Virtualization Cloud computing technology

Cloud
Computing
Virtualization in Cloud

Virtualization
•Section - 1
CLOUD COMPUTING

Virtualization
• It is a technique, which allows to
share single physical instance of an
application or resource among
multiple organizations or tenants.
• Splitting a physical resource
into as many logical resources
as we want e.g. CPU, Memory.
• Virtualization is a technology
that transforms hardware into
software.
• Examples: Virtual classroom,
Virtual-holographic 3d imagery,
Virtual machine

Splitting
•Adding (internal memory + memory
card)

Case Study
• Data centre setup
• 2000 ft2
data centre
• 100 physical servers (30% for infra and 70% for
application)
• Cooling system for 100 servers
• 100 physical disks for servers
• Cabling for 100 servers and powerwhip
• Data centre staff (OpEx)
• Electricity and power backup (OpEx)
Total Cost - ₹1,00,00,000

Virtualization of Data Centre
•Servers - x10
RAM – 64 GB
HDD – 2 TB
CPU – 32 Cores
•Hypervisors – x1 on 1 server.
Ex. – Oracle VirtualBox, VMWare
Workstation etc.
•VMs - x10 on 1 server.
RAM - 4 GB Each
HDD – 100 GB Each
CPU – 2 Cores Each
No interaction with other VMs.
Total Cost - ₹10,00,000
Server
Hypervisor
VM VM VM
Billing DHCP Firewall

Data Centre
Traditional Setup
✖CapEx & OpEx for 100 Servers.
✖Single application on single
hardware.
✖Single OS on single hardware.
Virtualized Setup
✔CapEx and OpEx for 10 Servers only.
(90% less cost with no issues)
✔Multiple applications on single
hardware.
✔Multiple OS on single hardware.

Virtualization Concept
• Creating a virtual machine over existing operating
system and hardware is referred as Hardware
Virtualization.
• Virtual Machines provide an environment that is
logically separated from the underlying hardware.
• The machine on which the virtual machine is
created is known as host machine and virtual
machine is referred as a guest machine.
• This virtual machine is managed by a software or
firmware, which is known as hypervisor.

What are the advantages of
virtualization?
• It optimizes hardware resource utilization, saves energy and
costs.
• makes it possible to run multiple applications and various
operating systems on the same SERVER at the same time.
• It increases the utilization, efficiency and flexibility of
existing computer hardware.
• Provides ability to manage resources effectively.
• Increases efficiency of IT operations.
• Provides for easier backup and disaster recovery.
• Increases cost savings with reduced hardware expenditure.

What are the
disadvantages of
virtualization?
• Software licensing costs.
• Necessity to train IT staff in
virtualization.

Hypervisor
•Section - 2
CLOUD COMPUTING

Hypervisor
• The hypervisor is a firmware or
low-level program that acts as a
Virtual Machine Manager.
• It sits between the hardware and
the operating system,
• assigns the amount of access
that the applications and
operating systems have with
the processor and other
hardware resources.

Types of
Hypervisor
• Hypervisor is also known as a virtualization
manager (VMM).
• There are two types of hypervisor:
• Type 1 Hypervisor (firmware/bare metal
Hypervisor) executes on bare system (does
not have any host OS).
• It has direct access of hardware.
• Type 2 Hypervisor (hosted Hypervisor)
is a software interface that emulates the
devices with which a system normally
interacts.
•It accesses hardware through OS.
•If OS fails, all VMs also fail (i.e. it has
extra dependency).

Types of
Hypervisor
Criteria Type -1 Hypervisor Type-2 Hypervisor
type Bare Metal & Native Hosted
Virtualization Hardware Virtualization OS Virtualization
Operation
Guest OS and
applications run on the
hypervisor
Runs as an application
on the host OS.
Scalability
Better Scalability Not so much because of
its resilience on the
underlying OS.
System
Independence
Has direct access to
hardware along with
Virtual Machines it
hosts.
Not allowed to directly
access the host hardware
and its resources.
Performance
Higher performance as
there is no middle layer.
Comparatively has
reduced performance rate
as it runs with extra
overhead.
Security
More secure Less secure, as any
problems in the base OS
affect the entire system.
Example
VMWare ESXi, hyper-V,
Xenserver, etc.
VMWare Workstation.

