Voltage Stability & Power Quality Assessment of Distributed Generation Based Wind Farm System
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This paper discusses the power quality and voltage stability issues in renewable-based distribution generation systems, particularly focusing on wind energy, and highlights the role of Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) devices in mitigating these challenges. The authors simulated a wind farm system both with and without STATCOM using MATLAB/Simulink, demonstrating improvements in voltage levels and overall power quality when STATCOM was employed. Key power quality issues such as voltage variations, flicker, and harmonics are analyzed alongside relevant international standards for measurement.
![IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 1, Issue 5, 2013 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1073
Abstract-- This paper demonstrated the power quality &
voltage stability problems associated with the renewable
based distribution generation systems and how the Flexible
AC Transmission System (FACTS) device such as Static
Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) play an important
role in Power Quality Improvement. First we simulated the
wind farm system without STATCOM and after the system
simulated with STATCOM. We use the MATLAB/Simulink
software for Simulation.
I. INTRODUCTION
In the recent years the electrical power utilities are
undergoing rapid restructuring process worldwide. Indeed,
with deregulation, advancement in technologies and concern
about the environmental impacts, competition is particularly
fostered in the generation side thus allowing increased
interconnection of generating units to the utility networks.
These generating sources are called as distributed generators
(DG) and defined as the plant which is directly connected to
distribution network and is not centrally planned and
dispatched. These are also called as embedded or dispersed
generation units. The rating of the DG systems can vary
between few kW to as high as 100 MW. Various new types
of distributed generator systems, such as micro turbines and
fuel cells in addition to the more traditional solar and wind
power are creating significant new opportunities for the
integration of diverse DG systems to the utility. Inter
connection of these generators will offer a number of
benefits such as improved reliability, power quality,
efficiency, alleviation of system constraints along with the
environmental benefits. With these benefits and due to the
growing momentum towards sustainable energy
developments, it is expected that a large number of DG
systems will be interconnected to the power system in the
coming years.
The power quality issues can be viewed with
respect to the wind generation, transmission and distribution
network, such as voltage sag, swells, flickers, harmonics etc.
However the wind generator introduces disturbances into the
distribution network. One of the simple methods of running
a wind generating system is to use the induction generator
connected directly to the grid system. The induction
generator has inherent advantages of cost effectiveness and
robustness. However; induction generators require reactive
power for magnetization. When the generated active power
of an induction generator is varied due to wind, absorbed
reactive power and terminal voltage of an induction
generator can be significantly affected. A proper control
scheme in wind energy generation system is required under
normal operating condition to allow the proper control over
the active power production. A STATCOM based control
technology has been proposed for improving the power
quality which can technically manages the power level
associates with the commercial wind turbines.
II. POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
A. POWER QUALITY STANDARDS, ISSUES AND ITS
CONSEQUENCES
1) INTERNATIONAL ELECTRO TECHNICAL
COMMISSION GUIDELINES
The guidelines are provided for measurement of power
quality of wind turbine.
1 The International standards are developed by the
working group of Technical Committee-88 of the
International Electro-technical Commission (IEC), IEC
standard 61400-21, describes the procedure for
determining the power quality characteristics of the
wind turbine [4].
2 The standard norms are specified.
3 IEC 61400-21: Wind turbine generating system, part-
21. Measurement and Assessment of power quality
characteristic of grid connected wind turbine.
4 IEC 61400-13: Wind Turbine—measuring procedure in
determining the power behaviour.
5 IEC 61400-3-7: Assessment of emission limits for
fluctuating load IEC 61400-12: Wind Turbine
performance. The data sheet with electrical
characteristic of wind turbine provides the base for the
utility assessment regarding a grid connection.
B. VOLTAGE VARIATION
The voltage variation issue results from the wind velocity
and generator torque. The voltage variation is directly
related to real and reactive power variations. The voltage
variation is commonly classified as under:
1 Voltage Sag/Voltage Dips.
2 Voltage Swells.
3 Short Interruptions
4 Long duration voltage variation
The voltage flicker issue describes dynamic variations in the
network caused by wind turbine or by varying loads. Thus
the power fluctuation from wind turbine occurs during
continuous operation. The amplitude of voltage fluctuation
depends on grid strength, network impedance, and phase-
angle and power factor of the wind turbines. It is defined as
a fluctuation of voltage in a frequency 10–35 Hz. The IEC
61400-4-15 specifies a flicker meter that can be used to
measure flicker directly.
