Why The Historic Environment Needs A Spatial Data Infrastructure
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The document discusses the need for a spatial data infrastructure (SDI) for the historic environment to enhance data accessibility and governance. It highlights challenges such as data retention, accessibility, and standardization across various datasets, advocating for the implementation of the INSPIRE directive to ensure compliance and effective data sharing. The authors emphasize the importance of creating a thematic SDI to maximize the value of spatial data generated through heritage projects.
![Annex I Protected Sites and the wider Historic Environment
A Protected Site is defined as an
“Area designated or managed within a framework of
international, Community and Member States' legislation
to achieve specific conservation objectives”
[Directive 2007/2/EC].
“..a Protected Site is an area of land and/or sea
especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of
biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural
resources, and managed through legal or other effective
means.”
[International Union for the Conservation of Nature]
The INSPIRE Directive – Protected Sites](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/petermckeague-160323105959/85/Why-The-Historic-Environment-Needs-A-Spatial-Data-Infrastructure-6-320.jpg)
Why The Historic Environment Needs A Spatial Data Infrastructure
- 1. Why the historic environment needs a Spatial Data infrastructure Peter McKeague (Historic Environment Scotland), Anthony Corns (Discovery Programme, Ireland) Axel Posluschny (University of Bamberg, Germany)
- 2. Laser scanning Analysis Field survey Remote sensing Excavation Create the evidence base Inform decision making Historic Environment data – inherently spatial
- 3. But we don’t always know where the data is • Retained by the data creator • Lost • Deposited in an archive – if so which archive o Is it accessioned? o Is it catalogued? • Or how to use the data with other datasets o Lack of standards in content o Accuracy and format across projects • Further hindered by accessibility o Copyright o Intellectual Property Rights o Data hoarding ….but not easily accessible
- 4. INSPIRE sets down the general rules for establishing an infrastructure for spatial information in Europe for the purposes of Community environmental policies and policies or activities which may have an impact on the environment • Data should be collected once and maintained at the level where this can be done most effectively • The ability to combine seamlessly spatial data from different sources and share it between many users and applications • Spatial data should be collected at one level of government (the Profession) and shared between all levels • Spatial data needed for good Governance should be available on conditions that are not restricting its extensive re-use • It should be easy to discover which spatial data is available, to evaluate its fitness for purpose, and to know which conditions apply for its use. Source: (after) David Fry, Inspire Directive: GIS Professional issue 15, April 2007, 18 and follows good governance of spatial data as defined by INSPIREINSPIRE: Delivering spatial data efficiently
- 5. The INSPIRE Directive: themes Source: http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reports/ImplementingRules/inspireDataspecD2_3v2.0.pdf Annex I 1. Coordinate reference systems 2. Geographical grid systems 3. Geographical names 4. Administrative units 5. Addresses 6. Cadastral parcels 7. Transport networks 8. Hydrography 9. Protected sites - * Annex II 1. Elevation 2. Land cover 3. Ortho-imagery 4. Geology Annex III 1. Statistical units 2. Buildings 3. Soil 4. Land use 5. Human health and safety 6. Utility and governmental services 7. Environmental monitoring facilities - * 8. Production and industrial facilities - * 9. Agricultural and aquaculture facilities - * 10. Population distribution – demography 11. Area management/restriction/regulation zones & reporting units - * 12. Natural risk zones 13. Atmospheric conditions - * 14. Meteorological geographical features - * 15. Oceanographic geographical features 16. Sea regions 17. Bio-geographical regions - * 18. Habitats and biotopes - * 19. Species distribution - * 20. Energy Resources - * 21. Mineral resources - * -* heavy weighting towards the natural environment
- 6. Annex I Protected Sites and the wider Historic Environment A Protected Site is defined as an “Area designated or managed within a framework of international, Community and Member States' legislation to achieve specific conservation objectives” [Directive 2007/2/EC]. “..a Protected Site is an area of land and/or sea especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means.” [International Union for the Conservation of Nature] The INSPIRE Directive – Protected Sites
- 7. What is a Spatial Data Infrastructure? Coordinating body Component GI Services Framework GI / Thematic GI Interoperability Standards Resources Research & Development Policies/LegalFramework AccessMechanism SDI is the technology, policies, standards, human resources and related activities necessary to acquire, process, distribute, use, maintain and preserve spatial data