LynxSecure, RTS Hypervisor, Oracle
VM, Sun xVM Server, VirtualLogic
VLX are examples of Type 1
Hypervisor
KVM, Microsoft Hyper V, VMWare
Fusion, Virtual Server 2005 R2,
Windows Virtual PC and VMWare
workstation 6.0 are examples of
Type 2 Hypervisor.
System Hardware
Organizations
Learning Testing

VMWare vSphere
•Section - 3
CLOUD COMPUTING

vSphere (Formerly
VMware Infrastructure)
6.5/6.7
• vSphere is an umbrella term for VMware's
virtualization platform.
• The term vSphere encompasses several
distinct products and technologies that work
together to provide a complete infrastructure
for virtualization.
• it consists of :
• ESXi
• vCenter Server
• vSphere client
• vSphere web client
• Features like vMotion, HA, FT, DRS,

ESXi, vSphere client,
vCentre server
•ESXi
• Bare Metal Hypervisor
• Elastic Sky X Integrated
• vSphere client
• vSphere client is a GUI to connect remotely to an (a
single) ESX or ESXi host from Windows PC.
• This client can be used to access and manage
virtual machines on the ESXi host and also perform
other management and configuration task.
• vCentre server
• If we need all the ESX or ESXi host in a single
console then we need vCentre server.

vSphere client
Hardware
ESXi
VM VM VM
vSphere client

vCentre server
(vMotion, HA, FT, DRS)
Hardware
ESXi
VM VM VM
vCentre server
Hardware
ESXi
VM VM VM
Hardware
ESXi
VM VM VM

VM Migration
•Section - 4
CLOUD COMPUTING

VM Migration and
High Availability
Level of
agreement
Downtime
per Year
99% 87 hrs.
99.9% 8.76 hrs.
99.99% 52 minutes
99.999% 5 minutes
• High Availability in
VMware deals with ESXi
host failure and what
happens to the VMs
running on those hosts.
• Availability is to make
sure that downtime is
very less in the event of
failure and machines are
always up.
• SLA & violation cost

VM Migration
• Migration is the technique
of a moving a Virtual
Machine from one host to
another host or from one
datastore to another
datastore.
• Datastore stores
Virtual Machine files, log
files, Virtual disk and
ISO images.
• VMFS
• NFS
Types of
Migration
Cold
Migration
Suspended
Migration
vMotion
Physical to
Virtual (P2V)
Virtual to
Virtual (V2V)

Cold
Migration
• Movement of Virtual Machine
to another host in power-off
state.
• VM must be powered-off
during migration.
• Cold migration is more flexible
than vMotion.
• Cold migrations can be used to
move a virtual machine
between datacenters, as long
as both datacenters are on the
same vCenter server instance.
• Chances of failure are less in
cold migration, in comparison
to migration of VM in power-
on state.

Suspended
Migration
• Migrating a VM in powered-
on suspended state.
• Suspended state is like
paused state in which you
resume from same point on
later state.
• Suspended and vMotion
migration are considered
hot because in both cases,
the VM is running.
• The primary reason to
suspend a VM on an ESXi
host is for troubleshooting.

vMotion
(Live
Migration)
• Migrating a VM that is in powered-on
state. This is very useful as this does
not cause any downtime for the VM.
• In VMWare vMotion, machine is
migrated from one ESXi host to
another in powered-on state, whereas
in storage vMotion, machine migrates
from one datastore to another
datastore in powered-on state.
• vMotion moves a running Virtual
Machine to a different ESXi host in the
same cluster.
• It is also known as Live Migration.

Physical to Virtual (P2V) & Virtual to Virtual (V2V)
VM Migration
P2V Migration
• Converts a physical
computer into a virtual one.
• Ex. – You have a webserver
running on physical
hardware. You can run
VMWare vCenter
Converter, target the
webserver, and have a copy
of the Physical Server
created on an ESXi Host.
V2V Migration
• V2V migrations are exactly
like P2V migrations except
that the source machine is
already a Virtual Machine.
• Ex. – Migrating from
hyper-V and VMWare
Workstation to ESXi would
be considered as a V2V
Migration.

High Availability &
Fault Tolerance
•Section - 5
CLOUD COMPUTING

High
Availability
and Fault
Tolerance
High Availability (HA)
In HA, when the host crashes or fails, the VM gets
restarted on another host so there is a very small
downtime which is only related to the time taken for
VM to restart.
Automatic Detection of Server Failure –
HA is a completely automated process and does not
need any admin interference as there is no time to
recover machine if host is about to crash.
No passive standby ESXi host requires any extra VM.
The VM for which its parent host is crashing, it can
restart on any of the other running hosts.
HA does not use vMotion.
Enable HA on the cluster settings in order to use HA.