C. HARMONICS
The harmonic results due to the operation of power
electronic converters. The harmonic voltage and current
Voltage Stability & Power Quality Assessment of Distributed
Generation Based Wind Farm System
Mr. Dattesh Y. Joshi1
Dr. Dipesh M. Patel2
1
Research Scholar 2
Professor & HOD
1
Pacific Academy of Higher Education Research, Udaipur, (Rajasthan)
2
Electrical Engineering Department, BITs edu Campus, Varnama, India
S.P.B.Patel Engineering College, Mehsana, Gujarat](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijsrdv1i5009-140805034707-phpapp02/85/Voltage-Stability-Power-Quality-Assessment-of-Distributed-Generation-Based-Wind-Farm-System-1-320.jpg)
![Voltage Stability & Power Quality Assessment of Distributed Generation Based Wind Farm System
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 5/2013/0009)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1074
should be limited to the acceptable level at the point of wind
turbine connection to the network. To ensure the harmonic
voltage within limit, each source of harmonic current can
allow only a limited contribution, as per the IEC-61400-36
guideline. The rapid switching gives a large reduction in
lower order harmonic current compared to the line
commutated converter, but the output current will have high
frequency current and can be easily filter-out.
D. WIND TURBINE LOCATION IN POWER SYSTEM
The way of connecting the wind generating system into the
power system highly influences the power quality. Thus the
operation and its influence on power system depend on the
structure of the adjoining power network.
E. SELF EXCITATION OF WIND TURBINE
GENERATING SYSTEM
The self-excitation of wind turbine generating system
(WTGS) with an asynchronous generator takes place after
disconnection of wind turbine generating system (WTGS)
with local load. The risk of self-excitation arises especially
when WTGS is equipped with compensating capacitor. The
capacitor connected to induction generator provides reactive
power compensation. However the voltage and frequency
are determined by the balancing of the system. The
disadvantages of self-excitation are the safety aspect and
balance between real and reactive power. [5]
F. CONSEQUENCES OF THE ISSUES
The voltage variation, flicker, harmonics causes the
malfunction of equipment’s namely microprocessor based
control system, programmable logic controller; adjustable
speed drives, flickering of light and screen. It may leads to
tripping of contractors, tripping of protection devices,
stoppage of sensitive equipment’s like personal computer,
programmable logic control system and may stop the
process and even can damage of sensitive equipment’s. Thus
it degrades the power quality in the grid.
G. GRID COORDINATION RULE
The American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) led the
effort in the United States for adoption of the grid code for
the interconnection of the wind plants to the utility system.
The first grid code was focused on the distribution level,
after the blackout in the United State in August 2003. The
United State wind energy industry took a stand in
developing its own grid code for contributing to a stable grid
operation. The rules for realization of grid operation of wind
generating system at the distribution network are defined as-
per IEC- 61400-21. The grid quality characteristics and
limits are given for references that the customer and the
utility grid may expect. According to Energy Economic
Law, the operator of transmission grid is responsible for the
organization and operation of interconnected system. [6]
1) VOLTAGE RISE (u)
The voltage rise at the point of common coupling can be
approximated as a function of maximum apparent power
Smax of the turbine, the grid impedances R and X at the
point of common coupling and the phase angle, given in Eq.
1. [7]
2
max * *
.......(2.1)
R COS X SIN
U
u
s
The Limiting voltage rise value is ±2 %
2) VOLTAGE DIPS (d)
The voltage dips is due to startup of wind turbine
and it causes a sudden reduction of voltage. It is the relative
% voltage change due to switching operation of wind
turbine. The decrease of nominal voltage change is given in
Eq. 2.
* .......(2.2)n
u
k
S
d k
S
The acceptable voltage dips limiting value is ± 3%.
3) FLICKER
The measurements are made for maximum number of
specified switching operation of wind turbine with 10-min
period and 2-h period are specified, as given in Eq. 3.
* .......(2.3)n
it k
k
s
P C
s
The Limiting Value for flicker coefficient is about ≤ 0.4, for
average time of 2 h. [8]
4) HARMONICS
The harmonic distortion is assessed for variable speed
turbine with a electronic power converter at the point of
common connection. The total harmonic voltage distortion
of voltage is given as in Eq. 4.
240
2 1
*100.........(2.4)n
THD
n
V
V
V
The THD limit for 132 KV is ± 3%.
