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WordPress Plugin Development
Beginner's Guide
Build powerful, interactive plugins for your blog and to
share online
Vladimir Prelovac
BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI

WordPress Plugin Development
Beginner's Guide
Copyright © 2009 Packt Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.
Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the
information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without
warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, Packt Publishing, nor its dealers or
distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or
indirectly by this book.
Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all the companies
and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt
Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.
First published: February 2009
Production Reference: 2200209
Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.
32 Lincoln Road
Olton
Birmingham, B27 6PA, UK.
ISBN 978-1-847193-59-9
www.packtpub.com
Cover Image by Vinayak Chittar (vinayak.chittar@gmail.com)

Credits
Author
Vladimir Prelovac
Reviewer
Junal Rahman
Senior Acquisition Editor
David Barnes
Development Editor
Nikhil Bangera
Technical Editor
Mehul Shetty
Copy Editor
Sumathi Sridhar
Indexer
Monica Ajmera
Production Editorial Manager
Abhijeet Deobhakta
Editorial Team Leader
Akshara Aware
Project Team Leader
Lata Basantani
Project Coordinator
Neelkanth Mehta
Proofreader
Lesley Harrison
Production Coordinator
Shantanu Zagade
Cover Work
Shantanu Zagade

About the Author
Vladimir Prelovac is the author of many popular WordPress plugins and articles about
WordPress optimization, security and maintenance. He actively uses WordPress platform as a
base for Internet development strategy for small & mid-sized businesses.
For Vladimir, WordPress development is a full time job about which he happily blogs on his
web site www.prelovac.com/vladimir.
I'd like to thank my editor Mr. Barnes, for leading me through the book
writer's path. Dave, Ervin, and guys at Wordcast, for the professional
support they showed in such a lovely way. My family for understanding
the long, sleepless nights of writing. Finally, I wish to dedicate this book
to my mother, Vera Prelovac (1949-2008), who was and will always be my
beacon of light.

About the Reviewer
Junal Rahman is a Computer Science graduate from the Independent University of
Bangladesh. His areas of expertise include programming with the PHP framework and
creating Facebook applications. He has worked for several software companies as a Web
Application Developer. During his undergraduate studies Junal fell in love with .NET
programming, but as soon as he started his internship, he fell in love with PHP. He
currently works as a Development Engineer at Trippert Labs. At Trippert, Junal
collaboratively works to create Facebook applications. He also maintains a blog
that can be found at http://junal.wordpress.com.
I would like to acknowledge my sister Shiuly, follow your dreams

Table of Contents
Preface 1
Chapter 1: Preparing for WordPress Development 7
How will you benefit? 7
WordPress features 7
More sites means more opportunities 8
Big players use it 8
Urgent response to security issues 8
Flexibility 8
Search engines friendly 9
Easy to use 9
Social aspect 9
Plugins as tool for promotion 9
Dogfooding WordPress plugins 10
Challenges involved 10
Development 10
Security 11
Work after development 11
Localization 11
Documentation 11
Support 11
Promotion 12
Plugins developed in this book 12
Digg This 12
Live Blogroll 13
The Wall 14
Snazzy Archives 14
Insights 15
Post Types 15
Development Goodies 16
Tools for the job 16

Table of Contents
[ ii ]
WordPress 16
Text editor 17
FTP client 17
Web browser 17
Firebug 17
Ubiquity 19
Screengrab 20
IE tab 21
Final notes 21
Installing and managing plugins 22
Searching documentation 23
Summary 25
Chapter 2: Social Bookmarking 27
Plugging in your first plugin 28
Time for action – Create your first plugin 28
The plugin information header 30
Checking WordPress versions 30
Checking the plugin 31
Time for Action – Testing the version check 31
Displaying a Digg button 32
Time for Action – Implement a Digg link 32
Using the Digg API 35
Acquiring post information 37
Post permalink URL 37
Editing the theme files 37
WordPress plugin hooks 39
Time for Action – Use a filter hook 40
WordPress hooks 41
Filter hooks 41
Action hooks 42
Practical filters and actions examples 44
Adding a Digg button using JavaScript code 46
Time for Action – Implement a Digg button 47
Conditional Tags 49
Styling the output 50
Time for Action – Use CSS to position the button 50
Summary 52
Chapter 3: Live Blogroll 55
Starting up with the blogroll 57
Time for action – Roll into the blogroll 58
RSS Feed Processing 62
jQuery JavaScript library 63
Implementing a mouse hover event in jQuery 63

