Wef global risks_report_2014_3
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This document provides an overview and analysis of the Global Risks Report, which identifies and assesses global risks. It discusses the report's methodology over its 9 editions, including defining risks, identifying them, mapping them based on impact and likelihood, and emphasizing their interconnectivity. The document reflects on ensuring the report remains relevant by improving its approach based on past insights. It also examines challenges like distinguishing risks from trends, determining the level of detail, and the need for a multistakeholder approach. The conclusion emphasizes themes like trust, long-term thinking, collaboration, and global governance in addressing global risks.
Wef global risks_report_2014_3
- 1. Insight Report Global Risks 2014 Ninth Edition
- 2. Part 1 Part 2 Part 3: Towards Ten Years of the Global Risks Report Part 3 Since it was introduced in 2006, the Global Risks report has provided a unique analysis of the risks that are shaping the global environment, and the potentially cascading negative consequences of their interactions. The overall goal is to provide a platform for dialogue among business, government and civil society on how countries, businesses and people can prepare for, mitigate and build resilience in the face of risks. As the report nears its 10th edition in 2015, this section reflects on the insights gathered from past reports on how to map and address global risks. These reflections provide a basis to reassess and update the approach and methodology, to ensure that the report remains at the cutting edge of collective understanding of global risks. Defining and Identifying Global Risks The number of global risks included in the Global Risks report series has changed over time. While 25 risks were included in 2006, 50 were identified in 2012 and 2013 and were then streamlined to 31 in this report. The systemic nature of global risks has been emphasized since the beginning, while the report’s 10-year time horizon has allowed for a focus on strategies and policies to anticipate and manage potential risks, rather than merely react to them. In the coming year, a number of expert workshops will be held to review the definition of global risk – currently seen as an occurrence that causes significant negative impact for several countries and industries – to identify and understand their nature, and to enhance comprehension of the interconnections between them. One challenge is to distinguish between a risk and a trend or a vulnerability. Technically, a risk is something that has not happened yet, whereas a trend or a vulnerability is already under way. Some global risks in this year’s report, such as severe income disparity, may be more accurately viewed as a trend or a vulnerability. In many cases, the distinction is far from clear – for example, opinions may differ on whether major loss of biodiversity is an event that could yet happen or a process that is already happening. 50 Global Risks 2014 Another challenge is to determine a common level of granularity among global risks: Is a political collapse of a nation of geopolitical importance at the same conceptual level as overall global governance failure? Can the failure to mitigate climate change that threatens to make the earth increasingly uninhabitable be placed at the same level of gravity as a one-off, large-scale cyber attack? Mapping Global Risks Throughout the Global Risks report series, risks have been analysed on two dimensions: likelihood and impact. Both can be important when aiming to prioritize which risks to attempt to prevent (i.e. reducing the likelihood of the event) and/or mitigate (i.e. reducing the severity of the impact). Experience has shown, however, that neither can be measured definitively. Initially, the report attempted to measure impact by assigning (when possible) actuarial values such as an estimated number of deaths or the economic impact in US dollars, based on expert input. This arguably had the advantage of being as objective a measure as possible, but had the disadvantage of relying heavily on assumptions and being unable to account for a range of outcomes – there are, for example, widely varying estimates of the financial impact of climate change depending on the level of temperature rise. Also, this approach cannot be extended to all risks: it is impossible to estimate the likely financial and human cost of, for example, biodiversity loss or geopolitical conflict. Since 2009, the report has used expert surveys that ask respondents to estimate impact and likelihood. This has the advantage of being more applicable to risks of different natures, allowing for greater ease of comparison. On the downside, perception data can be skewed by cognitive biases of the kind discussed in Part 2.5 of this report, which predispose people to be more concerned with current headlines and recently-experienced risks. Nonetheless, this approach can highlight areas that are of most concern to different stakeholders, and potentially galvanize shared efforts to address them.
