xsgwWa dh ykHknk;d [ksrh
de ykxr % vf/kd mRiknu
e/; izns’k esa flapkbZ ty dh lhfer miyC/krk dks ns[krs gq;s] [ksrh ds mu lHkh rjhdksa dks 'kh?kz ykxw djuk
gksxk ftlls [ksrh esa mi;ksx gksus okys flapkbZ ty dks cpkus ds lkFk&lkFk mldh mi;ksfxrk dks vf/kdkf/kd c<+k;k
tk ldsA vr% xsgwWa dh mRikndrk c<+kus ,oa [ksrh dh ykxr dks de dj vf/kd ykHkka’k ysus ds fy;s] [ksrh ds fuEu
rjhdksa dk izpkj&izlkj ;q/n Lrj ij djuk vfr vko’;d gSA
1- lhfer tqrkbZ %
e/; “kjr esa ^^lks;kchu&xsgwWa^^ lokZf/kd izpfyr Qly pdz gSA lks;kchu dh dVkbZ ,oa xsgwWa dh cqokbZ esa yEck
vUrjky gSA flrEcj&vDVwcj esa lks;kchu dVkbZ ds yxHkx 7&10 fnuksa rd [ksr dh tehu dkQh eqyk;e jgrh gSA
vr% vkM+h ,oa [kM+h dsoy nks tqrkbZ dj] ikVk pyk nsaA vkidk [ksr jch cqokbZ ds fy;s rS;kj gks tk;sxkA lks;kchu
dVkbZ ds ckn] [ksr dks tYn rS;kj djus ls mlesa <siM+s ugha cusaxs ,oa [ksr esa miyC/k ueh lqjf{kr gks tk;sxh rFkk
cqokbZ ds ckn flapkbZ djus esa ty dh cpr gksxhA
/;ku jgs] cqokbZ mi;qDr le; vkus ij gh djsaA
2- xsgwWa dh mfpr fdLeksa dk pquko %
fdLeksa dk pquko flapkbZ ty dh miyC/krk ds vuqlkj dh djsaA ,d flapkbZ miyC/k gksus ij “h xsgwWa dh
[ksrh vo’; djsaA tgkWa rd laHko gks] 4 ls vf/kd flapkbZ pkgus okyh fdLeksa dh [ksrh de ls de djsaA
flapkbZ miyC/krkuqlkj fuEu rkfydk ls de flapkbZ pkgus okyh tksf[ke jfgr fdLeksa dk pquko djsa%
xsgwWa dh iztkfr fdLesa vko';d flapkbZ
'kjcrh@pUnkSlh vej ¼,p-MCY;w- 2004½ 1&2
uohu pUnkSlh ¼,p-vkbZ- 1418½ 3&4
Lo.kkZ ¼,p-vkbZ- 1479½ 3&4
fofn'kk ¼Mh-,y- 788&2½ 3&4
ekyoh@dfB;k ekyo jRu¼,p-Mh- 4672½ 1&2
ekyoJh ¼,p-vkbZ- 8381½ 3&4
Ekkyo’kfDr ¼,p-vkbZ- 8498½ 3&4
lq/kk ¼,e-ih- 1106½ 3&4
fofn'kk ¼Mh-,y- 788&2½ fnlacj cqokbZ ds fy;s mi;qDr gSA
nks ls rhu flapkbZ dh miyC/krk esa ekyo’kfDr] ekyojRu] uohu pUnkSlh rFkk Lo.kkZ dh izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj
ij cqokbZ djsaA
4&6 flapkbZ dh miyC/krk esa] le; ls cqokbZ ds fy;s th-MCY;q 273 rFkk th-MCY;q 322 ,oa fnlacj cqokbZ esa
th-MCY;q 173 rFkk vkHkk ¼,p-vkbZ- 1454½ dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA bl n’kk esa vf/kdre mit ds fy;s ekyoJh
rFkk ekyo’kfDr dk “h mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ij ekyoh fdLeksa esa] Qly esa ihykiu vkrs gh vkxs dh flapkbZ
cUn dj nsaA
lHkh tYnh idus okyh fdLeksa dh Qly esa ihys jax dh >yd dk vkHkkl gksrs gh vkxs dh flapkbZ can dj
nsaA vko’;drk ls vf/kd flapkbZ djus ij nkus esa nwf/k;k /kCcs vk tkrs gSa rFkk mit de gks tkrh gSA
3- cht dh nj %
1000 nkuksa ds otu ds vk/kkj ij cht dh nj fu/kkZfjr djsaA 1000 nkuksa dk otu ftrus xzke vk;s] mrus gh
fdyksxzke cht izfr ,dM+ mi;ksx esa yk;saA mnkgj.k& vxj fdlh fdLe ds 1000 nkuksa dk otu 40 xzke gS rks ml