- 8. What is a Spatial Data Infrastructure? … and why it matters GI Enabled Business Applications and Services Coordinating body Component GI Services Framework GI / Thematic GI Interoperability Standards Resources Research & Development Policies/LegalFramework AccessMechanism Social, Economic and Environmental Benefits
- 9. The INSPIRE Directive • Requires that existing data held by member states is compliant with INSPIRE standards • It does not require the creation of new datasets but it does state that when new datasets are created they must comply with INSPIRE standards • INSPIRE requires Metadata for the creation and maintenance of searchable catalogues to identify what data is available, who holds it and any access constraints. • INSPIRE requires data publishers to setup network services View Services (WMS) Transformation services Data harmonisation – consistent schema Download services (WFS and ATOM feed) • INSPIRE outlines charging for public access to services • Monitoring and reporting on INSPIRE compliance • INSPIRE is about Public Sector data – it does not address data created by the private sector
- 11. Compiled by data curator Published on Scottish SDI Harvested to UK data.gov.uk portal (and copied to MEDIN portal for marine data) And in turn to the INSPIRE geo-portal Separate metadata records for Resource discovery (datasets) View: Web Map Services Download: Web Feature Services Data search and retrieval only as good as the Indexing of terms What is needed is a dedicated portal for heritage datasets ? Metadata records
- 13. Common terminologies Brandenburg Tor, Berlin, Germany The East Port, Dundee, Scotland http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/details/1232014/Attribution: James Denham Bootham Bar, York, England
- 14. Remote access, visibility and what we value: Eco-system services http://www.openness-project.eu/ Managing change in landscapes through decision support tools (Quickscan) Data needs to be understood by the non-specialist user
- 15. Excavation Laser scanning Analysis and the techniques that inform our interpretation and decision making The I The INSPIRE Directive and the historic environment – much more than Sites Cropmark interpretation Remote sensing Field survey
- 16. Project Remote Sensing (Magnetometry, resistivity etc) Extent Processed data Analysis /Interpretation Field Survey Extent Mapping / Interpretation Excavation Extent Trench details (Contexts) Interpretation Activity Levels of information from fieldwork
- 17. Data specific metadata Spatial Discovery metadata: Describes the nature and content of the dataset Exploration metadata: The information required to ensure the data is appropriate for purpose Exploitation metadata: The information required to access, transfer and apply the data Geophysical survey Airborne Laser Scanning Laser scanning After: Shaw, R., Corns, A. and McAuley J. Archiving Archaeological Spatial Data: Standards and Metadata In the online proceedings of Making History Interactive, CAA 2009, 22-26 March 2009, Wiliamsburg, Virginia, USA
- 18. http://field2archive.org/map.php Publication of remote sensing data: The National Roads Authority, Ireland
- 19. So why develop a thematic Spatial Data Infrastructure? Coordinating body Component GI Services Framework GI / Thematic GI Interoperability Standards Resources Research & Development Policies/LegalFramework AccessMechanism There is a wealth of spatial data created through fieldwork, analysis and designation The value of the data is not realised beyond the individual project - too often locked into publication and grey literature reports or catalogued in an archive There is a need for a thematic approach to mapping: A Spatial Data infrastructure for Heritage
- 20. A thematic Spatial Data Infrastructure … work in progress? Access Mechanism Framework GI / Thematic GI Component GI Services Interoperability Standards CIDOC – CRM, Europeana EDM Portals, Metadata, View and Download services Need to agree on datasets and specifications Policies / Legal Framework INSPIRE but no sectorial framework Coordinating body No coordinated approach Anyone who creates spatial data relating to heritageResources Guidance exists, piecemeal implementation Research & Development Ariadne, Arena, Europeana?
- 21. If OpenStreetmap can do it…why can’t we?
- 22. Peter McKeague (Historic Environment Scotland) [email protected] Anthony Corns (Discovery Programme, Ireland) [email protected] Axel Posluschny (University of Bamberg, Germany) [email protected] Why the historic environment needs a Spatial Data infrastructure
Editor's Notes
- #6: INSPIRE defines 34 key themes, in three annexes. However most of the themes are weighted to the natural environment rather than Europe’s cultural heritage Indeed within INSPIRE cultural heritage is only really covered as part of the Protected Sites theme and what is in and out of scope is open to interpretation. Most agencies favouring a narrow definition of legally defined constraints rather than a more generous managed through legal or other effective means.
- #18: Many of the techniques used, particularly those dependant on technology, require additional metadata elements to be collected. – in particular the Exploration metadata that enables a user years later to assess if the data is fit for purpose. (See Shaw, R., Corns, A. and McAuley J. Archiving Archaeological Spatial Data: Standards and Metadata Online proceedings CAA 2009 : http://www.caa2009.org/articles/shaw_contribution187_c%20(1).pdf )