40
2 1
*100.........(2.5)n
THD
n
I
I
I
The THD of current and limit for 132 KV is ± 2.5%.
5) GRID FREQUENCY
The grid frequency in India is specified in the range of 47.5–
51.5 Hz, for wind farm connection. The wind farm shall able
to withstand change in frequency up to 0.5 Hz/s. [9]
III. STATIC COMPENSATOR (STATCOM)
The STATCOM is a shunt-connected reactive power
compensation device that is capable of generating and/or
absorbing reactive power and in which the output can be
varied to control the specific parameters of an electric power
system. It is in general a solid-state switching converter
capable of generating or absorbing independently
controllable real and reactive power at its output terminals
when it is fed from an energy source or energy-storage
device at its input terminals. A STATCOM is a controlled
reactive power source. It provides the desired reactive power
generation and absorption entirely by means of electronic
processing of the voltage and current waveforms in a
voltage source converter (VSC). A single line STATCOM
power circuit is shown in Fig.1, where, a VSC is connected
to a utility bus through a magnetic coupling. In Fig. 2, the
STATCOM is seen as an adjustable voltage source behind
reactance. This means that capacitor banks and shunt
reactors are not needed for reactive power generation and](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijsrdv1i5009-140805034707-phpapp02/85/Voltage-Stability-Power-Quality-Assessment-of-Distributed-Generation-Based-Wind-Farm-System-2-320.jpg)
![Voltage Stability & Power Quality Assessment of Distributed Generation Based Wind Farm System
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 5/2013/0009)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1075
absorption, thereby giving STATCOM a compact design
[7].
A STATCOM can improve power system performance as
follows: The dynamic voltage control in transmission and
distribution systems, the power oscillation damping in
power transmission systems.
The transient stability, the voltage flicker control, and The
control of not only reactive power but also (if needed) active
power in the connected line, requiring a dc energy source.
A. Principle of Operation
The exchange of reactive power is done by regulating the
output voltage of the inverter VSTATCOM, which is in
phase with the mains voltage Vk. The operation can be
described as follows.
1 If the voltage VSTATCOM is below Vk, the
current through the inductor is phase shifted in
relation to the voltage Vk which provides an
Inductive current, then QS becomes positive and
the STATCOM absorbs reactive power.
2 If the voltage VSTATCOM exceeds Vk, the
current through the inductor is phase shifted in
relation to the voltage Vk which provides a
capacitive current, then QS becomes negative and
the STATCOM generates reactive power.
3 If the voltage VSTATCOM is equal to Vk, the
current through the inductor is zero and therefore
there is no exchange of energy.
Fig. 1: Single line STATCOM Power Circuit
III. SIMULATION RESULTS
The case study in this paper consists of a wind farm having
six 1.5-MW wind turbines connected to a 25-kV distribution
system as shown Fig. 2. The distribution system further
delivers power to a 120-kV grid through a 25-km 25-kV
feeder. All wind turbines use squirrel-cage induction
generators (IG). The stator winding is connected directly to
the 60 Hz grid and the rotor is driven by a variable-pitch
wind turbine. The pitch angle is controlled in order to limit
the generator output power at its nominal value for winds
exceeding the nominal speed. Each wind turbine has a
protection system monitoring voltage, current and machine
speed. Reactive power absorbed by the IGs is partly
compensated by capacitor banks connected at each wind
turbine low voltage bus. The rest of reactive power required
to maintain the 25-kV voltage at bus B25 close to 1 pu is
provided by a 3-Mvar STATCOM with a 3% droop setting.
The MATLAB/Simulink block diagram is shown in Fig. 3.
As shown in Fig. 4, at t=9.2 s, the voltage bus 25 drops to
0.91 pu, due to insufficient reactive power and consequently
the protection circuit of wind turbine 1 disconnects it due to
under voltage. After turbine 1 has tripped, turbines 2 and 3
continue to generate 3 MW each as shown in Fig. 5.
Fig.2: Single line diagram of system
When the STATCOM is connected at bus 25, the voltage at
bus 25 drops to 0.98 pu, due to reactive power support from
STATCOM which is shown in fig. 4 and consequently all
wind turbines continue to generate power throughout the
range of operation without tripping as shown in Fig.