VM Migration
• Migration is the technique of
a moving a Virtual Machine
from one host to another
host or from one datastore
to another datastore.
• Datastore stores
Virtual Machine files, log
files, Virtual disk and
ISO images.
• VMFS
• NFS
Resource Pool
ESXi
Server
V
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ESXi
Server
V
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ESXi
Server
V
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High Availability and Fault
Tolerance
• High Availability can be simply defined by the
simple equation:
• Where, MTBF – mean time between failures,
MTTR- means time to repair and HA- high
availability.
• There are two ways to improve the
availability:-
• Increase MTBF to very large values.
• Reduce MTTR to very low values.

High Availability
and Fault
Tolerance
• Before HA was available, the failure of
a single ESXi host meant that a large
number of virtual machines that were
running on it would be down.
• This was referred to as ‘all of your
eggs in one basket’ issue and caused
some companies not to deploy virtual
servers.
• Resource Check  Ensure that
capacity is always available in order to
restart all virtual machines affected by
Server Failure.
HA continuously monitors capacity
utilization and reserves spare capacity
to be able to restart VM.

High Availability
and Fault
Tolerance
• HA works on the master and slave
architecture.
 When you enable HA on the cluster,
then election process occurs
between all the hosts in the cluster.
 One host (which has large number of
datastores mounted) has a chance to
become a master server.
 Master server host decides that, in
case of any failure, which host will
take the load of existed VMs.
 Once the election process
completes, there will be a master
server and other ESXis will be
considered as slave servers.
 If the master server goes down or
crashes, then new election process
will occur.

High Availability and
Fault Tolerance
Prerequisites for VMWare vSphere HA
All hosts must be licensed for VMWare HA.
You need at least two hosts in the cluster.
All hosts need unique hostname.
All hosts need to be configured with static IP Address. If you are using DHCP, you
must ensure that the address for each host persists across reboots.
VM must be located on shared, not local storage, otherwise they can’t be failed
over in case of a host failure.
All hosts in a VMWare cluster must have DNS configured.

High Availability
and Fault
Tolerance
HA Failover Time
• We measured the time from the
point when vCenter Server VM
stopped responding to the point
when vSphere web client started
responding to the user activity
again.
• With the 64 hosts / 6000 VMs, the
total time is around 460 seconds
(approximately 7 minutes) with
about 30-40 seconds for HA to get
into action.
• HA works on the ESXi host level,
where if any ESXi host gets failed,
HA will restart those VMs onto
another ESXi host.
Web
Client
vCenter
Server
ESXi Host VMs

High
Availability
and Fault
Tolerance
Fault Tolerance (FT)
• Aim of fault tolerance is similar to HA, but in terms of
availability it provides 0% downtime and full
availability as machine does not go down or restart.
• This is meant for mission critical applications/servers.
Ex. – Robotic surgery arm, Autopilot system,
Spacecraft mission, etc.
• VMWare Lockstep Technology is used in FT.
• With FT, a secondary VM is created on another host
using distributed resource scheduler. This VM is an
exact replica of the primary VM.
• A fault-tolerant VM and its second copy are not
allowed to run on the same host. This restriction
ensures that a host failure can’t result in the loss of
both VMs.
• Primary and Secondary work in lockstep i.e. the
lockstep technology captures the current state and
the events of primary VM and sends them to
secondary VM. If primary goes down, instantly
secondary VM takes over and continue operation.
• It requires extra standby VM, therefore it is a costlier
solution.

High
Availability
and Fault
Tolerance

High
Availability
and Fault
Tolerance
• Fault Tolerance avoids ‘Split Brain’
Situation which can lead to two active
copies of a VM after recovery from a
failure.
• FT works on VM level, therefore you
can enable or disable FT on VM.
• The primary and secondary VM
continuously exchange heartbeat.
This exchange allows the VM pair to
monitor the status of one another to
ensure that FT is continuously
monitored.

High
Availability
and Fault
Tolerance
Virtual Machine
Templates
You can convert a fully
configured VM into a VM
template.
This can be used to rapidly
deploy large number of new
Virtual Machines that are
configured like the original
VM.

