appropriate derieved
class is called depending upon the object to which
pointer of base class points
24. this pointer
âą Every object has a special pointer "this" which
points to the object itself.
âą This pointer is accessible to all members of the
class but not to any static members of the class.
âą Can be used to find the address of the object in
which the function is a member.
âą Presence of this pointer is not included in the sizeof
calculations.
25. Object Slicing
âą Object slicing is a concept where additional
attributes of a derived class object is sliced to form
a base class object.
âą Object slicing doesn't occur when pointers or
references to objects are passed as function
arguments since both the pointers are of the same
size.
26. âą Object slicing will be noticed when pass by value is
done for a derived class object for a function
accepting base class object.
âą Object slicing could be prevented by making the
base class function pure virtual there by disallowing
object creation.
27. âą When a Derived Class object is assigned to Base class,
the base class' contents in the derived object are
copied to the base class leaving behind the derived
class specific contents. This is referred as Object
Slicing. That is, the base class object can access only
the base class members. This also implies the
separation of base class members from derived class
members has happened.
âą
28. class base
{
public:
int i, j;
};
class derived : public base
{
public:
int k;
};
int main()
{
base b;
derived d;
b=d;
return 0;
}
29. âą here b contains i and j where as d contains i, j& k. On
assignment only i and j of the d get copied into i and j
of b. k does not get copied. on the effect object d got
sliced.