fdLe ds cht dh ek=k 40 fdyksxzke izfr ,dM+ cksuk pkfg;sA lkekU; rkSj ij NksVs nkuksa dh fdLeksa ds fy;s 100
fdyks izfr gsDVs;j ,oa cM+s nkuksa okyh fdLeksa dk 125 fdyks izfr gsDVs;j cht mi;ksx esa ykuk pkfg,A nsj ls cksuh
dh voLFkk esa cht dh nj esa 20&25 izfr’kr c<+ksrjh djuk rFkk [kkn esa 20&25 izfr’kr deh djuk vko’;d gSA
4- cokbZ dk le; o rjhdk %
flapkbZ ty dh mi;ksfxrk c<kus ds fy;s cqokbZ ds rjhdksa esa ewy ifjorZu ykuk vfr vko’;d gSA iysok
nsdj ¼tehu xhyh dj½ cqokbZ u djsaA blls cht dk teko de gksrk gS rFkk Qly dk mBko lgh ugha gksrk gSA
e/; “kjr esa mit de gksus dk ;gh ewy dkj.k gSA
lw[ks [ksr esa gh vko’;drkuqlkj larqfyr moZjd Mkydj ¼ ½ mFkyh ¼1½&2bap xgjh½ cqokbZ dj flapkbZ djsaA
blls cht dk teko o Qly dk mBko vPNk gksrk gSA vPNs Qly mBko ls ?kkl&ikr ds ikS/kksa ¼uhnk½ dk mBko
o c<+ko :d tkrk gSA
lw[ks [ksr esa cqokbZ djus ds fuEu ykHk gSa %
 Qly dk mBko vPNk gksrk gSA
 uhnk ¼?kkl&ikr½ dh leL;k de gksrh gSA
 ,d flapkbZ o 10&15 fnu le; dh cpr gksrh gSA
 ckj&ckj dh tkus okyh vuko’;d tqrkbZ dh cpr gksrh gSA
 fctyh miyC/krk vuqlkj flapkbZ ds lkFk&lkFk cht dk teko gksrk tk;sxkA vr% fctyh dh deh [ksrh esa
vf/kd ck/kd ugha gksxhA
,d ;k nks flapkbZ miyC/k gksus ij 20 vDVwEcj ls 10 uoacj ds chp cqokbZ djsaA rhu ;k vf/kd flapkbZ miyC/k gkus
ij] 5 ls 25 uoacj ds chp dk le; lcls mi;qDr gSA nks flapkbZ dh miyC/krk esa] igyh flapkbZ cqokbZ ds rqjUr
ckn rFkk 40fnu ckn djsaA
5- larqfyr [kkn dk mi;ksx djsa %
xsgwWa dh vflafpr [ksrh esa u=tu % LQqj % iksVk’k 40 fdyksxzke % 20 fdyks % 10 fdyks] v/kZflafpr [ksrh esa
60&80 fd-xzk- % 30&40 fd-xzk- % 15&20 fd-xzk- rFkk i;kZIr flapkbZ okyh [ksrh esa 100&120 fd-xzk- % 50&60 fd-xzk- %
25&30 fd-xzk- ds vuqikr esa izfr gsDVs;j dh nj ls [kkn nsaA [ksr esa thoka’k o dkcZfud rRo cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s
5&10 Vu izfr gsDVs;j xkscj dh [kkn MkysaA ;fn eqxhZ dh [kkn miyC/k gks rks 21@2
Vu izfr gsDVs;j] jklk;fud
[kkn dh vk/kh ek=k ds lkFk nsaA
xsgwWa dh Qly esa i;kZIr ek=k esa larqfyr [kkn nsus ls lks;kchu dh Qly esa [kkn nsus dh vko’;drk ugha
iM+rh gSA bl rjg [ksrh dh ykxr dkQh de gks tkrh gS rFkk lks;kchu dh laiw.kZ mit yxHkx ykHkka’k ds :i esa
fey tkrh gSA
6- flapkbZ O;oLFkk %
D;kjh cukdj flapkbZ djsaA yEch ljh }kjk flapkbZ djus ls ikuh dk nq:i;ksx gksrk gS o ty&L=ksr ds
lehi ds ikS/kksa dks vko’;drk ls vf/kd o ljh ds nwljs Nksj ds ikS/kksa dks vko’;drk ls de ikuh feyrk gSA vr%
NksVh&NksVh] vkM+h o [kM+h] nksuksa rjg ls lfj;kW cukfj flapkbZ djus ls ikuh feyrk gSA {ks=Qy dh flapkbZ dh tk
ldrh gSA ;fn nks flapkbZ dh nsuk laHko gks rks igyh flapkbZ cqokbZ ds rqjar ckn o nwljh 40&45 fnu ds chp djsaA
7- jksx o uhnk fu;a=.k ds fy;s thouk’kd jlk;uksa dk mi;ksx ugha djsa %