Fig. 3: Simulink diagram of grid connected wind farm
Fig. 4: Simulation result of Vabc_B25 V/s Time without
STATCOM
Fig. 5: Simulation result of P_B25 V/s Time without
STATCOM](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijsrdv1i5009-140805034707-phpapp02/85/Voltage-Stability-Power-Quality-Assessment-of-Distributed-Generation-Based-Wind-Farm-System-3-320.jpg)
![Voltage Stability & Power Quality Assessment of Distributed Generation Based Wind Farm System
(IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 5/2013/0009)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1076
Fig. 6: Simulation result of Q_B25 V/s Time without
STATCOM
Fig.7 Simulation result of Vabc_B25 V/s Time with
STATCOM
Fig. 8: Simulation result of P_B25 V/s Time with
STATCOM
Fig. 9: Simulation result of Q_B25 V/s Time with
STATCOM
IV. CONCLUSION
In this paper we present the power quality control in
distributed generation based on the wind farm system using
FACTS device (STATCOM) Flexible AC Transmission
System (FACTS) device such as Static Compensator
“STATCOM” is power electronic based switch is used to
control the reactive power and therefore bus voltages.
Results are presented to show that the voltage at bus 25
drops to very low value of 0.91 pu due to insufficient
reactive power but this bus voltage gets improved to
0.98when STATCOM is incorporated in the system. Thus
the voltage and hence Power Quality Improvement in
distributed generation of wind farm system.
REFERENCES
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[2] S. A. Division, S. A. long, W. F. Richards, Dual band
microstrip antennas with monolithic reactive loading,
Electronic Lett., 21 (1985) 936-937.
[3] Wang E, A novel dualband patch antenna for WLAN
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[4] D. D. Krishna, M. Gopikrishna, C. K. Aanandan, P.
Mohanan and K. Vasudevan, Compact dualband slot
loaded circular microstrip antenna with a superstrate,
PIER, 83 (2008) 245-255.
[5] T .Huynh, and K. F. Lee, Single layer single patch
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[6] J. A. Ansari, R. B. Ram, Broadband stacked U-slot
microstrip patch antenna,PIER Letters, 4 (2008)17-24.
[7] S. S. Sharma, B. R. Vishvakarma, Analysis of slot
loaded rectangular microstrip patch antenna, Indian J.
Radio Space Phys., 34(2005) 424-430.
[8] E. A. Wolf, Antenna Analysis, Artech house, Narwood
(USA), 1998.
[9] R. Garg, P. Bhartia, I. Bahl, A. Ittipiboon Microstrip
Antenna Design, Handbook Artech house, Boston,
London, 2003.
[10] L. C. Chen, et al., Resonant frequency of circula disk
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25 (1997) 595-596.
[11] Zeland softwere, Inc., IE3D simulation software,
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[12] I.EI-Samahy,El-Saadany,”The Effect of DG on Power
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Engineering Society General Meeting 2005,PP.2969-
2576.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ijsrdv1i5009-140805034707-phpapp02/85/Voltage-Stability-Power-Quality-Assessment-of-Distributed-Generation-Based-Wind-Farm-System-4-320.jpg)
Voltage Stability & Power Quality Assessment of Distributed Generation Based Wind Farm System
- 1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 1, Issue 5, 2013 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613 All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1073 Abstract-- This paper demonstrated the power quality & voltage stability problems associated with the renewable based distribution generation systems and how the Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device such as Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) play an important role in Power Quality Improvement. First we simulated the wind farm system without STATCOM and after the system simulated with STATCOM. We use the MATLAB/Simulink software for Simulation. I. INTRODUCTION In the recent years the electrical power utilities are undergoing rapid restructuring process worldwide. Indeed, with deregulation, advancement in technologies and concern about the environmental impacts, competition is particularly fostered in the generation side thus allowing increased interconnection of generating units to the utility networks. These generating sources are called as distributed generators (DG) and defined as the plant which is directly connected to distribution network and is not centrally planned and dispatched. These are also called as embedded or dispersed generation units. The rating of the DG systems can vary between few kW to as high as 100 MW. Various new types of distributed generator systems, such as micro turbines and fuel cells in addition to the more traditional solar and wind power are creating significant new opportunities for the integration of diverse DG systems to the utility. Inter connection of these generators will offer a number of benefits such as improved reliability, power quality, efficiency, alleviation of system constraints along with the