- 3. Part 1 Towards a Multistakeholder Approach Part 2 The responsibility of preparing for, mitigating and building resilience against many of the risks discussed in this report remains fragmented and unclear. People in the best position to influence solutions to a risk may not be the ones who have most to lose from it. Questions surrounding who can and should take ownership of planning for the risk, and what is an acceptable level of risk, remain difficult to answer. Part 3 With these concerns in mind, the Global Risks report series has increasingly emphasized the importance of interconnectivity and the systemic nature of global risks, with the possibility of multiple simultaneous or sequential shocks. By their nature, global risks cross borders. No country, industry or organization can deal with them in isolation. They require collective thinking and responses, taking a long-term perspective. The report has increasingly moved towards providing a basis for discussion among stakeholders on how to mitigate risks, prepare for them and strengthen resilience in a collaborative fashion. Looking Ahead to the 10th Anniversary The adjustments to the survey and analysis in this year’s report are part of the ongoing efforts to provide a solid base for the World Economic Forum’s work on global risks in the future, and mirror the evolving nature of global risks. Drawing on the Forum’s multistakeholder community of business, academia, government and civil society, the methodology and analysis will be reviewed and improved during the course of 2014, in preparation for the report’s 10th anniversary in January 2015. Global Risks 2014 51
- 4. Conclusion This report has explored how a wide range of global risks – from the possibility of fiscal crisis in an important economy to the fallouts from new technologies, social tensions and changing geopolitical relations – could have long-lasting and far-reaching systemic impacts. In exploring the global risks landscape for 2014, this report has highlighted the importance of several underlying themes in tackling global risks: – Trust is necessary if stakeholders are to work together to tackle global risks, but trust is being undermined in some systemically important areas. For example, much of the younger generation lacks trust in traditional political institutions and leaders, while recent revelations about cyber espionage have undermined trust in the Internet in general and the governance of cyberspace in particular. – Long-term thinking is a prerequisite for any approach to global risks. This report has explored strategies through which corporations and governments can attempt to incentivize a shift from short-term to long-term time horizons. – Collaborative multistakeholder action is required as businesses, governments, or civil society alone do not have both the tools and the authority to tackle systemic risks. We hope that the mapping of global risks and their interconnections will provide a common base to better understand risks and their consequences, and for dialogue as a first step towards collective action. – Global governance is key to addressing global risks such as climate change or cybersecurity, but new models are urgently needed as the world’s increasing multipolarity renders its current global governance structures unwieldy and outdated. 52 Global Risks 2014 This report has aimed to increase awareness of and inspire action on the most important risks the world faces over the next 10 years, in the hope of addressing the most pressing of these challenges. The World Economic Forum will continue to provide a platform for leaders to work together on preparing for risks, mitigating them and strengthening resilience.