uohurk mi;qDr fdLeksa dh [ksrh ls xsgwWa dh Qly dks jksx eqDr j[k ldrs gSaA vr% xsgWaw Qly esa fdlh “h
thouk’kd jlk;u dk mi;ksx u djsaA
uhnk fu;a=.k ds fy;s lkQ&lqFkjh [ksrh viuk;saA [ksrksa] esM+ksa] ukfy;ksa] jkLrksa] [kfygku vkn dks [kjirokj
eqDr j[ksaA thouk’kd jlk;uksa ds mi;ksx ls ykxr c<+rh gS o okrkoj.k iznwf"kr gksrk gSA lkFk gh xsgwW ds nkus esa
tgjhys jlk;uksa dk vo’ks"k LokLF; ds fy;s gkfudkjd gksrk gSA
8- lko/kku % vuko’;d flapkbZ u djsa
i;kZIr ty dh miyC/krk gksus ij “h vuko’;d flapkbZ u djsaA blls ykHk dh txh gkfu gksrh gSA Qly
ihyh iM+ tkrh gS o ckfy;kWa nsj ls vkrh gSaA Qly idrs le; vuko’;d flapkbZ nsus ls nkuk nwf/k;k gks tkrk gS]
fylls mit fxj tkrh gS rFkk cktkj ewY; de feyrk gSA ckfy;kWa fudyrs le; QOokjk fof/k ls flapkbZ u djsa
vU;Fkk Qwy f[kj tkrs gSa] nkuksa dk eqWg dkyk iM+ tkrk gS o djuky caV rFkk daMqok O;kf/k ds izdksi dk Mj jgrk
gSA
9- vko’;d lko/kkfu;kWa %
 tksf[ke jfgr mi;qDr fdLesa yxk;saA
 lks;kchu Qly dh dVkbZ ds ,d lIrkg ds vanj dh [ksr dh gYdh tqrkbZ dj] ikVk
yxkdj [ksr rS;kj dj ysaA
 vPNh xq.koRrk okys 'kq) cht dh mi;qDr ek=k dk mi;ksx djsaA
 iysok u djsaA lw[ks [ksr esa [kkn dh xgjh ,oa cht dh mFkyh cqokbZ dj ikuh nsaA
 [kkn o cht ,d lkFk feykdj u cks;saA
 larqfyr [kkn dk mi;ksx djsa ¼foLrkj cqysfVu uacj&2 vo’; i<+sa½A xsgwWa dh Qly esa i;kZIr
ek=k esa larqfyr [kkn nsus ls lks;kchu dh Qly esa [kkn nsus dh vko’;drk ugha iM+rh gSA
 nks flapkbZ miyC/k gksus dh n’kk esa igyh flapkbZ cqokbZ ds rqjar ckn ,oa nwljh 40&45 fnu esa djsaA
 flapkbZ O;oLFkk ds fy;s D;kfj;kWa cuk;saA yEch ljh }kjk flapkbZ djuk ykHkdkjh ugha gSA
 vius [ksr dh Qly ls vokafNr ikS/kksa dks fudkyrs jgsaA
 LoLFk mRikn] “wfe laj{k.k ,oa okrkoj.k lqj{kk ds fy;s[ thouk’kd jlk;uksa dk mi;ksx u djsaA
 uhnk fu;a=.k ds fy;s ^lkQ&lqFkjh^ [ksrh viuk;saA
 i;kZIr flapkbZ ty miyC/k gksus ij “h vuko’;d flapkbZ u djsaA
 ckfy;kWa fudyrs le; ,oa Qly idrs le; QOokjk fof/k ls flapkbZ u djsaA
 Qly idus ds rqjar ckn dVkbZ O;oLFkk djsaA
 vukt dk “aMkj.k ds fy;s xkao esa vkilh “kxhnkjh ls os;jgkml cuk;saA
 vius mRikn dh xq.koRrk lqfuf’pr djsaA
 ty ,oa “wfe laj{k.k ds mik; djsaA
 le;&le; ij fo’ks"kKksa dh lykg ysrs jgsaA
 m|ksxifr;ksa ds lg;ksx ls ^^vuqca/k ¼Bsdk½&[ksrh^^ dks c<+k;k nsaA
10- LoLFk ,oa LoLN vukt % vf/kd ykHk
vukt dh xq.koRrk vPNh j[kus ls LFkkuh; ,oa varjkZ"Vªh; cktkjksa esa mldk mfpr ewY; izkIr gksrk gSA e.Mh
losZ{k.k esa 90 % fdlkuksa dh mit esa vusd rjg ds feJ.k ik;s x;sA vr% vukt dh vPNh xq.koRrk ds fy;s fuEu
lko/kkfu;kWa vko’;d gSa %
 vPNh xq.koRrk okys 'kq) cht dk mi;ksx djsaA
 vuko’;d flapkbZ u djsaA
 larqfyr [kkn ,oa cht dk mi;ksx djsaA