Table of Contents
[ iii ]
Time for action – Creating a hover event with jQuery 63
JavaScript and WordPress 67
Initializing jQuery 68
Expanding jQuery knowledge 68
Creating the pop-up with CSS 70
Time for action – Apply CSS to the popup 70
Demystifying Ajax 73
Simple example of using Ajax 73
Time for action – Use Ajax to dynamically retrieve feed posts 73
Using JavaScript with WordPress 79
Parsing parameters using wp_localize_script 79
Ajax and WordPress 80
Ajax in admin panel 80
jQuery.ajax method 81
Time for action – Use advanced Ajax call 81
Ajax script security using nonces 82
Time for action – Add a security nonce 82
Summary 84
Chapter 4: The Wall 85
The main concepts behind the Wall plugin 87
Creating a widget 89
Time for action – Create a 'Hello World!' widget 89
Register widgets with description 93
Widget controls 94
Time for action – Expanding the widget with controls 94
WordPress options 97
Display widget control 97
Handling widget input 98
Handling widget output 98
Create a WordPress page from the code 100
Time for action – Insert a page 100
Handling user input 104
Time for action – Create the wall comment form 104
Managing Ajax comment submit 108
Time for action – Save the comments 109
Using Ajax to submit forms 113
Saving comments in WordPress post 115
Dynamically load comments 117
Time for action – Display the comments 118
WordPress database query 120
Comment output 121
Displaying the comments 122
Ajax security 123

Table of Contents
[ iv ]
Time for action – Display the comments 123
Summary 124
Chapter 5: Snazzy Archives 125
Using a class for plugin 126
Time for action – Create a new plugin class 126
Showing template output with shortcodes 130
Time for action – Use a shortcode 130
Shortcode API 132
Enclosing shortcodes 133
Custom templates 134
Time for action – Create a custom template 134
Prepare archives 136
Time for action – Show archives of posts 137
Get all posts from database 142
Using a regular expression 142
Retrieve comment count for a post 142
Using output buffers 143
Apply styling and jQuery to archives 143
Time for action – Style the archive view 143
Time for action – Use jQuery to allow user interaction 147
Creating plugin options page 149
Time for action – Create an options page 151
Managing plugin options 155
Handling options form 156
Adding administration pages 158
Use plugin options 159
Time for action – Apply the plugin options 160
Caching the plugin output 163
Time for action – Create archives cache 163
Summary 166
Chapter 6: Insights for WordPress 167
Creating custom panels in the editor screen 169
Time for action – Create a new plugin outline 169
Custom edit panels in WordPress 172
Searching the posts 174
Time for action – Display a list of matching posts 174
Interacting with tinyMCE 181
Time for action – Insert the link into tinyMCE 181
Using Flickr API 184
Time for action – Display Flickr photos 185
Using third-party solutions—phpFlickr 191
Creating a tinyMCE plugin 192
Time for action – Adding a button to tinyMCE 192

Table of Contents
[ ]
Create a functional tinyMCE plugin window 197
Time for action – Open a tinyMCE window 197
Summary 200
Chapter 7: Post Types 201
Handling localization 202
Time for action – Create plugin and add localization 203
Optimizing localization usage 206
How does localization work? 207
Adding a post template 208
Time for action – Create 'add photo' post template 208
Backend CSS classes 212
Handling file and image uploads 213
Time for action – Handle uploaded image 213
Using custom fields 223
Adding custom fields 223
Retrieving custom fields 224
Quick post a link 224
Time for action – Add link template 224
Tinkering with WordPress backend menus 228
Time for action - Remove 'Link' from the Write page 228
Programming the Manage panel 230
Time for action – Add post type column in the Manage panel 231
Modifying an existing column 233
Manage screen search filter 234
Time for action – Add a search filter box 235
Handling error messages 237
Time for action – Adding support for errors 237
User roles and capabilities 239
Time for action – Add user capability checks 240
Summary 241
Chapter 8: Development Goodies 243
Creating Localization files 243
Time for action - Create a POT file 244
Updating POT file 247
Time for action – Perform translation 248
Updating translation 249
Documentation and support 250
Plugin readme file 250
Time for action – Create a sample plugin readme.txt file 251
Sections of readme.txt 253
General information 254
Special codes 254
Screenshots 254
Installation instructions 255