environmental benefits. With these benefits and due to the growing momentum towards sustainable energy developments, it is expected that a large number of DG systems will be interconnected to the power system in the coming years. The power quality issues can be viewed with respect to the wind generation, transmission and distribution network, such as voltage sag, swells, flickers, harmonics etc. However the wind generator introduces disturbances into the distribution network. One of the simple methods of running a wind generating system is to use the induction generator connected directly to the grid system. The induction generator has inherent advantages of cost effectiveness and robustness. However; induction generators require reactive power for magnetization. When the generated active power of an induction generator is varied due to wind, absorbed reactive power and terminal voltage of an induction generator can be significantly affected. A proper control scheme in wind energy generation system is required under normal operating condition to allow the proper control over the active power production. A STATCOM based control technology has been proposed for improving the power quality which can technically manages the power level associates with the commercial wind turbines. II. POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT A. POWER QUALITY STANDARDS, ISSUES AND ITS CONSEQUENCES 1) INTERNATIONAL ELECTRO TECHNICAL COMMISSION GUIDELINES The guidelines are provided for measurement of power quality of wind turbine. 1 The International standards are developed by the working group of Technical Committee-88 of the International Electro-technical Commission (IEC), IEC standard 61400-21, describes the procedure for determining the power quality characteristics of the wind turbine [4]. 2 The standard norms are specified. 3 IEC 61400-21: Wind turbine generating system, part- 21. Measurement and Assessment of power quality characteristic of grid connected wind turbine. 4 IEC 61400-13: Wind Turbine—measuring procedure in determining the power behaviour. 5 IEC 61400-3-7: Assessment of emission limits for fluctuating load IEC 61400-12: Wind Turbine performance. The data sheet with electrical characteristic of wind turbine provides the base for the utility assessment regarding a grid connection. B. VOLTAGE VARIATION The voltage variation issue results from the wind velocity and generator torque. The voltage variation is directly related to real and reactive power variations. The voltage variation is commonly classified as under: 1 Voltage Sag/Voltage Dips. 2 Voltage Swells. 3 Short Interruptions 4 Long duration voltage variation The voltage flicker issue describes dynamic variations in the network caused by wind turbine or by varying loads. Thus the power fluctuation from wind turbine occurs during continuous operation. The amplitude of voltage fluctuation depends on grid strength, network impedance, and phase- angle and power factor of the wind turbines. It is defined as a fluctuation of voltage in a frequency 10–35 Hz. The IEC 61400-4-15 specifies a flicker meter that can be used to measure flicker directly. C. HARMONICS The harmonic results due to the operation of power electronic converters. The harmonic voltage and current Voltage Stability & Power Quality Assessment of Distributed Generation Based Wind Farm System Mr. Dattesh Y. Joshi1 Dr. Dipesh M. Patel2 1 Research Scholar 2 Professor & HOD 1 Pacific Academy of Higher Education Research, Udaipur, (Rajasthan) 2 Electrical Engineering Department, BITs edu Campus, Varnama, India S.P.B.Patel Engineering College, Mehsana, Gujarat
- 2. Voltage Stability & Power Quality Assessment of Distributed Generation Based Wind Farm System (IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 5/2013/0009) All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1074 should be limited to the acceptable level at the point of wind turbine connection to the network. To ensure the harmonic voltage within limit, each source of harmonic current can allow only a limited contribution, as per the IEC-61400-36 guideline. The rapid switching gives a large reduction in lower order harmonic current compared to the line commutated converter, but the output current will have high frequency current and can be easily filter-out. D. WIND TURBINE LOCATION IN POWER SYSTEM The way of connecting the wind generating system into the power system highly influences the power quality. Thus the operation and its influence on power system depend on the structure of the adjoining power network. E. SELF EXCITATION OF WIND TURBINE GENERATING SYSTEM The self-excitation of wind turbine generating system (WTGS) with an asynchronous generator takes place after disconnection of wind turbine generating system (WTGS) with local load. The risk of self-excitation arises especially when WTGS is equipped with compensating capacitor. The capacitor connected to induction generator provides reactive power compensation. However the voltage