 ckfy;kWa fudyrs ,oa Qly idrs le; QOokjk flapkbZ u djsaA
 Qly idus ls igys vius [ksr ds vokafNr ikS/kksa dks fudky nsaA
 vukt dk “aMkj.k 'kq"d ,oa lqjf{kr LFkku ij djsaA
fdlku HkkbZ;ksa] bl izdkj de ykxr o vf/kd mRiknu dh [ksrh }kjk] vki vPNh xq.koRrk okyk ikSf"Vd vukt
ns’k] fons’k ,oa izns’k esa csp dj vPNk ewY; izkIr dj ldrs gSaA
lhfer flapkbZ dh [ksrh
moZjd rRo ¼fdyksxzke izfr gsDVs;j½& u=tu 60 % LQqj 30 % iksVk’k 15
moZjd&lewg fdyksxzke
izfr gsDVs;j izfr ,dM+ izfr ch?kk
¼1½ bQdks ¼12%32%16½
;wfj;k ¼46% u=tu½
100
100
40
40
25
25
¼2½ Mh-,-ih- ¼18%46%0½
;wfj;k ¼46% u=tu½
E;wjsV iksVk’k ¼60% iksVk’k½
70
100
25
30
40
10
20
25
5
¼3½ lqij QkLQsV ¼16% LQqj½
;wfj;k ¼46% u=tu½
E;wjsV iksVk’k ¼60% iksVk’k½
200
125
25
75
50
10
50
35
5
flafpr&le; ls cqokbZ
moZjd rRo ¼fdyksxzke izfr gsDVs;j½& u=tu 120 % LQqj 60 % iksVk’k 30
moZjd&lewg fdyksxzke
izfr gsDVs;j izfr ,dM+ izfr ch?kk
¼1½ bQdks ¼12%32%16½
;wfj;k ¼46% u=tu½
200
200
80
80
50
50
¼2½ Mh-,-ih- ¼18%46%0½
;wfj;k ¼46% u=tu½
E;wjsV iksVk’k ¼60% iksVk’k½
125
200
50
50
80
20
35
50
15
¼3½ lqij QkLQsV ¼16% LQqj½
;wfj;k ¼46% u=tu½
E;wjsV iksVk’k ¼60% iksVk’k½
375
250
50
150
100
20
100
70
15
flafpr&nsj ls cqokbZ
moZjd rRo ¼fdyksxzke izfr gsDVs;j½& u=tu 80 % LQqj 40 % iksVk’k 20
moZjd&lewg fdyksxzke
izfr gsDVs;j izfr ,dM+ izfr ch?kk
¼1½ bQdks ¼12%32%16½
;wfj;k ¼46% u=tu½
125
150
50
60
30
40
¼2½ Mh-,-ih- ¼18%46%0½
;wfj;k ¼46% u=tu½
E;wjsV iksVk’k ¼60% iksVk’k½
100
150
40
40
60
15
25
40
10
¼3½ lqij QkLQsV ¼16% LQqj½
;wfj;k ¼46% u=tu½
E;wjsV iksVk’k ¼60% iksVk’k½
250
175
40
100
70
15
70
50
10
Rkkfydk % 2- xsgwWa ds fy;s fofHkUu thoka’k [kknksa dh ek=k
thoka'k [kkn ek=k izfr gsDVs;j
xkscj dh [kkn
;k eqxhZ dh [kkn
;k gjh [kkn
10 Vu
2-5 Vu
igyh o"kkZ ds lkFk [ksr esa <Sapk ;k lubZ dh cqokbZ djsaA
30 ls 35 fnu dh Qly dks tqrkbZ dj [ksr esa feyk nsaA
xsgWaw dh vf/kdre mit dSls ysa
i;kZIr flapkbZ dh lqfo/kk gksus ij] uoEcj ds izFke i[kokjs esa cqokbZ dj] fuEu [kkn dh ek=k dk mi;ksx dj
vf/kdre mit izkIr dj ldrs gSaA
leFkZ fdlkuksa ds fy;s Lkhekar ¼NksVs½ fdlkuksa ds fy;s
1- xkscj ;k dEiksLV [kkn&10Vu izfr gsDVs;j
;k eqxhZ dh [kkn &2-5Vu izfr gsDVs;j
u=tu &120 fd-xzk-iz- gsDVs-
LQqj & 60 fd-xzk- iz-gsDVs-
iksVk’k & 30 fd-xzk- iz- gsDVs-
ftad lYQsV &25 fd-xzk- izfr gsDVs-
2- eqxhZ dh [kkn&2-5 Vu izfr gsDVs;j
u=tu &60 fd-xzk- izfr gsDVs-
LQqj &30 fd-xzk- izfr gsDVs-
iksVk’k &15 fd-xzk- izfr gsDVs-
ftad lYQsV&25 fd-xzk- izfr gsDVs-
,d ch?kk ¾ 20 fcLok] ,d ,dM+ ¾ 1-9 ch?kk] ,d gsDVs;j ¾ 2½ ,dM+ ;k 4-5 ch?kk

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Seed treatment & soybean production (hindi)
Swi final report
System of wheat intensification swi
Ipm soyabean(hindi-general- for training )