Table of Contents
[ vi ]
Plugin homepage 255
Providing support 257
Code management and plugin repository 258
Requesting repository access 258
Using SVN 259
Time for action - Manage a local repository using SVN 260
Tagging a new version 261
Using WordPress development SVN 262
Local copy of plugin repository 262
Promotion 263
Plugin promotion checklist 264
General plugin development guidelines 264
Security 265
Performance 265
Re-using resources 265
Keeping API up-to-date 266
WordPress MU development 266
WordPress and GPL 268
Online resources 269
WordPress documentation (WordPress Codex) 269
WordPress development news 269
WordPress blog 269
WordPress development updates 269
WordPress Trac 269
WordPress dev IRC channel 269
Debugging and testing 270
Unit testing 270
Automated tests 270
Mailing Lists 270
WP hackers 270
WP professionals 270
Other mailing lists 270
Podcasts 271
WordCast 271
WordPress Weekly 271
Author's (Vladimir Prelovac's) web site 271
Summary 271
Index 273

Preface
If you can write WordPress plugins, you can make WordPress do just about anything. From
making the site easier to administer, to adding the odd tweak or new feature, to completely
changing the way your blog works; plugins are the method WordPress offers to customize
and extend its functionality. This book will show you how to build all sorts of WordPress
plugins: admin plugins, Widgets, plugins that alter your post output, present custom views
of your blog, and more.
This book focuses on teaching you all aspects of modern WordPress development and usage.
The book uses real and published WordPress plugins and follows their creation from the
idea to the finishing touches, in a series of carefully picked, easy-to-follow tutorials. You will
discover how to use the WordPress API in all typical situations, from displaying output on
the site in the beginning to turning WordPress into a CMS in the last chapter. In Chapters
2 to 7, you will develop six concrete plugins and conquer all aspects of WordPress
plugin development.
Each new chapter and each new plugin introduces different features of WordPress and how
to put them to good use, allowing you to gradually advance your knowledge. This book is
written as a guide to take your WordPress skills from the very beginning to the level where
you are able to completely understand how WordPress works and how you can use it to
your advantage.
This is a Packt Beginners Guide, which means it focuses on practical examples and has a
fast-paced but friendly approach, with the opportunity to learn by experimentation and play.
Each chapter builds a practical plugin from the ground up using step-by-step instructions.
Individual sections show you how to code some functionality into your plugin and follow up
with a discussion of concepts.

Preface
[ ]
What This Book Covers
Chapter 1 teaches the advantages of WordPress development, and what WordPress has to
offer to plugin authors.
Chapter 2 creates a working, useful, and attractive WordPress plugin from scratch. It shows
how to extract information using the WordPress API and how to use CSS to improve the look
of our plugin.
Chapter 3 explores more cool things we can do with WordPress by livening up the default
WordPress blogroll. The purpose of the plugin is to display the most recent posts from the
sites listed in the blogroll using a nice pop-up window.
Chapter 4 uses the mixed approach, by taking advantage of creative WordPress and
JavaScript techniques, in order to create an Ajax powered 'Wall’ for your blog’s sidebar.
It introduces quite a few interesting techniques such as Widgets, interacting with the
WordPress Database, and Ajax form submission.
Chapter 5 covers the creation of a very sleek and stylish looking WordPress enhancement.
The purpose of the Snazzy Archives plugin will be to present your site archives in a unique
visual way. It shows how to manipulate the layout of the template using shortcodes and
custom templates.
Chapter 6 is all about digging a little deeper into WordPress and hacking the Write Post
screen. It shows how to create custom panels in the various sections of the Write Post
screen. It teaches how to access the current WordPress rich text editor, tinyMCE, and
create a button on its toolbar.
Chapter 7 explores the possibilities of turning WordPress into a Content Management
System (CMS), using methods provided to us by WordPress. It shows how to modify the
Manage Posts panel to display the information we want. It also covers managing who can
use your plugin by looking at the logged in user capabilities.
Chapter 8 covers the additional steps involved in localizing, documenting, publishing,
and promoting your plugin. It also covers useful tips and ideas to improve your general
WordPress knowledge further.
Who is This Book For
This book is for programmers working with WordPress, who want to develop custom
plugins and to hack the code base. You need to be familiar with the basics of WordPress
and PHP programming and believe that code is poetry; this book will handle the rest.

Preface
[ ]
Conventions
In this book, you will find a number of styles of text that distinguish between different
kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles, and an explanation of
their meaning.
Code words in text are shown as follows: Edit the insights.js file and add the functionality to
insert the HTML directly into tinyMCE.
A block of code will be set as follows:
/* Add Digg link to the end of the post */
function WPDiggThis_ContentFilter($content)
{
return $content.WPDiggThis_Link();
}
When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code block, the relevant lines
or items will be made bold:
?php the_content('p class=serifRead the rest of this entry
raquo;/p’); ?
?php if (function_exists(WPDiggThis_Link)) echo WPDiggThis_Link(); ?
New terms and important words are introduced in a bold-type font. Words that you
see on the screen, in menus or dialog boxes for example, appear in our text like this:
Go to your WordPress Plugins admin panel.
Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this.
Tips and tricks appear like this.

