Wind power
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Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. They consist of blades, a rotor, a nacelle housing a generator and gearbox, and a tower. As wind passes the blades, they spin the rotor which turns the shaft and gearbox to increase rotational speed and power the generator to produce electricity. Egypt has over 500MW of installed wind power capacity concentrated in farms along the Red Sea coast. The advantages of wind power are that it is renewable and produces no emissions, while the disadvantages include intermittent availability and potential negative impacts on landscapes and communities. Problems faced by wind power include noise, transmission issues due to intermittent wind, social impacts, and fire risks from overheated or failed components inside nacelles.
Wind power
- 1. Wind power Group4: Bassam Abdella Abd-eljalil Ahmed Nabil Aly Waled Hassn Hassan Abd-elrhman Fathy El-hussien Reda Hussien Kishk
- 2. 1- Introduction 2- Components of wind turbine 3- How wind turbines generate electricity? 4- Wind Energy In Egypt 5- Wind energy in the world 6- Advantages and disadvantages of wind energy 7- Problems faces the use of wind power 8- The future of wind power
- 3. Introduction
- 4. What is energy ? Scientists who study force, motion and energy, say that energy is the ability to do work, and work is moving something against a force, like gravity. There are a lot of different kinds of energy in the universe, and that energy can do different things. Energy can be found in many things, and takes many forms. There is a kind of energy called kinetic energy in objects that are moving. There is something that scientists call potential energy in objects at rest that will make them move if resistance is removed.
- 5. What is wind power ? The wind is a renewable energy source. Wind turbines can convert its kinetic energy into electricity. Wind power captures the natural wind in our atmosphere and converts it into mechanical energy then electricity. People started using wind power centuries ago with windmills, which pumped water, ground grain, and did other work. Today's wind turbine is a highly evolved version of a windmill. Modern wind turbines harness wind's kinetic energy and convert it into electricity
- 6. Power in the Wind
- 7. Components of wind turbine
- 8. Parts of horizontal wind turbine External parts of a horizontal wind turbine: 1- The Base. 2-Tower. 3-Nacelle. 4-Blades.
- 9. The base Bases are made of concrete reinforced with steel bars. There are two basic designs: One is a shallow flat disk, about 40 feet (12 m) in diameter and three feet (1 m) thick. The other is a deeper cylinder, about 15 feet (4.5 m) in diameter and 16 feet (4.8 m) deep.
- 10. The tower The most common tower design is a white steel cylinder, about 150 to 200 feet (45 to 60 m) tall and 10 feet (3 m) in diameter. Some turbines use a lattice tower, like the Eiffel tower. Towers have a ladder running up the inside and a hoist for tools and equipment.
- 11. Drag type: The wind literally pushes the blades out of the way. Slower rotational speeds and high torque capabilities. Useful for providing mechanical work (water pumping). The blades Lift type: Most modern HAWT use this design. Both sides of the blade has air blown across it resulting in the air taking longer to travel across the edges. In this way lower air pressure is created on the leading edge of the blade, and higher air pressure created on the tail edge. Because of this pressure difference the blade is pushed and pulled around, creating a higher rotational speed that is needed for generating electricity. The blades of the wind turbines are designed in two different ways:
- 12. The blades Designed like airplane wings, modern wind turbine blades use lift to capture the wind's energy. This modern blade design captures the wind's energy much more efficiently than old farm windmills, which use drag, the force of the wind pushing against the blades. The blades spin at a slow rate of about (20 – 60) revolutions per minute (RPM).
- 13. The nacelle The nacelle houses a generator and gearbox. The spinning blades are attached to the generator through a series of gears. The gears increase the rotational speed of the blades to the generator speed of over 1,500 RPM. As the generator spins, electricity is produced. Generators can be either variable or fixed speed:
- 14. Other parts
- 16. Blades: Lifts and rotates when wind is blown over them, causing the rotor to spin. Most turbines have either two or three blades.
- 17. Rotor: Blades and hub together form the rotor.
- 18. Pitch: Turns (or pitches) blades out of the wind to control the rotor speed, and to keep the rotor from turning in winds that are too high or too low to produce electricity.
- 19. Brake: Stops the rotor mechanically, electrically, or hydraulically, in emergencies.
- 20. Low-speed shaft: Turns the low-speed shaft at about 30-60 rpm.
- 21. Gear box: Connects the low-speed shaft to the high-speed shaft and increases the rotational speeds from about 30-60 rotations per minute (rpm), to about 1,000-1,800 rpm; this is the rotational speed required by most generators to produce electricity. The gear box is a costly (and heavy) part of the wind turbine and engineers are exploring "direct-drive" generators that operate at lower rotational speeds and don't need gear boxes.
- 22. High-speed shaft: Drives the generator.