- 5. Appendix A - Definitions of Global Risks 2014 Global Risk Description Shortages of financial resources from banks and capital markets become extreme and recurring, while the ability to sell assets is reduced Structurally high unemployment/underemployment A sustained high level of unemployment that is structural rather than cyclical in nature coincides with a rising skills gap and high underemployment, especially among youth populations Oil-price shock to the global economy Sharp and/or sustained oil price increases place further economic pressures on highly oil-dependent industries and consumers, while raising geopolitical tensions Failure/shortfall of critical infrastructure Chronic failure to adequately invest in, upgrade and secure infrastructure networks leads to a major breakdown, with systemwide implications Decline of importance of the US dollar as a major currency A shift away from the US dollar as the world’s reserve currency impacts the global economic and financial system, and changes the geopolitical balance Greater incidence of extreme weather events (e.g. floods, storms, fires) Property, infrastructure and environmental damage linked to development in hazard-prone areas increases, as does the frequency of extreme weather events Greater incidence of natural catastrophes (e.g. earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, geomagnetic storms) Existing precautions and preparedness measures fail in the face of geophysical disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic activity, landslides, tsunamis or geomagnetic storms, causing widespread disruptions in interconnected supply chains and communication networks Greater incidence of man-made environmental catastrophes (e.g. oil spills, nuclear accidents) Existing precautions and preparedness measures fail to prevent man-made catastrophes, causing greater harm to lives, human health, infrastructure, property, economic activity and the environment Major biodiversity loss and ecosystem collapse (land and ocean) Degradation of biodiversity results in severely depleted resources for industries such as fishing and forestry, with potentially irreversible consequences for the environment Water crises A significant decline in the quality and quantity of fresh water combines with increased competition among resource-intensive systems, such as food and energy production Failure of climate change mitigation and adaptation Governments and businesses fail to enforce or enact effective measures to protect populations and to help businesses impacted by climate change to transition Global governance failure Environmental Risks A financial institution or currency regime of systemic importance collapses, with implications throughout the global financial system Liquidity crises Geopolitical Risks Excessive debt burdens generate rising interest rates, inflationary pressures and sovereign debt crises Failure of a major financial mechanism or institution Economic Risks Fiscal crises in key economies Weak or inadequate global institutions, agreements or networks, combined with competing national and political interests, impede attempts to cooperate on addressing global risks Political collapse of a nation of geopolitical importance One or more systemically critical countries experience significant erosion of trust and mutual obligations between states and citizens, leading to state collapse, internal violence, regional or global instability and, potentially, military conflict Increasing corruption The widespread and deep-rooted abuse of entrusted power for private gain (by businesses and public officials) undermines the rule of law and governance Global Risks 2014 53
- 6. Global Risk Description Deployment of weapons of mass destruction The availability of nuclear, chemical, biological and radiological technologies and materials leads to major international crises Violent inter-state conflict with regional consequences International disputes escalate into armed conflicts States move unilaterally to ban imports or exports of key commodities, stockpile reserves and expropriate natural resources Access to appropriate quantities and quality of food and nutrition becomes inadequate or unreliable Inadequate disease surveillance systems, failed international coordination and the lack of vaccine production capacity lead to the uncontrolled spread of infectious disease Unmanageable burden of chronic disease Increasing burden of illness and long-term costs of treatment threaten recent societal gains in life expectancy and quality while overburdening strained economies Severe income disparity Widening gaps between the richest and poorest citizens threaten social and political stability as well as economic development Antibiotic-resistant bacteria Growing resistance of deadly bacteria to known antibiotics inhibits the ability to control deadly diseases Mismanaged urbanization (e.g. planning failures, inadequate infrastructure and supply chains) Poorly planned cities, urban sprawl and associated infrastructure amplify drivers of environmental degradation and cope ineffectively with migration, demographic and health challenges Profound political and social instability Societal Risks Individuals or non-state groups successfully inflict large-scale human or material damage, which is particularly problematic when decentralized and widespread Pandemic outbreak Technological Risks Large-scale terrorist attacks Food crises 54 Highly organized and very agile global networks commit criminal offences while the illegal trafficking of goods and people spreads unchecked throughout the global economy Escalation of economic and resource nationalization Geopolitical Risks Major escalation in organized crime and illicit trade Military actions or aggressive foreign or trade policies on the part of global or regional powers disrupt political or social stability, negatively impacting populations, investment and financial markets Breakdown of critical information infrastructure and networks Systemic failures of critical information infrastructure (CII) and networks negatively impact industrial production, public services and communications Escalation in large-scale cyber attacks State-sponsored, state-affiliated, criminal or terrorist cyber attacks increase Massive incident of data fraud/theft Criminal or wrongful exploitation of private data takes place on an unprecedented scale Global Risks 2014