Distributed
Resource Scheduler
•Section - 6
CLOUD COMPUTING

Distributed
Resource
Scheduler
(DRS)
• DRS is a feature of cluster which
is managed by vCenter Server. It
balances load of a VM across
ESXi host.
• A DRS enabled cluster has the
following resource management
capabilities:
 Initial VM Placement
 Load Balancing
 Power Management

Distributed
Resource
Scheduler
(DRS)
• Depending on how end users are
using applications on VMs, VMs
constantly expand & contract
throughout the day, week or month.
• The physical host becomes over-
utilized or under-utilized based on
VM utilization and number of VMs
running over it.
• vMotion is primary requirement of
DRS.

Distributed
Resource
Scheduler
(DRS)
Main Goal of DRS
• The main goal of DRS is to:
 Keep all ESXi servers in the cluster
healthy and well utilized by
dynamically/automatically
moving VMs across the ESXi host.
 Provide VMs with enough
resources all the time in order to
keep them running in most
efficient ways.
Conduct zero-downtime server
maintenance.
By default, DRS checks in every 5
minutes to see if the cluster
workload is balanced, or not.

Distributed
Resource
Scheduler
(DRS)

Distributed
Resource
Scheduler
(DRS)
Automation Level of DRS
• There are three selections regarding
the automation level of the DRS
cluster:
 Manual
 Partially Automated
 Fully Automated

Distributed
Resource
Scheduler
(DRS)
No Automation (Manual)
When a DRS cluster is set to
manual, every time you power
on a VM, the cluster prompts
you to select the ESXi host
where that VM should be
hosted.

Distributed
Resource
Scheduler
(DRS)
Partial Automation
• DRS makes automatic decisions
about which host a VM should run
on when it is initially powered-on
• It does not prompt the user that
who is performing the power-on
task.
• It will still prompt for all migrations
on the DRS Lab.
• Thus, initial VM placement is
automated, but migrations are still
manual.

Distributed
Resource
Scheduler
(DRS)
Full Automation
• The third setting for DRS is
‘Fully Automated’.
• This setting makes
decision for initial
placement without
prompting and also makes
automatic vMotion
decisions based on the
selected automation level.

Virtualization Cloud computing technology

Hardware/Server Virtualization
• The basic idea is to combine many small physical servers
into one large physical server, so that the processor can be
used more effectively.
• The operating system that is running on a physical server
gets converted into a well-defined OS that runs on the
virtual machine.
• The hypervisor controls the processor, memory, and other
components by allowing different OS to run on the same
machine without the need for a source code.

Types of Hardware Virtualization
• Here are the three types of hardware virtualization:
• Full Virtualization
• Emulation Virtualization
• Paravirtualization : work in a distributed environment

Full Virtualization
• The underlying
hardware is completely
simulated.
• Guest software does
not require any
modification to run.

Emulation Virtualization
• In Emulation, the virtual
machine simulates the
hardware and hence
becomes independent of
it.
• In this, the guest
operating system does not
require modification.

Paravirtualization
• In Paravirtualization,
the hardware is not
simulated.
• The guest software
run their own isolated
domains.

Network Virtualization
• It refers to the management and monitoring of a computer
network as a single managerial entity from a single
software-based administrator’s console.
• It is intended to allow network optimization of data transfer
rates, scalability, reliability, flexibility, and security.
• It also automates many network administrative tasks.
• Network virtualization is specifically useful for networks that
experience a huge, rapid, and unpredictable traffic increase.
• Network virtualization provides improved network
productivity and efficiency.

Two categories: Network
Virtualization
• Internal: Provide network like functionality to a
single system.
• External: Combine many networks, or parts of
networks into a virtual unit.

Storage Virtualization
• Multiple network storage resources are present as a single
storage device for easier and more efficient management of
these resources.
• Advantages
• Improved storage management in a heterogeneous IT
environment
• Easy updates, better availability
• Reduced downtime
• Better storage utilization
• Automated management

two types of storage
virtualization:
• Block- It works before the file system exists. It
replaces controllers and takes over at the disk level.
• File- The server that uses the storage must have
software installed on it in order to enable file-level
usage.

Memory Virtualization
• It introduces a way to decouple memory from the
server to provide a shared, distributed or
networked function.
• It enhances performance by providing greater
memory capacity without any addition to the main
memory.
• That’s why a portion of the disk drive serves as an
extension of the main memory.