- 23. Generator: Produces 50-cycle AC electricity. Fixed speed generators: don't need to be corrected, but aren't as able to take advantage of fluctuations in wind speed. Variable speed generators: produce electricity at a varying frequency, which must be corrected to 60 (50 in Egypt) cycles per second(Hz) before it is fed onto the grid.
- 24. Wind vane: Measures wind direction and communicates with the yaw drive to orient the turbine properly with respect to the wind.
- 25. Anemometer: Measures the wind speed and transmits wind speed data to the controller.
- 26. Controller: Starts up the machine at wind speeds of about 8 to 16 miles per hour (mph)(5-10)km/h and shuts off the machine at about 55 mph(34 km/h). Turbines do not operate at wind speeds above about 34 km/h because they may be damaged by the high winds.
- 27. Yaw drive: Orients upwind turbines to keep them facing the wind when the direction changes. Downwind turbines don't require a yaw drive because the wind manually blows the rotor away from it.
- 28. How Does a Wind Turbine Generate Electricity? Wind power converts the kinetic energy in wind to generate electricity or mechanical power. This is done by using a large wind turbine usually consisting of propellers, the turbine can be connected to a generator to generate electricity, or the wind used as mechanical power to perform tasks such as pumping water or grinding grain. As the wind passes the turbines it moves the blades, which spins the shaft.
- 29. How Does a Wind Turbine Generate Electricity? Blades and rotor: Converts the wind power (kinetic energy)to a rotational mechanical power. Gear box: Wind turbines rotate typically between 30 rpm and 60 rpm. Generators typically rotates at 1,000 to 1,800 rpm. Most wind turbines require a step-up gear-box for efficient generator operation (electricity production). Generator: Converts the rotational mechanical power to electrical power. If a specially developed multi-pole ring (direct- drive) generator is used, the gearbox is no longer required
- 30. Distribution of Electricity The electricity generated by harnessing the wind’s mechanical energy must go through a transformer in order increase its voltage (115 kv) make it successfully transfer across long distances. Power stations and fuse boxes receive the current and then transform it to a lower voltage 220/380 volt that can be safely used by business and homes.
- 32. Types of wind turbines
- 33. There are currently two different kinds of wind turbines in use: • The Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT): HAWT are the most common wind turbines Can reach higher altitude wind but requires a substantial tower structure. Used in most modern wind turbine designs. or •The Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT): VAWT are usually in an ‘egg-beater’ style No need to turn into wind (yaw), easier construction and maintenance (generator and gear box are on the ground) level, lower efficiency.
- 34. New types of wind turbines
- 35. Airborne Wind Turbines Makani Airborne Wind Turbine: The Makani Airborne Wind Turbine (AWT) can access stronger and more consistent wind at altitudes near 1,000 feet, which means that 85% of the US could have viable wind resources using the device (compared to just 15% using current turbine technology). The Makani turbine could also be deployed in deep offshore waters, which could lead to access to a renewable energy resource four times greater than the entire country's electrical generation capacity.
- 37. Lenses Wind Turbine Wind Lens: Japanese researchers say that they've discovered a simple way to make wind turbines up to three times as efficient. By placing a 'wind lens' around the turbine blades, they claim that wind power could become cheaper than nuclear
- 44. The most important stations that work with wind energy and the amount of production. These stations are divided into two types: I. Offshore installations Offshore wind power refers to the construction of wind farms in large bodies of water to generate electricity. These installations can utilize the more frequent and powerful winds that are available in these locations and have less aesthetic impact on the landscape than land based projects. However, the construction and the maintenance costs are considerably higher. At the end of 2012, 1,662 turbines at 55 offshore wind farms in 10 European countries are generating 18 TWh, which can power almost five million households. The London Array in the United Kingdom is the largest offshore wind farm in the world at 630 MW
- 45. II. Onshore installations Onshore turbine installations in hilly or mountainous regions tend to be on ridgelines generally three kilometres or more inland from the nearest shoreline. This is done to exploit the topographic acceleration as the wind accelerates over a ridge. The additional wind speeds gained in this way can increase energy produced because more wind goes through the turbines. The exact position of each turbine matters, because a difference of 30m could potentially double output. This careful placement is referred to as 'micro-siting‘.
- 46. Wind power in Egypt
- 47. Historical development of wind power in Egypt Egypt started its wind energy program in 1993 with a 5.2 MW pilot plant and demonstration wind farm in Hurghada. This wind farm consists of 42 wind turbines ranging between 100 and 300 kW; the towers and blades were manufactured locally. All following projects have been in the Zafarana area on the coast of the Red Sea; the current total operating capacity is 305 MW, giving a 2007 total for all of Egypt of 310 MW when the turbines at Hurghada are added in. The availability rate for the wind farms at Zafarana exceeds 98.5 percent, in line with international experience.