and frequency are determined by the balancing of the system. The disadvantages of self-excitation are the safety aspect and balance between real and reactive power. [5] F. CONSEQUENCES OF THE ISSUES The voltage variation, flicker, harmonics causes the malfunction of equipment’s namely microprocessor based control system, programmable logic controller; adjustable speed drives, flickering of light and screen. It may leads to tripping of contractors, tripping of protection devices, stoppage of sensitive equipment’s like personal computer, programmable logic control system and may stop the process and even can damage of sensitive equipment’s. Thus it degrades the power quality in the grid. G. GRID COORDINATION RULE The American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) led the effort in the United States for adoption of the grid code for the interconnection of the wind plants to the utility system. The first grid code was focused on the distribution level, after the blackout in the United State in August 2003. The United State wind energy industry took a stand in developing its own grid code for contributing to a stable grid operation. The rules for realization of grid operation of wind generating system at the distribution network are defined as- per IEC- 61400-21. The grid quality characteristics and limits are given for references that the customer and the utility grid may expect. According to Energy Economic Law, the operator of transmission grid is responsible for the organization and operation of interconnected system. [6] 1) VOLTAGE RISE (u) The voltage rise at the point of common coupling can be approximated as a function of maximum apparent power Smax of the turbine, the grid impedances R and X at the point of common coupling and the phase angle, given in Eq. 1. [7] 2 max * * .......(2.1) R COS X SIN U u s The Limiting voltage rise value is ±2 % 2) VOLTAGE DIPS (d) The voltage dips is due to startup of wind turbine and it causes a sudden reduction of voltage. It is the relative % voltage change due to switching operation of wind turbine. The decrease of nominal voltage change is given in Eq. 2. * .......(2.2)n u k S d k S The acceptable voltage dips limiting value is ± 3%. 3) FLICKER The measurements are made for maximum number of specified switching operation of wind turbine with 10-min period and 2-h period are specified, as given in Eq. 3. * .......(2.3)n it k k s P C s The Limiting Value for flicker coefficient is about ≤ 0.4, for average time of 2 h. [8] 4) HARMONICS The harmonic distortion is assessed for variable speed turbine with a electronic power converter at the point of common connection. The total harmonic voltage distortion of voltage is given as in Eq. 4. 240 2 1 *100.........(2.4)n THD n V V V The THD limit for 132 KV is ± 3%. 40 2 1 *100.........(2.5)n THD n I I I The THD of current and limit for 132 KV is ± 2.5%. 5) GRID FREQUENCY The grid frequency in India is specified in the range of 47.5– 51.5 Hz, for wind farm connection. The wind farm shall able to withstand change in frequency up to 0.5 Hz/s. [9] III. STATIC COMPENSATOR (STATCOM) The STATCOM is a shunt-connected reactive power compensation device that is capable of generating and/or absorbing reactive power and in which the output can be varied to control the specific parameters of an electric power system. It is in general a solid-state switching converter capable of generating or absorbing independently controllable real and reactive power at its output terminals when it is fed from an energy source or energy-storage device at its input terminals. A STATCOM is a controlled reactive power source. It provides the desired reactive power generation and absorption entirely by means of electronic processing of the voltage and current waveforms in a voltage source converter (VSC). A single line STATCOM power circuit is shown in Fig.1, where, a VSC is connected to a utility bus through a magnetic coupling. In Fig. 2, the STATCOM is seen as an adjustable voltage source behind reactance. This means that capacitor banks and shunt reactors are not needed for reactive power generation and
- 3. Voltage Stability & Power Quality Assessment of Distributed Generation Based Wind Farm System (IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 5/2013/0009) All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1075 absorption, thereby giving STATCOM a compact design [7]. A STATCOM can improve power system performance as follows: The dynamic voltage control in transmission and distribution systems, the power oscillation damping in power transmission systems. The transient stability, the voltage flicker control, and The control of not only reactive power but also (if needed) active power in the connected line, requiring a dc energy source. A. Principle of Operation The exchange of reactive power is done by regulating the output voltage of the inverter VSTATCOM, which is in phase with the mains voltage Vk. The operation can be described as follows. 