Implementations –
• Application-level integration – Applications running
on connected computers directly connect to the
memory pool through an API or the file system.

• Operating System Level Integration – The operating
system first connects to the memory pool, and makes
that pooled memory available to applications

Software Virtualization
• It provides the ability to the main computer to run
and create one or more virtual environments.
• It is used to enable a complete computer system in
order to allow a guest OS to run.
• For instance letting Linux to run as a guest that is
natively running a Microsoft Windows OS (or vice
versa, running Windows as a guest on Linux).

Software Virtualization
• Types:
• Operating system
• Application virtualization
• Service virtualization

Data Virtualization
• Without any technical details, you can easily
manipulate data and know how it is formatted or
where it is physically located.
• It decreases the data errors and workload.

Desktop virtualization
• It provides the work convenience and security. As
one can access remotely, you are able to work from
any location and on any PC.
• It provides a lot of flexibility for employees to work
from home or on the go.
• It also protects confidential data from being lost or
stolen by keeping it safe on central servers.

Cloud Resiliency
• Cloud resiliency is the ability of a data center and its
components -- servers, storage, etc. -- to continue operating
in the wake of some kind of disruption, whether it's a
breakdown of equipment, a power outage or even a natural
disaster
• By its nature, cloud computing removes single points of
failure, thus provides a highly resilient computing
environment..
• The failure of one node of the system has no impact on
information availability and does not result in perceivable
downtime.
• The one major weak point is the network itself. If this fails,
then cloud computing fails. Solution:-topology, redundency.

Resiliency capabilities-
• The strategy combines multiple parts to mitigate risks and
improve business resilience.
• From a facilities perspective, we may want to implement power
protection.
• From a security perspective, to protect our data and applications
we may want to implement remote backup, identity
management, email filtering, or email archiving.
• From a process perspective, we may implement identification and
documentation of most critical business processes.
• From a organizational perspective, we may want to implement a
virtual workstation environment.
• From a strategy and vision perspective, we may want to look at
the kind of crisis management process.
• Resiliency tiers is a common set of infra. services that are delivered
to provide a corresponding set of business availability expectations.

CLOUD PROVISIONING
• The cloud provisioning is the allocation of a cloud provider’s
resources to a customer.”
• When a cloud provider accepts a request from a customer,
it must create the appropriate number of virtual machines
(VMs) and allocate resources to support them.
• The process is conducted in several different ways: advance
provisioning, dynamic provisioning and user self-
provisioning. The term provisioning simply means “to
provide.”
•

CLOUD PROVISIONING (cont...)
• Cloud provisioning primarily defines how, what and when an
organization will provision cloud services. These services can
be internal, public or hybrid cloud products and solutions.
• Cloud providers deliver cloud solutions through on-demand,
pay-as-you-go systems as a service to customers and end
users.
• Cloud provider customers access cloud resources through
Internet and programmatic access and are only billed for
resources and services used according to a subscribed billing
method.

• Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS): May include
virtual servers, virtual storage and virtual
desktops/computers.
• Software as a Service(SaaS): Delivery of simple to
complex software through the Internet.
• Platform as a Service(PaaS): A combination of
IaaS and SaaS delivered as a unified service.

HIGH AVAILABILITY AND DISASTER
RECOVERY

HIGH AVAILABILITY
• In simple words we can say that high availability refers to
the availability of resources in a computer system.
• In terms of cloud computing it refers to the availability of
cloud services.
• It provides the idea of anywhere, anytime access to service
of cloud environment.
• Availability is also related to reliability.
• Availability is a technology issue as well as business issue.

• High Availability can be simply defined by the simple
equation:
•
• Where , MTBF – mean time between failures, MTTR- means
time to repair and HA- high availability.
• There is two way improve the availability:-
• Increase MTBF to very large values.
• Reduce MTTR to very low values.

DISASTER RECOVERY:
• Disaster recovery (DR) is the process, policies and
procedures that are related to preparing for recovery or
continuation of technology infrastructure which are an
organization after a natural or human-induced disaster.
• A disaster recovery is the process by which an organization
can recover and access their software, data, and hardware.
• It is necessary for faster disasters recovery to have an
infrastructure supporting high availability.
• The failure of disaster recovery plan mainly due to lack of
high availability preparation, planning and maintenance to
occurrence of the disaster.