- 7. Appendix B - Global Risks Perception Survey and Methodology 2014 As discussed in Part 1, the Global Risk 2014 report has adjusted the list of global risks to take into account learnings from past editions as well as developments in the global risks landscape. As a result, the set of global risks was streamlined with a view to improving the fit of the individual risks with the definition introduced in this year’s report. The Global Risks Perceptions Survey has been adjusted accordingly. The following section describes the survey and methodology in greater detail. The Global Risks Perceptions Survey The Global Risks Perception Survey, discussed in Part 1, is the main instrument for assessing global risks in this report. The survey was conducted between October and November 2013 among the World Economic Forum’s multistakeholder communities of leaders from business, government, academia and non-governmental and international organizations. The graph below shows the profile of the survey respondents. To capture the voice of youth, the survey also targeted the World Economic Forum’s community of Global Shapers. Under-30s accounted for approximately one-quarter of the respondents. Figure A.1: Survey Sample Composition (per cent) Gender Age Male 30 and over Female Below 30 21.8 27.7 78.2 72.3 Geography Stakeholder group 8.2 7.4 Business 8.5 40.6 Advanced economies Academia 8.2 Emerging and developing world Non-governmental organizations International organizations 17.0 18.3 39.7 52.1 Not specified Others Government Source: Global Risks Perception Survey 2013-2014. Global Risks 2014 55
- 8. Risks of Highest Concern in 2014 Interconnections in 2014 To identify the top 10 global risks of highest concern, described in Part 1, respondents answered the following question: “From the following list of 31 risks, please select the five risks of highest concern globally and rank these from 1 (of highest concern) to 5 (of lowest concern)”. A score was assigned for each answer based on the rank, from 5 points for the first-ranked risk to 1 point for the fifth-ranked. For example, if the risk of water crises was cited as the risk of biggest concern (Rank 1), the answer would be assigned five points; if it was cited as the fifth risk of most concern, the answer would be assigned one point. The score earned by each risk corresponds to the total points earned by that risk across all responses divided by the number of responses. The risks with the 10 highest scores were selected as the risks of highest concern. To draw the interconnection map presented in Part 1, survey respondents were asked to identify three to six pairs of risks they believed were connected, disregarding directions of causality. A tally was made of the number of times each pair was cited. This value was then divided by the count of the most frequently cited pair. As a final step, the square root of this ratio was taken to dampen the long-tail effect (i.e. a few very strong links, and many weak ones) and to make the differences more apparent across the weakest connections. The value of the interconnection determines the thickness of each connecting line in the graph, with the most frequently cited pair having the thickest line. Out of the 465 possible pairs, 178 or 38% were not cited. Formally, the intensity of the connection between risks i and j, denoted interconnectionij, corresponds to: Formally, for any given risk i from the list of 31 risks, the score is derived as follows: interconnectionij scorei = 1 N 6 ranki,n n=1 Global Risks Landscape in 2014 Respondents were asked to assess the likelihood and global impact of each of the 31 risks. For each risk, they were asked, “How likely is this risk to materialize globally within the next 10 years?” and “What is the estimated impact globally if this risk were to materialize? (Impact is to be interpreted in a broad sense beyond just economic consequences)”. The possible answers ranged from 1 (“very unlikely” and “low impact”, respectively) to 7 (“almost certain” and “high impact”, respectively). Respondents were given the possibility to leave the answer blank if they felt unable to provide an informed answer (“don’t know”). A simple average for both likelihood and impact for each of the 31 global risks was calculated on this basis. Formally, for any given risk i, its likelihood and impact, denoted respectively likelihoodi and impacti, are: impacti = 1 N1 i 1 N1 i likelihoodi,n n=1 N2 i N2 n=1 i impacti,n where Ni is the number of respondents for risk i, and likelihoodi,n and impacti,n are respectively the likelihood and impact assigned by respondent n to risk i and measured on a scale from 1 to 7. Moreover, Ni1≠ Ni2 as, for each risk i, survey respondents could choose not to answer each question (“don’t know”). 56 Global Risks 2014 pairmax N with pairmax = max ( ma ij n=1 pairij,n ) N where N is the number of respondents to the survey and ranki,n corresponds to the rank assigned by respondent n to risk i. likelihoodi = N pair ij,n n=1 where N is the number of respondents. Variable pairij,n is 1 when respondent n selected the pair of risks i and j as part of his/her selection. Otherwise, it is 0. Risks and Trends to Watch in 2014 Survey respondents were asked two open questions: “Which risk of major global concern is missing from the list of the 31 risks (list one risk only)” and “Which additional issue could potentially emerge as a risk of major global concern in the future (list one issue only)?” Given the large range of answers provided by the respondents, answers were manually grouped into broader categories. Figure 1.5 in Part 1 is an illustration of the recurrence of these categories: the larger the category the more often it was mentioned. The purpose of these two questions was to stimulate debate on the identification of future risks and trends.