Sri booklets hindi
Use of bio fertilizers
Swi trg material purnea
Weed management in soybean

Wheat production technique

  • 1. xsgwWa dh ykHknk;d [ksrh de ykxr % vf/kd mRiknu e/; izns’k esa flapkbZ ty dh lhfer miyC/krk dks ns[krs gq;s] [ksrh ds mu lHkh rjhdksa dks 'kh?kz ykxw djuk gksxk ftlls [ksrh esa mi;ksx gksus okys flapkbZ ty dks cpkus ds lkFk&lkFk mldh mi;ksfxrk dks vf/kdkf/kd c<+k;k tk ldsA vr% xsgwWa dh mRikndrk c<+kus ,oa [ksrh dh ykxr dks de dj vf/kd ykHkka’k ysus ds fy;s] [ksrh ds fuEu rjhdksa dk izpkj&izlkj ;q/n Lrj ij djuk vfr vko’;d gSA 1- lhfer tqrkbZ % e/; “kjr esa ^^lks;kchu&xsgwWa^^ lokZf/kd izpfyr Qly pdz gSA lks;kchu dh dVkbZ ,oa xsgwWa dh cqokbZ esa yEck vUrjky gSA flrEcj&vDVwcj esa lks;kchu dVkbZ ds yxHkx 7&10 fnuksa rd [ksr dh tehu dkQh eqyk;e jgrh gSA vr% vkM+h ,oa [kM+h dsoy nks tqrkbZ dj] ikVk pyk nsaA vkidk [ksr jch cqokbZ ds fy;s rS;kj gks tk;sxkA lks;kchu dVkbZ ds ckn] [ksr dks tYn rS;kj djus ls mlesa <siM+s ugha cusaxs ,oa [ksr esa miyC/k ueh lqjf{kr gks tk;sxh rFkk cqokbZ ds ckn flapkbZ djus esa ty dh cpr gksxhA /;ku jgs] cqokbZ mi;qDr le; vkus ij gh djsaA 2- xsgwWa dh mfpr fdLeksa dk pquko % fdLeksa dk pquko flapkbZ ty dh miyC/krk ds vuqlkj dh djsaA ,d flapkbZ miyC/k gksus ij “h xsgwWa dh [ksrh vo’; djsaA tgkWa rd laHko gks] 4 ls vf/kd flapkbZ pkgus okyh fdLeksa dh [ksrh de ls de djsaA flapkbZ miyC/krkuqlkj fuEu rkfydk ls de flapkbZ pkgus okyh tksf[ke jfgr fdLeksa dk pquko djsa% xsgwWa dh iztkfr fdLesa vko';d flapkbZ 'kjcrh@pUnkSlh vej ¼,p-MCY;w- 2004½ 1&2 uohu pUnkSlh ¼,p-vkbZ- 1418½ 3&4 Lo.kkZ ¼,p-vkbZ- 1479½ 3&4 fofn'kk ¼Mh-,y- 788&2½ 3&4 ekyoh@dfB;k ekyo jRu¼,p-Mh- 4672½ 1&2 ekyoJh ¼,p-vkbZ- 8381½ 3&4 Ekkyo’kfDr ¼,p-vkbZ- 8498½ 3&4 lq/kk ¼,e-ih- 1106½ 3&4 fofn'kk ¼Mh-,y- 788&2½ fnlacj cqokbZ ds fy;s mi;qDr gSA nks ls rhu flapkbZ dh miyC/krk esa ekyo’kfDr] ekyojRu] uohu pUnkSlh rFkk Lo.kkZ dh izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij cqokbZ djsaA 4&6 flapkbZ dh miyC/krk esa] le; ls cqokbZ ds fy;s th-MCY;q 273 rFkk th-MCY;q 322 ,oa fnlacj cqokbZ esa th-MCY;q 173 rFkk vkHkk ¼,p-vkbZ- 1454½ dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSaA bl n’kk esa vf/kdre mit ds fy;s ekyoJh
  • 2. rFkk ekyo’kfDr dk “h mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ij ekyoh fdLeksa esa] Qly esa ihykiu vkrs gh vkxs dh flapkbZ cUn dj nsaA lHkh tYnh idus okyh fdLeksa dh Qly esa ihys jax dh >yd dk vkHkkl gksrs gh vkxs dh flapkbZ can dj nsaA vko’;drk ls vf/kd flapkbZ djus ij nkus esa nwf/k;k /kCcs vk tkrs gSa rFkk mit de gks tkrh gSA 3- cht dh nj % 1000 nkuksa ds otu ds vk/kkj ij cht dh nj fu/kkZfjr djsaA 1000 nkuksa dk