Strategies of Disaster Recovery
• RTO (Recovery Time Objective):
• RTO is the period of time within which system,
application, or functions must be discovered after an
outage.
• RPO (Recovery point objective):
• RPO is the point to time to which systems and data must
be recovered after an outage.

CLOUD GOVERNANCE
• Cloud governance is a general term for applying specific
policies or principles to the use of cloud computing services
• cloud governance refers to the decision making processes,
criteria and policies involved in the planning, architecture,
acquisition, deployment, operation and management of a
cloud computing capability.

• The governance is applied in cloud for:
• Setting company policies in cloud computing.
• Risk based decision which cloud provider, if any, to
engage.
• Assigning responsibilities for enforcing and monitoring
of the policy compliance.
• Set corrective action for non-compliance.

Cloud asset management (CAM)
• It is a component of cloud management services focused
exclusively on the management of a business's
physical cloud environment, such as the products or services
they use .
• Cloud Asset Management or CAM is the management of an
organization's Cloud usage, whether SaaS, PaaS or IaaS.
• For instance:
• poor visibility of organizational uptake
• inability to build a centralized view of Cloud coverage
• limited access to subscription data
• limited access to actual usage data

Benefits of Cloud Asset
Management (CAM)
• Accurate discovery, inventory and consumption tracking of
applications delivered in the Cloud
• Overcome the limitations of Cloud portals, by providing access to a
single centralized view
• Expanded access to data and improved analysis and reporting
• Granular insight into IaaS, PaaS and SaaS usage across your
organization
• Combine Cloud and on-premise deployment data for a complete end-
to-end view of your IT ecosystem
• Accurate, complete view of investments and their usage across the
whole IT estate enables better cost control
• Access all the information needed to ensure a successful migration to
the Cloud

MARKET BASED MANAGEMENT
OF CLOUD
• Market oriented cloud computing is the presence of a virtual
market place where IT Service are traded dynamically.
• MOCC originated from the coordination of several
components service consumers, service providers, and other
entities that make trading between these two groups
possible.

• There are three major components of cloud exchange are:-
• Directory:-the market directory contains a listing of all the
published services that are available in the cloud
marketplace.
• Auctioneer:-the auctioneer is in charge of keeping track of
the running auctions in the market place and of verifying
that the auctions for services are properly conducted and
that malicious market players are prevented from
performing illegal activities.
• Bank:-the bank is the component that takes care of the
financial aspect of all the operations happening in the virtual
market place.

• The major components of architecture are:-
• Brokers:-they submit their service requests from anywhere
in the world to the cloud.
• SLA resource allocator:-it is a kind of interface between
users and cloud service provider which enable the SLA
oriented resource management.
• Service request examiner and admission control:-it
interprets the submitted request for QoS requirement
before determining whether to accept or reject the request.
Based on the resource availability in the loud and other
parameter decide.
• Pricing:-it is in charge of billing based on the resource
utilization and some factors. Some factor are request time,
type etc.

• Accounting:-maintains the actual storage usage of resources
by request so that the final coat can be charged to the users.
• VM monitor:-keeps the track on the availability of VMs and
their resources.
• Dispatcher:-the dispatcher mechanism starts the execution
of admitted requests on allocated VMs.
• Cloud request monitor:-it keeps the track on execution of
request in order to be in tune with SLA.

CLOUD FEDERATION STACK
• Cloud federation requires one provider to wholesale or rent
computing resources to another cloud provider.
• Those resources become a temporary or permanent
extension of the buyer's cloud computing environment,
depending on the specific federation agreement between
providers.
• A federated cloud (also called cloud federation) is the
deployment and management of multiple external and
internal cloud computing services to match business needs.
• A federation is the union of several smaller parts that
perform a common action.

• Cloud federation offers two substantial benefits to
cloud providers.
• it allows providers to earn revenue from computing
resources that would otherwise be idle or underutilized.
• cloud federation enables cloud providers to expand their
geographic footprints and accommodate sudden spikes
in demand without having to build new points-of-
presence (POPs).

Inter-Cloud
• It is an interconnected global "cloud of clouds" and
an extension of the Internet "network of networks"
on which it is based.
• Inter-Cloud computing is interconnecting
multiple cloud providers' infrastructures.
• The main focus is on direct interoperability
between public cloud service providers.

Virtualization Cloud computing technology

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