Water supply system (distribution system and house water plumbing)

Prepared By:
Basant Lekhak
6/19/2021 1
Chapter 3
Water Supply System
(Distribution System and House
Water Plumbing)

CONTENTS
3.1 Service connection
3.2 Service pipes, size determination, material use
for service pipes, size of service pipes
3.3 Appurtenances (water meters, gate valves, globe
valves, ball valve, reflux valve, drain valve, fire
hydrant, bib cock, stop cock, bends, tee, elbow,
union, cross, reducer and enlarger, shower, storage
tank, overflow, washout, etc.)
3.4 Head loss on pipe and fittings, leakage, check of
pipe system
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3.5 Hot and cold water supply in building, central heating
system, local (instantaneous) heating system (geysers, solar,
etc. )
3.6 Maintenance in building plumbing
6/19/2021 3
CONTENTS

3.1 Service Connection
 A service connection is primarily a connection
from the distribution system to the consumer.
 A consumer may be a single house, an
apartment house, a planned block
development or a water district buying water
“wholesale”.
 A connection for single house will normally
involve tapping the main while it is under
pressure and installing a corporation cock.
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 A domestic service connection includes the following components:
 Brass or bronze ferrule
 Goose neck
 Stop cock or curb valve
 Main service pipe
 Water meter.
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3.1 Service Connection

1. Brass or Bronze ferrule: Ferrule is right angled sleeve made
of brass or bronze. For service connection to house, ferrule is
inserted in the main, most usually an ‘under pressure’
connection which can be inserted without shutting down the
main.
2. Goose neck: This consists 40 to 50 cm long curved piece of
flexible pipe made of brass, copper or lead. The goose neck
prevents the breaking of the main service pipe due to
movement that takes place between water main and the
service pipe, thus providing flexibility of the junction.
3. Stop cock or curb valve: It is installed in a suitable chamber
with cover, to close down the supply, for repairs of the
plumbing systems.
4. Main Service pipe: It may be of various materials discussed in
3.2 . Its diameter may vary from 12 mm to 40 mm.
5. Water Meter: It is also installed in suitable chamber with
cover. It measures the quantity of water used by the consumer.
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3.2 Service pipes, size determination, material
use for service pipes, size of service pipes
 The pipe leading from the distribution main of the
municipal water supply to the plumbing system of the
house is known as the service main or service pipe.
 The service connection pipe is made to the main and is run
to a stop valve near to the site boundary of the building.
 A service pipe is a pipeline connecting a building to a main
pipe, allowing the building to access municipal services.
Buildings can be connected to gas, water, and sewer with
the use of service pipes.
 Once the service pipe enters the building, it can be split to
deliver the contents to different areas of the building,
including separate apartments and units.
 Responsibilities for maintenance and repair of such pipes
varies, depending on municipal code.
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Material used for Service Pipes
 The following materials are commonly used for service
pipes:
1. Copper pipe or brass pipe.
2. Galvanized iron, either lined or unlined.
3. Lead pipe, either lined or unlined.
4. Polythene pipe.
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1. Copper tubing: Copper tubing is non-corrosive with most
waters. It is used extensively in better grade houses and
where ground water is highly corrosive to steel pipe. It
has considerable strength, reasonable ductility and
available in long lengths.
2. G.I. pipes: These are used where water is suitable.
Galvanized iron or steel tubes corrode more readily in
soft and acid waters and are not so easily manipulated as
copper although they are stronger and can be used in
hard water area where they withstand the hammering
needed to remove the scale.
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3. Lead pipe: Lead pipe has following advantages: (i)
highly resistant, (ii) highly flexible, (iii) high
hydraulic coefficient of flow. However, lead has
cumulative poisoning effect, specially when it goes
into solution. Due to this, it is not preferred.
4. Polythene tube: These are being increasingly used
internally and externally for cold water service pipes
only. Due to low cost, light weight, no threading
required, more resistance to bacterial scale, non
corrosive, they are widely used. But at high
temperature they are not used.
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Size of Service Pipes
 The size of the service pipes are determined on the
basis of the following :
 The minimum pressure in the distribution main at the
proposed point of connection.
 Length of service pipe required.
 Elevation of the highest point of delivery above the
distribution mains.
 Number and types of plumbing fixtures in the building,
 Maximum rate of flow required.
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3.3 Appurtenances
 The different devices required for controlling the flow
of water, for preventing leakage and other purposes in
water supply system are called appurtenances.
 For the efficiently functioning and to maintain the
water supply scheme various devices may require to
control the flow, maintain pressure, prevent from back
flow, to release air from pipelines etc. These devices
are called valves.
 Also, devices used in the water supply system to
connect pipe are fittings.
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Water meters
 This device is used to know the quantity of water consumed by
consumer or quantity water flows through the pipes.
 Water Meter is normally used for measuring flows to domestic
buildings.
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 A water meter should posses:
 It should accurately measure and register both small and
large flows.
 It should be easy to maintain and repair. Spare parts
should be readily available.
 It should have good capacity with reasonable head loss.
 It should be capable of working at all pressures
efficiently.
 It should have low cost.
 It should prevent back flow passing through it and
should not be liable to clogging.
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Water meters