1 If the voltage VSTATCOM is below Vk, the current through the inductor is phase shifted in relation to the voltage Vk which provides an Inductive current, then QS becomes positive and the STATCOM absorbs reactive power. 2 If the voltage VSTATCOM exceeds Vk, the current through the inductor is phase shifted in relation to the voltage Vk which provides a capacitive current, then QS becomes negative and the STATCOM generates reactive power. 3 If the voltage VSTATCOM is equal to Vk, the current through the inductor is zero and therefore there is no exchange of energy. Fig. 1: Single line STATCOM Power Circuit III. SIMULATION RESULTS The case study in this paper consists of a wind farm having six 1.5-MW wind turbines connected to a 25-kV distribution system as shown Fig. 2. The distribution system further delivers power to a 120-kV grid through a 25-km 25-kV feeder. All wind turbines use squirrel-cage induction generators (IG). The stator winding is connected directly to the 60 Hz grid and the rotor is driven by a variable-pitch wind turbine. The pitch angle is controlled in order to limit the generator output power at its nominal value for winds exceeding the nominal speed. Each wind turbine has a protection system monitoring voltage, current and machine speed. Reactive power absorbed by the IGs is partly compensated by capacitor banks connected at each wind turbine low voltage bus. The rest of reactive power required to maintain the 25-kV voltage at bus B25 close to 1 pu is provided by a 3-Mvar STATCOM with a 3% droop setting. The MATLAB/Simulink block diagram is shown in Fig. 3. As shown in Fig. 4, at t=9.2 s, the voltage bus 25 drops to 0.91 pu, due to insufficient reactive power and consequently the protection circuit of wind turbine 1 disconnects it due to under voltage. After turbine 1 has tripped, turbines 2 and 3 continue to generate 3 MW each as shown in Fig. 5. Fig.2: Single line diagram of system When the STATCOM is connected at bus 25, the voltage at bus 25 drops to 0.98 pu, due to reactive power support from STATCOM which is shown in fig. 4 and consequently all wind turbines continue to generate power throughout the range of operation without tripping as shown in Fig. Fig. 3: Simulink diagram of grid connected wind farm Fig. 4: Simulation result of Vabc_B25 V/s Time without STATCOM Fig. 5: Simulation result of P_B25 V/s Time without STATCOM
- 4. Voltage Stability & Power Quality Assessment of Distributed Generation Based Wind Farm System (IJSRD/Vol. 1/Issue 5/2013/0009) All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 1076 Fig. 6: Simulation result of Q_B25 V/s Time without STATCOM Fig.7 Simulation result of Vabc_B25 V/s Time with STATCOM Fig. 8: Simulation result of P_B25 V/s Time with STATCOM Fig. 9: Simulation result of Q_B25 V/s Time with STATCOM IV. CONCLUSION In this paper we present the power quality control in distributed generation based on the wind farm system using FACTS device (STATCOM) Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device such as Static Compensator “STATCOM” is power electronic based switch is used to control the reactive power and therefore bus voltages. Results are presented to show that the voltage at bus 25 drops to very low value of 0.91 pu due to insufficient reactive power but this bus voltage gets improved to 0.98when STATCOM is incorporated in the system. Thus the voltage and hence Power Quality Improvement in distributed generation of wind farm system. REFERENCES [1] W. F. Richards, S. E. Davidson and S.A Long, Dual band reactively loaded microstrip patch antenna, IEE Trans. Antenna Propa., 33 (1985) 556-561. [2] S. A. Division, S. A. long, W. F. Richards, Dual band microstrip antennas with monolithic reactive loading, Electronic Lett., 21 (1985) 936-937. [3] Wang E, A novel dualband patch antenna for WLAN communication,PIER C, (2009) 93-102. [4] D. D. Krishna, M. Gopikrishna, C. K. Aanandan, P. Mohanan and K. Vasudevan, Compact dualband slot loaded circular microstrip antenna with a superstrate, PIER, 83 (2008) 245-255. [5] T .Huynh, and K. F. Lee, Single layer single patch wideband microstrip antenna, Electronics Lett., 31 (1995) 1310-1312. [6] J. A. Ansari, R. B. Ram, Broadband stacked U-slot microstrip patch antenna,PIER Letters, 4 (2008)17-24. [7] S. S. Sharma, B. R. Vishvakarma, Analysis of slot loaded rectangular microstrip patch antenna, Indian J. Radio Space Phys., 34(2005) 424-430. [8] E. A. Wolf, Antenna Analysis, Artech house, Narwood (USA), 1998. [9] R. Garg, P. Bhartia, I. Bahl, A. Ittipiboon Microstrip Antenna Design, Handbook Artech house, Boston, London, 2003. [10] L. C. Chen, et al., Resonant frequency of circula disk printed circuit antenna. IEEE Trans. Antenna Propa., 25 (1997) 595-596. [11] Zeland softwere, Inc., IE3D simulation software, version 14.05, C A, 2008. [12] I.EI-Samahy,El-Saadany,”The Effect of DG on Power quality in a Deregulated Engironment”, in IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting 2005,PP.2969- 2576.