- 48. The proportion of wind power in Egypt projects in the pipeline 200 MW, in cooperation with Germany and EU 220 MW, in cooperation with japan projects under preparation 300 MW (120 + 140 + 40 MW ) in cooperation with Spain 200 MW, in cooperation with Japan (on the Nile western bank )
- 49. General data about wind energy in Egypt End 1997: 6 MW End 1998: 6 MW End 1999: 36 MW End 2000: 69 MW End 2001: 69 MW End 2002: 69 MW End 2003: 180 MW End 2004: 145 MW End 2005: 145 MW End 2006: 230 MW End 2007: 310 MW End 2008: 390 MW End 2009: 430 MW End 2010: 550 MW End 2011: 550 MW End 2012: 550 MW End 2013: 550 MW
- 50. List of the wind farms present in Egypt Zafarana 1 (30,000 kW, 50 turbines) Zafarana 2 (33,000 kW, 55 turbines) Zafarana 3 (30,360 kW, 46 turbines) Zafarana 4 (46,860 kW, 71 turbines) Zafarana 5 (85,000 kW, 100 turbines) Zafarana 6 (79,900 kW, 94 turbines) Zafarana 7 (119,850 kW, 141 turbines) Zafarana 8 (119,850 kW, 141 turbines)
- 51. Wind power in the world
- 53. A list of more countries in the world to use wind power 1. USA 65,879 MW 2. The USA state of Texas more productive wind farm thanks "Roscoe" beach, which is the largest in the world. 3. china 114,763 MW 4. Germany 25000 MW 5. Spain 19700 MW 6. India 10925 MW 7. Italy 4850 MW 8. France 4492 MW
- 54. World's largest onshore wind farms countrycurrent capacity (MW) Wind farm United States 1320Alta (Oak Creek-Mojave) United States 523.3Buffalo Gap Wind Farm United States 662.5Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm china500Dabancheng Wind Farm United States 599.8Fowler Ridge Wind Farm Romania600Fântânele-Cogealac Wind Farm
- 55. World's largest offshore wind farms countrycurrent capacity (MW) Wind farm United Kingdom630London array United Kingdom504Greater gabbard wind farm Germany400Bard offshore 1 Denmark400Anholt United Kingdom367walney Belgium325thorntonbank
- 56. Advantages & disadvantages of wind power
- 57. Advantages of wind power 1. The wind is free and with modern technology it can be captured efficiently. 2. Once the wind turbine is built the energy it produces does not cause green house gases or other pollutants. 3. Many people find wind farms an interesting feature of the landscape. 4. Wind turbines have a role to play in both the developed and third world. 5. Remote areas that are not connected to the electricity power grid can use wind turbines to produce their own supply.
- 58. Disadvantages of wind power 1. Many people feel that the countryside should be left untouched, without these large structures being built. The landscape should left in its natural form for everyone to enjoy. 2. Many people see large wind turbines as unsightly structures and not pleasant or interesting to look at. They disfigure the countryside and are generally ugly. 3. When wind turbines are being manufactured some pollution is produced. Therefore wind power does produce some pollution. 4. The strength of the wind is not constant and it varies from zero to storm force. This means that wind turbines do not produce the same amount of electricity all the time. There will be times when they produce no electricity at all.
- 59. problems faces the use of wind power
- 60. Problems faced by the use of wind power Noise problems Turbines can, under some circumstances be heard at distances at least as great as 2.5km. While the sound is not loud, some people find it annoying, and at smaller distances (perhaps 1km or less) it may stop some people from sleeping and lead on to anxiety and stress in some people; this, in turn, can lead to health problems. Power availability and transmission problems The wind does not blow all the time. When the wind is not blowing wind turbines do not generate power. At times of peak electricity demand on very hot days winds tend to be lighter than average.
- 61. Problems faced by the use of wind power Social disruption Sometimes, when a wind farm is proposed , communities are split into supporters and opponents. Occasionally bad feeling arises. In my experience this is more often due to people spreading misinformation about wind farms than being due to the wind farms themselves. The turbine fire problem The fire problem in wind turbines arises as a result of large amounts of highly flammable material (hydraulic oil and lubricants, composite materials, insulation, and polymers) contained within the nacelle of the wind turbine and packed in close proximity to potential ignition sources such as overheated mechanical components (hot surfaces) and electrical connections that could fail.
- 62. Form shows the rate of accidents due to the fires in wind turbines
- 63. Future of wind power
- 64. In the future, will wind turbines be everywhere? • Wind power continues to be one of the most promising renewable energy sources. Over the last decade, the wind industry has seen exponential growth, and wind farms are popping up all over the world. It's currently the renewable energy source that can best compete with fossil fuel power plants • in some regions around the world, the clean, safe energy it generates is already just as cheap as coal.
- 65. The Future of Wind Power in Egypt 150-megawatt project in the Eastern Desert in Minia Governorate: 150 MW Power Station from Wind Power and Solar PV Panels divided into small projects ( 5 MW ) for interested companies. 2000 Feddan available and ready for immediate investment under the Fid In Tariff Scheme.
- 66. Questions?