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Visualization Methods Overview Presentation Cambridge University Eppler September 2006
- 1. The Visualization SpectrumASystematic Overview of Visualisation Methods for ManagersMartin J. EpplerUniversity of Lugano (USI)www.knowledge-communication.org / [email protected], IfM, September 28th 2006
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- 3. OutlineThe Realm ofVisualization Visualization ClassificationsAn Activity-based ViewHow to choose the right MethodConclusion:
- 4. The ABC ofVisualizationSizeColor/ Texture..PositionAnimationOrientationFormSource: adapted from J. Bertin
- 5. Accuracy Ranking ofQuantitative Perceptual TasksPositionMore AccurateLength Angle Slope Area Less AccurateVolumeColor DensitySource: Mackinlay 88 from Cleveland & McGill
- 6. Emprical Results: Useof visualization in management -> Quantitative charts dominate, what about conceptual visualization?Source: Meier, 1994
- 7. Overview of QuantitativeDiagramsSource: www.corda.com; Howard Wainer, 2001
- 8. DiagramTypes(static) StructureTimeSeriesPhases /StepsRelationships(dynamic) ProcessClustering/PositioningcyclicalcontinuouslinearlinearhierarchicalNetworkVennMatrixCoordinatestTimeline Process Cycle Spectrum Pyramid Network Venn Matrix CartesianOverview of NineSimple Qualitative Business Diagrams
- 9. General Visualization ConventionsTimeis shown from the left to right.
- 10. Important aspects arerepresented with larger shapes, stronger colors that indicate higher importance.
- 11. The pattern ofgrouping distinguishes between central and secondary information.
- 12. The arrangement correspondsto logical flow.
- 13. Proximity implies similarity,distance suggests differences
- 14. Identical shapes orcolors designate identical types of objects (visualize different things differently)ABSource: adapted and expanded from Rhodes, 1991, p. 135.
- 15. OutlineThe Realm ofVisualization Visualization ClassificationsAn Activity-based ViewHow to choose the right MethodConclusion:
- 16. Kosslyn’s Classification:Types ofSymbolic DisplaysFramework
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- 18. kinds of measurements,scale, ...
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- 21. point symbols, lines,areas, bars, …
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- 23. title, axes, ticmarks, ...GraphsChartsMapsDiagrams
- 24. An Empirical Taxonomy:Lohse et al. 1994structure diagrams: description of physical objectcartograms: spatial maps showing quantitative datamaps: symbolic representation of physical geographygraphic tablesprocess diagramsicons: e.g., logostime charts: e.g., Gantt chartsnetwork charts: flow chart, org chart, decision trees, pert treephoto-realistic picturestables: single to multiple rowsgraphs: quantitative information using position and magnitude of geometric objects. 1-3D, examples: cartesian or polar coordinate system: scatterplots, line bar, pie chart, Chernoff face graphs)
- 25. Horn´s elements ofVisual Language
- 26. Other TaxonomiesShneiderman (1996)proposes a task by data type taxonomy of information visualization with seven data types:one-, two-, three-dimensional data, temporal and multi-dimensional data, tree and network data and seven tasks (overview, zoom, filter, details-on-demand, relate, history, and extracts). Card, et al., 1998) constructed a data-oriented taxonomy for information visualization techniques, which is based on Card and MacKinlay (1997): This taxonomy divides the field of visualization into several subcategories: Scientific Visualization, GIS, Multi-dimensional Plots, Multi-dimensional Tables, Information Landscapes and Spaces, Node and Link, Trees,Text Transforms
- 27. OutlineThe Realm ofVisualization Visualization ClassificationsAn Activity-based ViewHow to choose the right MethodConclusion:
- 28. The KnowViz Framework(Eppler & Burkhard 2005)
- 29. Examples of theseven TypesEnvisioning: mental imagery, thinking aloudSketching: doodling, flip chartingExpressing: visual metaphor, cartoon Diagramming: Gantt chart, Toulmin chartMapping: geographic map, knowledge mapMaterializing: Lego serious play, Compad Exploring: treemap, parallel coordinates
- 30. 1. Examples ofEnvisioningVerbal Metaphors: ‚Backwardparking‘Analogies: Benzol ring inventionParables: The Elephantandthe 4 blind manSimulation: Mentallyvisualizing an activity.
- 31. 2. Examples ofSketching
- 32. 3. Examples ofExpressing: Visual Metaphor
- 33. 3. Examples ofExpressing: Cartoons
- 34. 4. Examples ofDiagramming
- 35. 5. Examples ofMapping
- 36. 6. Examples ofMaterializing
- 37. 7. Examples ofExploring
- 38. Comparative Description ofeach Activity Type+-
- 39. OutlineThe Realm ofVisualization Visualization ClassificationsAn Activity-based ViewHow to choose the right MethodConclusion:
- 40. When to usewhich quantitative chart type?Line graph x-axis requires quantitative variableVariables have continuous valuesfamiliar/conventional ordering among ordinalsBar graphcomparison of relative point valuesScatter plotconvey overall impression of relationship between two variablesPie Chart?Emphasizing differences in proportion among a few numbers
- 41. When to usewhich map?(Small, 1999)
- 42. Selecting the rightVisualization Activity= i.e., Iceberg risk metaphor= i.e., scenario sketching = i.e., Gantt chart for project
- 43. The visualization spectrumcontains quantitative and qualitative visualization formats.They can be used to depict structures or processes.In order to choose the right method, think about its main purpose, the content type, the target audience and communication situation.Conceive of visualization as an activity and choose among envisioning, sketching, ex-pressing, diagramming, mapping, materializing or exploring.!Conclusion
- 44. Great Books onVisualization
- 45. Further ReferencesBertin, J.(1974). The Semiologyof Graphics. Diagrams Networks, Maps.
- 46. Sachs-Hombach, K. (2005).Bildwissenschaft / Image Sciences.
- 47. Eppler, M. (2006)Managing Information Quality: Increasingthe Value of Information in knowledge-intensive Products andProcesses, 2nd ext. Edition.
- 48. Eppler, M. (2003)The Image of Insight: Using Visual MetaphorstoCommunicateKnowledge, in Journal of Universal Computer Science
- 49. Eppler, M. (2002)Making Knowledge Visible throughKnowledgeMaps, in: Holsapple (Ed.): Knowledge Management Handbook
- 50. M. Peterson (1995)Interactive and Animated Cartography
- 51. Eppler, M., Sukowski,O. (2000) Managing Team Knowledge, in: European Management Journal, June, Oxford.
- 52. Eppler, M. (2006)A comparison between concept maps, mind maps, conceptual diagrams and visual metaphors. In: Information Visualization, September Issue.
- 53. Eppler, M. (1999)Conceptual Management Tools, NetAcademy Press. Online at: www.analyst-academy.org & www.knowledge-communication.org
- 54. Galloway, D. (1994): Mapping Work Processes
- 55. Horn, R.E. (1998)Visual Language. Global Communication for the 21st Century
- 56. Horn, R. (1989):Mapping Hypertext
- 57. Huff, A.(1990) MappingStrategic Thought
- 58. Huff, A. (2001)Mapping Strategic Knowledge
- 59. Probst, G., Deussen,A., Eppler, M., Raub, S. (2000): Kompetenz-Management
- 60. Wurman, R. InformationArchitects, 1996
- 61. Wurman, R. InformationAnxiety2, 2001VisualizationOverviewVisualMetaphorsKnowledgeMapsDiagrams