- 9. Acknowledgements The Global Risks 2014 report synthesizes the insights, ideas and contributions of many individuals through workshops, group calls and research. The World Economic Forum and the Global Risks 2014 report team is grateful to all who took part in the challenge to think hard about global risks. Without their dedication, guidance and support, it would not have been possible to develop this report. Global Risks 2014, Ninth Edition Report Partners1 Marsh & McLennan Companies (Marsh, Oliver Wyman) Daniel Abell Francois Austin Jerry Cacciotti John Drzik Jason Groves Lucy Nottingham Roland Rechtsteiner Richard Smith-Bingham Terry Stone Nick Studer Davide Taliente Emily Thornton Alex Wittenberg Swiss Re Philippe Brahin David Bresch Iordanis Chatziprodromou Josephine Chennell David Cole Rainer Egloff Beat Habegger Jerome Haegeli Richard Mark Heard Kurt Karl Urs Leimbacher Tauno Loertscher Christoph Nabholz Meret Reifler Gilles Renouil Oliver Schelske Reto Schnarwiler Reto Schneider Matt Singleton Andreas Spiegel Rolf Tanner Kaja Voegele Stefanie Weigelt Bernd Wilke Simon Woodward Zurich Insurance Group Lori Bailey Larry Collins Linda Conrad Daniel Eherer Daniel Hofmann Benno Keller Axel Lehmann James Moffatt Lindene Patton Gregory Renand John Scott James Shira Tim Stapleton Andrea Stuermer Steve Wilson National University of Singapore Caroline Brassard Oliver Chen Michael Douglass Ho Teck Hua Jussi Keppo Lutfey Siddiqi Tan Chorh Chuan Tay Lee Teng Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford Ian Goldin Wharton Risk Management and Decision Processes Center, University of Pennsylvania Karen Campbell Howard Kunreuther Erwann Michel-Kerjan Mike Useem Special Additional Contributors Atlantic Council Jason Healey Jason Thelen Eurasia Group Ian Bremmer Larry Cristini Michael Sard Willis Sparks Global Risks 2014 57
- 10. The project team would like to thank the Global Agenda Councils that contributed to the report:2 Global Agenda Council on Catastrophic Risks 2012-2014 Valerie Amos, United Nations; Lauren Alexander Augustine, National Academy of Sciences; Shaun Donovan, US Department of Housing and Urban Development; Bekele Geleta, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC); Peter Guthrie, University of Cambridge; Randolph Kent, King’s College, London; Eduardo Martinez, UPS Foundation; Victor Meyer, Deutsche Bank; Kirstjen Nielsen, Homeland Security Policy Institute; Satoru Nishikawa, Japan Water Agency; Yuichi Ono, Tohoku University; Andrin Oswald, Novartis; Sara Pantuliano, Overseas Development Institute; Rodrigo Pérez Mackenna, Ministry of Housing and Urban Development, Chile; Niyati Sareen, Hindustan Construction Company; Michael Useem, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania; Margareta Wahlström, United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction; and Nick Wildgoose, Zurich Insurance Group. Global Agenda Council on Climate Change 2012-2014 David Bresch, Swiss Re; Juan José Daboub, Notre Dame Global Adaptation Institute; Yvo De Boer, KPMG International Cooperative; Sean de Cleene, Yara International; Dan Esty, Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection; Chris Field, Carnegie Institution for Science; Christiana Figueres, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; Connie Hedegaard, European Commission; Norichika Kanie, Tokyo Institute of Technology; Naina Lal Kidwai, HSBC Asia Pacific; Caio Koch-Weser, Deutsche Bank; Gary Lawrence, Aecom Technology Corporation; Rabi Mohtar, Qatar Foundation; Edna Molewa, Ministry of Water and Environmental Affairs, South Africa; Karsten Sach, Federal Ministry of Germany for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety; Richard Saines, Baker & McKenzie; Wang Xueman, World Bank; and Changhua Wu, Climate Group. Global