otu ftrus xzke vk;s] mrus gh fdyksxzke cht izfr ,dM+ mi;ksx esa yk;saA mnkgj.k& vxj fdlh fdLe ds 1000 nkuksa dk otu 40 xzke gS rks ml fdLe ds cht dh ek=k 40 fdyksxzke izfr ,dM+ cksuk pkfg;sA lkekU; rkSj ij NksVs nkuksa dh fdLeksa ds fy;s 100 fdyks izfr gsDVs;j ,oa cM+s nkuksa okyh fdLeksa dk 125 fdyks izfr gsDVs;j cht mi;ksx esa ykuk pkfg,A nsj ls cksuh dh voLFkk esa cht dh nj esa 20&25 izfr’kr c<+ksrjh djuk rFkk [kkn esa 20&25 izfr’kr deh djuk vko’;d gSA 4- cokbZ dk le; o rjhdk % flapkbZ ty dh mi;ksfxrk c<kus ds fy;s cqokbZ ds rjhdksa esa ewy ifjorZu ykuk vfr vko’;d gSA iysok nsdj ¼tehu xhyh dj½ cqokbZ u djsaA blls cht dk teko de gksrk gS rFkk Qly dk mBko lgh ugha gksrk gSA e/; “kjr esa mit de gksus dk ;gh ewy dkj.k gSA lw[ks [ksr esa gh vko’;drkuqlkj larqfyr moZjd Mkydj ¼ ½ mFkyh ¼1½&2bap xgjh½ cqokbZ dj flapkbZ djsaA blls cht dk teko o Qly dk mBko vPNk gksrk gSA vPNs Qly mBko ls ?kkl&ikr ds ikS/kksa ¼uhnk½ dk mBko o c<+ko :d tkrk gSA lw[ks [ksr esa cqokbZ djus ds fuEu ykHk gSa %  Qly dk mBko vPNk gksrk gSA  uhnk ¼?kkl&ikr½ dh leL;k de gksrh gSA  ,d flapkbZ o 10&15 fnu le; dh cpr gksrh gSA  ckj&ckj dh tkus okyh vuko’;d tqrkbZ dh cpr gksrh gSA  fctyh miyC/krk vuqlkj flapkbZ ds lkFk&lkFk cht dk teko gksrk tk;sxkA vr% fctyh dh deh [ksrh esa vf/kd ck/kd ugha gksxhA ,d ;k nks flapkbZ miyC/k gksus ij 20 vDVwEcj ls 10 uoacj ds chp cqokbZ djsaA rhu ;k vf/kd flapkbZ miyC/k gkus ij] 5 ls 25 uoacj ds chp dk le; lcls mi;qDr gSA nks flapkbZ dh miyC/krk esa] igyh flapkbZ cqokbZ ds rqjUr ckn rFkk 40fnu ckn djsaA 5- larqfyr [kkn dk mi;ksx djsa % xsgwWa dh vflafpr [ksrh esa u=tu % LQqj % iksVk’k 40 fdyksxzke % 20 fdyks % 10 fdyks] v/kZflafpr [ksrh esa 60&80 fd-xzk- % 30&40 fd-xzk- % 15&20 fd-xzk- rFkk i;kZIr flapkbZ okyh [ksrh esa 100&120 fd-xzk- % 50&60 fd-xzk- % 25&30 fd-xzk- ds vuqikr esa izfr gsDVs;j dh nj ls [kkn nsaA [ksr esa thoka’k o dkcZfud rRo cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s 5&10 Vu izfr gsDVs;j xkscj dh [kkn MkysaA ;fn eqxhZ dh [kkn miyC/k gks rks 21@2 Vu izfr gsDVs;j] jklk;fud [kkn dh vk/kh ek=k ds lkFk nsaA
  • 3. xsgwWa dh Qly esa i;kZIr ek=k esa larqfyr [kkn nsus ls lks;kchu dh Qly esa [kkn nsus dh vko’;drk ugha iM+rh gSA bl rjg [ksrh dh ykxr dkQh de gks tkrh gS rFkk lks;kchu dh laiw.kZ mit yxHkx ykHkka’k ds :i esa fey tkrh gSA 6- flapkbZ O;oLFkk % D;kjh cukdj flapkbZ djsaA yEch ljh }kjk flapkbZ djus ls ikuh dk nq:i;ksx gksrk gS o ty&L=ksr ds lehi ds ikS/kksa dks vko’;drk ls vf/kd o ljh ds nwljs Nksj ds ikS/kksa dks vko’;drk ls de ikuh feyrk gSA vr% NksVh&NksVh] vkM+h o [kM+h] nksuksa rjg ls lfj;kW cukfj flapkbZ djus ls ikuh feyrk gSA {ks=Qy dh flapkbZ dh tk