Gate Valves
 Also called Sluice valve or Cutoff valve.
 These are the commonly used valve to regulate the
flow of water through pipelines.
 It consists of a disc or circular gate parallel sided or
wedge shaped in cross-section and having a nut which
slot in with the thread of an operating spindle.
 The disc or circular gate by rising or lowering flow can
be regulate or control. These valve may be provided in
every junction and in a suitable interval in straight
portion.
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Globe Valve
 It is used in pipe lines for convenience in manually
closing the pipes to control the flow of water.
 It should be installed with water pressure under the
valve seat as shown in figure.
 The globe valve has advantage of quicker opening and
closing, of longer life and being more easily repaired.
 It also controls the flow equally well from either
direction.
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Ball Valve
 A ball valve is a form of quarter-turn valve which uses
a hollow, perforated and pivoting ball to control flow
through it.
 It is open when the ball's hole is in line with the flow
and closed when it is pivoted 90-degrees by the valve
handle.
 The handle lies flat in alignment with the flow when
open, and is perpendicular to it when closed, making
for easy visual confirmation of the valve's status.
 The shut position 1/4 turn could be in either CW or
CCW direction.
6/19/2021 23

Reflux Valve
 Also called Check Valve.
 This non-return valve allows water to flow in one direction
only and the flow in reverse direction automatically
stopped.
 It consists of a disc hinged at its top edge provided at the
one end in such a way that it opens when flow is forward
and closes if water tends to flow in reverse direction.
 This valve is invariably placed in a pumping main.
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6/19/2021 26
SWJ Reflux Valve
Industrial Reflux Valve

Drain Valve
 Also called Scour Valve.
 Sediment stagnant deposition problem especially in
intermittent system may arises also in dead end
system.
 To remove or drain out deposited silt and sand , for
inspection, repair etc, an ordinary sluice valve is
provided at the dead ends and at the depressions or
lowest point is called scour or drain or blow off valve.
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Stop Cock
 The stop cock are practically sluice valve or gate valves of
small size.
 They are provided on the pipeline leading to wash basins,
water tanks, flushing tanks, etc. to stop or open the flows
of water when necessary.
 The stop cock is provided just outside the property
boundary to isolate the building from water supply during
the maintenance of water system inside the building.
 They are made of brass or gunmetal.
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6/19/2021 34
Stop Cock
Brass Stop Cock

Bib Cock
 The water taps are also known as bib cocks or faucets.
 The water taps are fixed on the pipe line in wash basins,
bathrooms, toilets, kitchens, etc. from where the
consumers obtain water.
 It is operated by handle.
 The stem of the handled is threaded.
 The valve inside the water can be moved up or down by
turning the handle.
 The clockwise turning of the handle stops the flow of water
and anticlockwise turning opens the flow of water.
 These are generally made of brass or gun metal or plastic.
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Bib Cock and Stop Cock
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Fittings for Pipe
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6/19/2021 39
Fittings for Pipe

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Fittings for Pipe

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Fittings for Pipe

Overflow and Washout
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Head Loss on Pipe and Fittings
 Head loss is potential energy that is converted to
kinetic energy.
 Head losses are due to the frictional resistance of
the piping system (pipe, valves, fittings,
entrance, and exit losses).
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3.5 Hot and cold water supply in building, central heating
system, local (instantaneous) heating system (geysers, solar,
etc. )
 Hot water supply plays an important role in buildings
such as domestic and industrial buildings.
 It provides continuous hot water to certain building to
satisfy the user’s needs and also act as an important
element in production process in industry.
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3.6 Maintenance in building plumbing
 A proactive maintenance plumbing checklist should
cover all the critical components of your plumbing
system, including the pipes, valves, water heater and
drains.
1. Active Leaks
2. Signs of Corrosion
3. Water Pressure
4. Checking Valves for Correct Operation
5. Inspect Water Heater
6. Check Drains
7. Backflow Testing.
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1. Active Leaks
 Every proactive plumbing maintenance inspection should check for
signs of active leaks, including water spots, moisture or puddles and
the presence of mold or mildew. Unknown and unrepaired water
leaks can waste thousands of gallons of water a year.
2. Signs of Corrosion
 The inspection should check for signs of corrosion on all visible
plumbing pipes and the presence of lime scale around water faucets
and shower heads. The presence of significant corrosion could mean
that your pipes are near the end of their useful lives.
3. Water Pressure
 A building’s water pressure should be no higher than 80psi and no
lower than 40psi. In building’s with multiple stories, higher water
pressure is often found on the lower levels while lower water
pressure can be found at the higher levels. Water pressure that is too
low may cause resident complaints, while water pressure that is too
high can damage your pipes.
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4. Checking Valves for Correct Operation
 All the safety and shutoff valves in your plumbing system
should be tested for correct operation and any broken valves
should be replaced. This ensures that you can to turn off the
water to certain sections of the building, rather than turning
off the building’s entire water system in the event of a major
blowout.
5. Inspect Water Heater
 Your building’s hot water heater should be inspected for
proper temperature and any obvious leaks. The safety valves
and overflows should also be tested. Safety issues should be
repaired immediately.
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6. Check Drains
 All the drains in your building should be tested for flow
rate. Slow drains or clogged drains should be power -
rodded or hydro jetted in order to restore proper
function. You may also want to consider a camera
inspection of your drain lines to ensure they are in good
working order and do not contain any root infiltrations
and/or bellying in the lines.
7. Backflow Testing
 All commercial buildings and large multi-unit residential
buildings are required to have backflow prevention
devices and annual backflow testing in order to prevent
water in the system from flowing backward and/or being
contaminated with other chemicals and substances.
6/19/2021 64

Water supply system (distribution system and house water plumbing)

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