Preface
[ ]
Reader Feedback
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Preface
[ ]
Piracy
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You can contact us at questions@packtpub.com if you are having a problem with some
aspect of the book, and we will do our best to address it.

Preparing for WordPress
Development
If you are holding this book in your hands now, you are probably aware—in one way or the
other—of the tremendous success WordPress platform has seen over the past few years. It
has become the most widespread blogging and publishing platform in the world today.
When I first installed WordPress, I was still looking around for a platform to start my personal
site and also for an opportunity to do more online development work.
After seeing the simple installation procedure (which takes just a few minutes), I realized that
the guys behind WordPress are on to something big. It has indeed proven to be so, and
as the days passed by, I have enjoyed every aspect of WordPress—publishing, social,
and development.
And I am thrilled to share these nits and bits of WordPress development information with
you, showing you the power and flexibility that allowed WordPress to become so popular.
How will you benefit?
Thanks to its open source architecture, ease of use, and customization possibilities,
WordPress has succeeded in differentiating itself from other��
��
weblog publishing platforms
and even other open source solutions.
WordPress features
The main WordPress features��
��
of interest to developers are:
Its a huge community of users and developers
The millions of WordPress��
��
blogs
Major sites using it, including a number of US government agencies



1

Preparing for WordPress Development
[ ]
Security��
��
issues treated almost instantly
Unmatched��
��
flexibility with thousands of available plugins
High level of customizability with thousands��
of ��
available themes
Search engine friendly functionalities
Ease of use,��
��
maintenance,��
��
and upgrade
A great way to meet new people!
With such a list, it is no wo��
nder that—every day—more and more private users and
companies are turning to WordPress for their publishing needs. This of course presents
a fertile ground for WordPress developers to show off their skills.
More sites means more opportunities
The opportunity for a WordPress developer in these circumstances becomes obvious.
With such a huge number of sites running it, the market is hungry for WordPress experts,
and not just development experts. If you are proficient in the installation and setup of
WordPress, you may easily have your hands full of work.
Big players use it
The fact that a number of major sites use WordPress means that there is also an opportunity
for high profile work.
This also means that you can be fairly certain about the future of WordPress. Your
investment in time and efforts, first in reading this book, and then in enhancing your
development skills, is likely to pay off with WordPress.
Urgent response to security issues
With online security becoming a bigger issue each day, it is a relief to see the WordPress
development team reacting promptly to newly discovered security issues.
This makes everyone even more comfortable and confident in using WordPress.
Flexibility
With WordPress, the plugin author is allowed total control over every aspect of the site.
You are able to completely customize the way the site looks and behaves.
The opportunity is there for everyone—from beginners (developing useful plugins)
to professionals (creating total WordPress makeovers such as e-commerce, marketing,
or job portal sites—where you can hardly recognize that the site is running a
WordPress installation).







Chapter 1
[ ]
Search engines friendly
Search Engine Optimization (SEO) is an important aspect of today's Internet presence. Just
creating a site is not enough anymore, as there are now hundreds of millions of competing
websites out there.
Using��
��
a platform such as WordPress will be really valuable, especially in the long term.
WordPress has significant built-in SEO features and also most of the other aspects of modern�
SEO��
��
technologies available through custom plugins (and you can always write one to match�
your needs!)
Becoming proficient in SEO concepts can help��
��
you a lot as a WordPress
developer, as the need for both WordPress and SEO skills��
��
is growing fast.
Easy to use
WordPress is meant for ��
beginners and used by professionals. This mix is rarely seen in any
other open source platforms.
After the five minute installation, most users immediately feel comfortable in the WordPress
administration panels. Writing a post and organizing categories is as simple as it should be.
The whole WordPress installation consists of putting the files on the server and setting the
assigned database, and it is very easy to back up or move it to another server.
WordPress and its plugins can be upgraded with a click of a button; all this makes the job of
maintaining a WordPress website (��
or even several at the same time), a breeze.
Social aspect
If you are a WordPress developer, the chances are that you will have your own hosted
WordPress��
��
blog. Having a personal blog creates a great opportunity to create many new
contacts—both business and friends.
When you release a WordPress plugin,��
��
you will meet hundreds of people who are going
to use it on their own sites. You will also have people visit you for support, or just to say
Thank you!
Plugins as tool for promotion
With such a huge user base, a well written plugin will��
��
probably be downloaded��
��
tens of
thousands of times.
This will create awareness about you as a plugin author and your site as a probable source
for some cool stuff. Having in mind how difficult it is to get noticed on the Internet today, this
becomes a very important aspect of plugin development that you get for free.