Agenda Council on Education & Skills 2012-2014 Mallam Bolaji Abdullahi, Ministry of Sports and National Sports Commission, Nigeria; May Al Dabbagh, Dubai School of Government; Abdulla Bin Ali Al Thani, Qatar Foundation; David E. Bloom, Harvard School of Public Health; Jared Cohon, Carnegie Mellon University; Ricardo Manuel dos Santos Henriques, Instituto Unibanco; Jose Ferreira, Knewton; Roland G. Fryer, Harvard University; Ayla Göksel, ACEV; Jody Heymann, University of California; Yoko Ishikura, Keio University; Brij Kothari, PlanetRead; Rolf Landua, European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN); Sami Mahroum, INSEAD; Patricia A. Milligan, Mercer (MMC); Chip Paucek, 2U; Christopher Pissarides, London School of Economics and Political Science; Soraya Salti, INJAZ Al-Arab - Junior Achievement Worldwide; and Tae Yoo, Cisco. Global Agenda Council on Fiscal Sustainability 2012-2014 Lewis Alexander, Nomura Securities International; Aymo Brunetti, University of Bern; Willem H. Buiter, Citi; Adrienne Cheasty, International Monetary Fund (IMF); Marcel Fratzscher, German Institute for Economic Research (DIW 58 Global Risks 2014 Berlin); William G. Gale, Brookings Institution; Victor Halberstadt, Leiden University; Takeo Hoshi, Stanford University; Zanny Minton Beddoes, The Economist; Phillip Swagel, University of Maryland; Shahin Vallee, Council of the European Union; Beatrice Weder di Mauro, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; Jeromin Zettelmeyer, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; and Zhu Ning, Shanghai Advanced Institute of Finance. Global Agenda Council on Water Security 2012-2014 Robert W. Bailey, CH2M HILL (Halcrow Group); Federico Basañes, Inter-American Development Bank; Anders Berntell, International Finance Corporation (IFC); Sanjay Bhatnagar, Water Health International; Asit K. Biswas, Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, National University of Singapore; Julia Bucknall, World Bank; Joppe Cramwinckel, World Business Council for Sustainable Development; J. Carl Ganter, Circle of Blue; David R. Grey, University of Oxford; Angel Gurría, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD); Laura Harnish, Environmental Defense Fund; Mike Muller, National Planning Commission; David G. Rosenberg, AeroFarms; Oyun Sanjaasuren, Ministry of Environment and Green Development of Mongolia; Monica Scatasta, European Investment Bank; Jeff Seabright, Coca-Cola Company; Mike Young, University of Adelaide; and Alexander Jakob Zehnder, triple Z. Global Agenda Council on Youth Unemployment 2012-2014 Poonam Ahluwalia, Youth Employment Summit (YES) Campaign; Abdullah S.Al Rabeeah, Saudi Basic Industries Corporation; Arup Banerji, World Bank; Umran Beba, PepsiCo; May Habib, Qordoba; Choeun Hong, National Employment Agency; Jill Huntley, Accenture; Majid Jafar, Crescent Petroleum; Deepali Khanna, MasterCard Foundation; Chris Kirk, GEMS Education; Frannie Léautier, The African Capacity Building Foundation; Vivian M. Lopez, United Nations Children’s Fund; Jamie McAuliffe, Education For Employment (EFE); Branka Minic, Future Work Consulting; Christopher J. Nassetta, Hilton Worldwide; Charlotte Petri Gornitzka, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency; Curt Rhodes, Questscope; Amy Rosen, Network for Teaching Entrepreneurship; Sean C. Rush, JA Worldwide; and José Manuel Salazar Xirinachs, International Labour Organization. We would also like to thank all the people who participated in the Global Risks Perception Survey 2013-2014. At the World Economic Forum Founder and Executive Chairman Klaus Schwab Managing Directors David Aikman, Robert Greenhill, Jeremy Jurgens, Lee Howell, Adrian Monck, Sarita Nayyar, Gilbert Probst, Jean-Pierre Rosso, Rick Samans and Alois Zwinggi.