ldrh gSA ;fn nks flapkbZ dh nsuk laHko gks rks igyh flapkbZ cqokbZ ds rqjar ckn o nwljh 40&45 fnu ds chp djsaA 7- jksx o uhnk fu;a=.k ds fy;s thouk’kd jlk;uksa dk mi;ksx ugha djsa % uohurk mi;qDr fdLeksa dh [ksrh ls xsgwWa dh Qly dks jksx eqDr j[k ldrs gSaA vr% xsgWaw Qly esa fdlh “h thouk’kd jlk;u dk mi;ksx u djsaA uhnk fu;a=.k ds fy;s lkQ&lqFkjh [ksrh viuk;saA [ksrksa] esM+ksa] ukfy;ksa] jkLrksa] [kfygku vkn dks [kjirokj eqDr j[ksaA thouk’kd jlk;uksa ds mi;ksx ls ykxr c<+rh gS o okrkoj.k iznwf"kr gksrk gSA lkFk gh xsgwW ds nkus esa tgjhys jlk;uksa dk vo’ks"k LokLF; ds fy;s gkfudkjd gksrk gSA 8- lko/kku % vuko’;d flapkbZ u djsa i;kZIr ty dh miyC/krk gksus ij “h vuko’;d flapkbZ u djsaA blls ykHk dh txh gkfu gksrh gSA Qly ihyh iM+ tkrh gS o ckfy;kWa nsj ls vkrh gSaA Qly idrs le; vuko’;d flapkbZ nsus ls nkuk nwf/k;k gks tkrk gS] fylls mit fxj tkrh gS rFkk cktkj ewY; de feyrk gSA ckfy;kWa fudyrs le; QOokjk fof/k ls flapkbZ u djsa vU;Fkk Qwy f[kj tkrs gSa] nkuksa dk eqWg dkyk iM+ tkrk gS o djuky caV rFkk daMqok O;kf/k ds izdksi dk Mj jgrk gSA 9- vko’;d lko/kkfu;kWa %  tksf[ke jfgr mi;qDr fdLesa yxk;saA  lks;kchu Qly dh dVkbZ ds ,d lIrkg ds vanj dh [ksr dh gYdh tqrkbZ dj] ikVk yxkdj [ksr rS;kj dj ysaA  vPNh xq.koRrk okys 'kq) cht dh mi;qDr ek=k dk mi;ksx djsaA  iysok u djsaA lw[ks [ksr esa [kkn dh xgjh ,oa cht dh mFkyh cqokbZ dj ikuh nsaA  [kkn o cht ,d lkFk feykdj u cks;saA  larqfyr [kkn dk mi;ksx djsa ¼foLrkj cqysfVu uacj&2 vo’; i<+sa½A xsgwWa dh Qly esa i;kZIr ek=k esa larqfyr [kkn nsus ls lks;kchu dh Qly esa [kkn nsus dh vko’;drk ugha iM+rh gSA  nks flapkbZ miyC/k gksus dh n’kk esa igyh flapkbZ cqokbZ ds rqjar ckn ,oa nwljh 40&45 fnu esa djsaA  flapkbZ O;oLFkk ds fy;s D;kfj;kWa cuk;saA yEch ljh }kjk flapkbZ djuk ykHkdkjh ugha gSA  vius [ksr dh Qly ls vokafNr ikS/kksa dks fudkyrs jgsaA  LoLFk mRikn] “wfe laj{k.k ,oa okrkoj.k lqj{kk ds fy;s[ thouk’kd jlk;uksa dk mi;ksx u djsaA  uhnk fu;a=.k ds fy;s ^lkQ&lqFkjh^ [ksrh viuk;saA  i;kZIr flapkbZ ty miyC/k gksus ij “h vuko’;d flapkbZ u djsaA  ckfy;kWa fudyrs le; ,oa Qly idrs le; QOokjk fof/k ls flapkbZ u djsaA
  • 4.  Qly idus ds rqjar ckn dVkbZ O;oLFkk djsaA  vukt dk “aMkj.k ds fy;s xkao esa vkilh “kxhnkjh ls os;jgkml cuk;saA  vius mRikn dh xq.koRrk lqfuf’pr djsaA  ty ,oa “wfe laj{k.k ds mik; djsaA  le;&le; ij fo’ks"kKksa dh lykg ysrs jgsaA  m|ksxifr;ksa ds lg;ksx ls ^^vuqca/k ¼Bsdk½&[ksrh^^ dks c<+k;k nsaA 10- LoLFk ,oa LoLN vukt % vf/kd ykHk vukt dh xq.koRrk vPNh j[kus ls LFkkuh; ,oa varjkZ"Vªh; cktkjksa esa mldk mfpr ewY; izkIr gksrk gSA e.Mh losZ{k.k esa 90 % fdlkuksa dh mit esa vusd rjg ds feJ.k ik;s x;sA vr% vukt dh vPNh xq.koRrk ds