WAter PPT - shubham BBA 2012

WATER – THE DEFINITION
 A marvelous substance which can be beautiful,
powerful and destructive.

WATER PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES
Water is found in three states

GLOBAL OVERVIEW
 About 71% of the earth’s surface is covered
with water.

 Over two thirds of the earth's surface is covered with water.
 97.6% covered by oceans.
 About 2.4% of global water is freshwater.
 Most of the freshwater (2.05%) are locked in ice caps and
glaciers.
 Less than 0.7% is available for human use.
 Atmospheric water vapor can be seen as clouds.

WATER FORMS AND DISTRIBUTION
 Oceans
 Is the largest area and volume of water.
 Contain more than 97% of the earth’s water.
 Contain an average of 35g salt per liter.
 Can be used after being desalinated.

Ice and Snow
 Contain almost 90% of freshwater.
 Is as much as 2km thick.
 Situate mostly in Antarctica (85%), Greenland (10%),
and other snow mountain (5%).

Iceberg and Polar cap store most of the
fresh water on Earth

Groundwater
 Groundwater is water in the rock and soil layer
beneath Earth’s surface.
 Absorb excess runoff rain and snow on ground.
 Is readily available for use and drinking.

Lakes
 Lakes are created from variety of geological
events:
 Volcanic lake
 Glacial lake
 Groundwater-discharge lake
 Lakes generate water from:
 Collection of water in low areas
 Natural or man-made dam(s)
 Rivers and streams
 Groundwater

 Freshwater lakes
 Contribute 91,000km3 (about 0.007% of total Earth’s water)
 Provide water for agricultural irrigation, industrial processes,
municipal uses and residential water supplies.
 Major freshwater lakes: Caspian Sea (Central Asia), Baikal Lake
(Russia), Tanganyika Lake (Eastern Africa), Lake Superior (U.S),
and Malawi Lake (Eastern Africa)

 Saline lakes
 Possess 85,000km3 (about 0.006% of total Earth’s water)
 Saline lakes’ water cannot be used due to high salinity.
 Major saline lakes: Caspian Sea (Central Asia), The Great Salt
Lake (U.S.), The Dead Sea (between Jordan & Israel), and Aral
Sea (between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan).
The Great Salt
Lake
The Dead Sea

Rivers and Streams
 Rivers and streams are bodies of flowing surface
water driven by gravity.
 Rivers and Streams contain only 2,120km3 (about
0.6% of liquid fresh water surface and around
0.0002% of the Earth’s water.)

WETLANDS AND SOIL MOISTURE
 Areas of land where water covers the surface for at
least part of the year.
 Not as important as lakes and rivers for water
storage.
 Play’s a vital role in:
 Erosion protection
 Flood reduction
 Groundwater replenishment
 Trapping nutrient and sediment
 Water purification
 Providing fish and wildlife habitat

ATMOSPHERE
 Atmosphere contains about 0.001% of total Earth’s
water.
 There is around 4% of air volume in the atmosphere.
 Movement of water through atmosphere provide
mechanism for distributing freshwater to terrestrial
reservoir in the form of rain, snow, hail etc.

TYPES OF WATER USES
 Off-Stream Uses
 Agriculture
 Thermoelectric
 Industrial
 Mining
 Domestic
 Commercial

Agriculture
 Irrigation
 Crop irrigation consume 2/3 of water withdrawal.
 Evaporation and seepage from unlined irrigation
systems are the principal water losses.
 There are three types of irrigation systems:
Flood Irrigation Sprinkler Irrigation Drip Irrigation

 Livestock
 Watering livestock
 Dairy operation
 Cooling livestock facilities
 Dairy sanitation and clean-up
 Animal waste disposal

 Aquaculture
 Raising fish.
 Raising shellfish.
 Raising shrimp and lobster.
 Raising other creatures living in water.

THERMOELECTRIC
 Water is used in production of electrical power.
 Thermoelectric is one of the largest uses of water
in U.S.
 In 2005, it consumed about 201,000 million gallons of
water each day.
 Thermoelectric occupied 49% of total water use in U.S.
 Both freshwater and saline water are used in
thermoelectric.

INDUSTRIAL
 Industries need water to cool down their machinery
to a temperature that allows the manufacturing
process to keep going.
 Water is also needed to clean machinery,
products, and buildings.

MINING
 Water is used for the extraction of minerals that
can be in forms of:
 Solid: coal, iron, gold, sand – etc.
 Liquid: crude oil.
 Gas: natural gases.

DOMESTIC
 Domestic water use is the consumption for
household purposes
 Indoor.
 Outdoor.

COMMERCIAL
 Used in businesses such as:
 Hotels
 Restaurants
 Market’s

• In-stream uses
 Hydropower
 Navigation
 Recreation
 Ecosystem Support

Hydropower Recreation
Navigation Ecosystem Support

WATER STRESS & WATER SCARCITY
 Water Stress:
 Annual water supply is less than 1,700m3 per person.
 Water Scarcity:
 Annual water supply is less than 1,000m3 per person.
 Absolute scarcity:
 Annual water supply is less than 500m3 per person.

FRESH WATER STORAGE
 Fresh Water Shortage is due to:
 Population growth
 Lack of access to clean water
 Groundwater is being depleted
 Climate change / global warming
 Rivers and lakes are shrinking

SCARCITY OF FRESH WATER
 On a global basis, fresh water is increasingly a
scarce resource.
 Partially caused by increasing population, change
in consumption pattern and climate changes.

PROBLEMS RELATED TO WATER CRISIS
 Inadequate access to safe drinking water for over
1.1 billion people
 Overuse and pollution of water resources harming
biodiversity

WATER USE PROBLEMS
 Water Overuse
 Overuse in agriculture
 Overuse in residence
 Overuse in community

THREATS TO FRESH WATER RESOURCES
 Climate change causes change in frequencies of droughts
and floods.
 Depletion of aquifers caused by over-consumption as a
result of population growth.
 Pollution and contamination by sewage, agricultural and
industrial runoff.

INCREASE WATER SUPPLY
 Water Conservation
 Reclamation of sewage water
 Development of groundwater
 Developing salt-resistant crops
 Developing drought-resistant crops
 Rainmaking

WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
• A “Watershed” is a connected series of streams, rivers, and lakes that
collects water from a specific area of land.
• Important habitats for animals and plants, and offer a source of drinking
and recreational water for many communities.

SOME INTERESTING FACTS
Water needed to produce our daily food:
• 40 liters to produce 1 slice of white bread.
• 70 liters to produce 1 apple.
• 1,300 liters to produce 1kg of wheat.
• 3,400 liters to produce 1kg of rice.
• 3,900 liters to produce 1kg of chicken meat.
• 15,500 liters to produce 1kg of beef.

CONCLUSION
 Water resources is everyone’s concern.
 The consumption has been increased significantly due to
population growth.
 Water availability is decreasing due to human overuse and
natural degradation.
 Many sources of water have become unusable.
 Effective water resource management and policy must be
implemented on both local and international levels.

TIPS ON HOW TO SAVE WATER
 Don’t wash your car so often.
 Don’t let the faucet run while washing hands,
dishes, food, or brushing your teeth.
 Don’t run the dishwasher when half full.
 Avoid using toxic or hazardous chemicals for
simple cleaning or plumbing jobs.
 Use water-conserving appliances: low-flow
showers, low-flush toilets, and aerated faucets.
 Use recycled water for lawns, house plants, car
washing.
 Check your toilet for leaks.

WAter PPT - shubham BBA 2012

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