- 11. The Global Risks 2014 report team Jennifer Blanke, Chief Economist, Senior Director Content Development and Project Management Ciara Browne, Associate Director; Margareta Drzeniek Hanouz, Lead Economist, Director; Caroline Galvan, Economist, Manager. Project Team Beñat Bilbao-Osorio, Senior Economist, Associate Director; Gemma Corrigan, Project Associate; Roberto Crotti, Quantitative Economist, Manager; Attilio Di Battista, Junior Quantitative Economist; Gaëlle Dreyer, Project Associate; Thierry Geiger, Economist, Associate Director; Tania Gutknecht, Community Manager; and Andrew Wright, Freelance Writer. Production Team Ann Brady, Associate Director; David Bustamante, Senior Manager; Kamal Kimaoui, Director; Fabienne Stassen, Freelance Editor; Moritz Stefaner, Freelance Information Visualizer; and Neil Weinberg, Graphic Designer. The project team expresses its gratitude to the colleagues from the World Economic Forum who provided advice and feedback throughout the development of the Global Risks 2014 report: Guillaume Amigues, Andrew Andrea, Marisol Argueta, Anastassia Aubakirova, Adeyemi Babington-Ashaye, Andrew Bishop, Carl Björkman, Roberto Bocca, Giancarlo Bruno, Sebastian Buckup, Alex Crueger, Piers Cumberledge, Nick Davis, Isabel de Sola, Michael Drexler, Mirek Dusek, John Dutton, Diana El-Azar, David Gleicher, Martina Gmür, Chiemi Hayashi, Elsie Kanza, Annika Kiessler, Marina Krommenacker, Helena Leurent, Alan Marcus, Viraj Mehta, Alex Mung, Liana Melchenko, Stephan Mergenthaler, Tanya Milberg, Alex Mung, Derek O’Halloran, Sushant Palakurthi Rao, Mel Rogers, Shubra Saxena Kabra, Olivier Schwab, Sandeep Sengupta, Paul Smyke, Akira Tsuchiya, Kristel van der Elst, Regula Waltenspuel, Dominic Waughray, Tiffany West, Alex Wong, Saadia Zahidi and Catherine Zwahlen. Endnotes 1 Names of report partner representatives are listed in alphabetical order by last name. 2 The box contributions by the Global Agenda Councils may not reflect the views of individual members listed here. Global Risks 2014 59
- 12. The World Economic Forum is an independent international organization committed to improving the state of the world by engaging business, political, academic and other leaders of society to shape global, regional and industry agendas. Incorporated as a not-for-profit foundation in 1971 and headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the Forum is tied to no political, partisan or national interests. World Economic Forum 91-93 route de la Capite CH-1223 Cologny/Geneva Switzerland Tel +41 (0) 22 869 1212 Fax +41 (0) 22 786 2744 [email protected] www.weforum.org