fy;s fuEu lko/kkfu;kWa vko’;d gSa %  vPNh xq.koRrk okys 'kq) cht dk mi;ksx djsaA  vuko’;d flapkbZ u djsaA  larqfyr [kkn ,oa cht dk mi;ksx djsaA  ckfy;kWa fudyrs ,oa Qly idrs le; QOokjk flapkbZ u djsaA  Qly idus ls igys vius [ksr ds vokafNr ikS/kksa dks fudky nsaA  vukt dk “aMkj.k 'kq"d ,oa lqjf{kr LFkku ij djsaA fdlku HkkbZ;ksa] bl izdkj de ykxr o vf/kd mRiknu dh [ksrh }kjk] vki vPNh xq.koRrk okyk ikSf"Vd vukt ns’k] fons’k ,oa izns’k esa csp dj vPNk ewY; izkIr dj ldrs gSaA lhfer flapkbZ dh [ksrh moZjd rRo ¼fdyksxzke izfr gsDVs;j½& u=tu 60 % LQqj 30 % iksVk’k 15 moZjd&lewg fdyksxzke izfr gsDVs;j izfr ,dM+ izfr ch?kk ¼1½ bQdks ¼12%32%16½ ;wfj;k ¼46% u=tu½ 100 100 40 40 25 25 ¼2½ Mh-,-ih- ¼18%46%0½ ;wfj;k ¼46% u=tu½ E;wjsV iksVk’k ¼60% iksVk’k½ 70 100 25 30 40 10 20 25 5 ¼3½ lqij QkLQsV ¼16% LQqj½ ;wfj;k ¼46% u=tu½ E;wjsV iksVk’k ¼60% iksVk’k½ 200 125 25 75 50 10 50 35 5
  • 5. flafpr&le; ls cqokbZ moZjd rRo ¼fdyksxzke izfr gsDVs;j½& u=tu 120 % LQqj 60 % iksVk’k 30 moZjd&lewg fdyksxzke izfr gsDVs;j izfr ,dM+ izfr ch?kk ¼1½ bQdks ¼12%32%16½ ;wfj;k ¼46% u=tu½ 200 200 80 80 50 50 ¼2½ Mh-,-ih- ¼18%46%0½ ;wfj;k ¼46% u=tu½ E;wjsV iksVk’k ¼60% iksVk’k½ 125 200 50 50 80 20 35 50 15 ¼3½ lqij QkLQsV ¼16% LQqj½ ;wfj;k ¼46% u=tu½ E;wjsV iksVk’k ¼60% iksVk’k½ 375 250 50 150 100 20 100 70 15 flafpr&nsj ls cqokbZ moZjd rRo ¼fdyksxzke izfr gsDVs;j½& u=tu 80 % LQqj 40 % iksVk’k 20 moZjd&lewg fdyksxzke izfr gsDVs;j izfr ,dM+ izfr ch?kk ¼1½ bQdks ¼12%32%16½ ;wfj;k ¼46% u=tu½ 125 150 50 60 30 40 ¼2½ Mh-,-ih- ¼18%46%0½ ;wfj;k ¼46% u=tu½ E;wjsV iksVk’k ¼60% iksVk’k½ 100 150 40 40 60 15 25 40 10 ¼3½ lqij QkLQsV ¼16% LQqj½ ;wfj;k ¼46% u=tu½ E;wjsV iksVk’k ¼60% iksVk’k½ 250 175 40 100 70 15 70 50 10
  • 6. Rkkfydk % 2- xsgwWa ds fy;s fofHkUu thoka’k [kknksa dh ek=k thoka'k [kkn ek=k izfr gsDVs;j xkscj dh [kkn ;k eqxhZ dh [kkn ;k gjh [kkn 10 Vu 2-5 Vu igyh o"kkZ ds lkFk [ksr esa <Sapk ;k lubZ dh cqokbZ djsaA 30 ls 35 fnu dh Qly dks tqrkbZ dj [ksr esa feyk nsaA xsgWaw dh vf/kdre mit dSls ysa i;kZIr flapkbZ dh lqfo/kk gksus ij] uoEcj ds izFke i[kokjs esa cqokbZ dj] fuEu [kkn dh ek=k dk mi;ksx dj vf/kdre mit izkIr dj ldrs gSaA leFkZ fdlkuksa ds fy;s Lkhekar ¼NksVs½ fdlkuksa ds fy;s 1- xkscj ;k dEiksLV [kkn&10Vu izfr gsDVs;j ;k eqxhZ dh [kkn &2-5Vu izfr gsDVs;j u=tu &120 fd-xzk-iz- gsDVs- LQqj & 60 fd-xzk- iz-gsDVs- iksVk’k & 30 fd-xzk- iz- gsDVs- ftad lYQsV &25 fd-xzk- izfr gsDVs- 2- eqxhZ dh [kkn&2-5 Vu izfr gsDVs;j u=tu &60 fd-xzk- izfr gsDVs- LQqj &30 fd-xzk- izfr gsDVs- iksVk’k &15 fd-xzk- izfr gsDVs- ftad lYQsV&25 fd-xzk- izfr gsDVs- ,d ch?kk ¾ 20 fcLok] ,d ,dM+ ¾ 1-9 ch?kk] ,d gsDVs;j ¾ 2½ ,dM+ ;k 4-5 ch?kk