[ 10 ]
Creating��
��
fresh, new, and usable plugins can help you go a long way. It has really helped me
a lot in my field of work��
��
and has created a lot of opportunities–one certainly being, the
pleasure of writing this��
��
book.
Dogfooding WordPress plugins
You may sometimes wish to create a plugin just for yourself, to fulfil a specific need that can
arise at a given moment. This is how I started writing plugins initially, as I needed certain
functionalities that were not available in WordPress at the time.
The term dogfooding describes a dog food company that is ready to eat its own dog food.
It means the company is confident about its own product and uses it for the purpose it was�
produced for.
In WordPress'��
��
terms, it��
��
means that you should always strive to create a plugin that satisfies
your needs.��
��
On my personal site, I still use almost all of the plugins I created, and I only
update them over time, as and when WordPress is updated, or my needs change.
This has��
��
a��
��
positive side effect of ensuring that your plugins will probably be attractive to�
many other users as well. Assuming that you are critical about your own work, and your
confidence in using your own plugins sends out a clear message on how good they��
��
are.
Challenges involved
Developing WordPress��
��
plugins is��
��
not always an easy job. It brings a number of challenges
that��
��
you will need to overcome.
Development
WordPress��
��
uses PHP and��
��
provides an API with its own functions. The API has grown over
time, and now covers all possible methods of communication between WordPress and
the plugin.
This book��
��
will cover all the aspects of the API with practical examples, and the development
of six concrete plugins (chapters 2-7).��
��
Through��
��
step-by-step guides to creating these plugins,�
you will discover��
��
how to use API in typical situations, from displaying output on the site��
��
in
the beginning,��
��
to turning��
��
WordPress into a CMS at the end.
Each��
��
new chapter and each��
��
new��
��
plugin will introduce different features of WordPress, and
how to��
��
put them to good use, thereby allowing you to gradually advance your knowledge.

Chapter 1
[ 11 ]
Security
As much as��
��
WordPress team��
��
takes care of��
��
the WordPress core,��
��
you need to take care of
security in��
��
your��
��
plugins.��
��
Always��
��
remember that��
��
your plugin is given the ultimate authority on
the user's site. This is a great��
��
feature��
��
that allowed��
��
WordPress to become popular; but with
that it also carries a great��
deal of ��
responsibility.
This��
��
book��
��
will show the methods and functions best suited to the given situations, and
underline the security implications.��
��
There are not too many issues to worry about, so make
sure you remember the implications and best practices and apply��
��
them to your plugins.
Work after development
Once the development��
work is done and the plugin is finished, a lot of authors face the
question: What now? If you plan to release the plugin to the public, there are a few extra
steps you need to take care of.
This book��
��
will give ��
you practical tips in this area—refer to Chapter 8�
.
It��
��
will cover the process ��
that takes you from the end of the development phase to the
first users coming back to you with feedback and questions. I have learned much from my
own plugin development experience, and I will also be referencing��
some of the resources
available online .
Localization
At the moment, WordPress is translated��
in��
to more than 50 languages worldwide. The
number of users��
��
using WordPress in their native language is growing each day, and they
usually prefer��
��
using plugins that support their own language.
Localization in WordPress is��
��
easy, and the best thing is that you will not have to do any
translation. There will always be users interested in translating your plugin to their own
language and sending you the file back. This is the way it works, and it is mutually��
��
beneficial.
Documentation
Writing documentation is often boring work but I will show��
��
you templates which will help
you to do it more efficiently and also point out the benefits of writing good��
��
documentation.
I will also��
��
cover the necessary steps to manage your plugin using SVN (Subversion), and
submit it to the WordPress Plugin Repository—the ��
central ��
repository of all WordPress
plugins which currently hosts thousands of plugins and has served millions of downloads.
Support
Good documentation goes a long way when it comes to support.

[ 12 ]
You can expect hundreds of user questions pouring in after you release a plugin. So, making
sure that you have a well written documentation will save you a lot of time in answering
those questions.
I will also give some practical tips on how to organize your plugin page.
Promotion
Writing a good plugin that nobody knows about is a fruitless effort.
I will give you tips on how to promote your plugin once it is published. If you have created
a really useful plugin, you can expect a snowball effect when users start to write about it on
their blogs and tell their friends about it.
Plugins developed in this book
This introduction chapter is ��
followed by seven chapters; six of which describe the creation of
WordPress plugins and a final chapter��
dealing with post-development issues:
Digg This
Live Blogroll
The Wall
Snazzy Archives
Insights
Post Types
Development Goodies
Various ��
development topics and WordPress specific functions are introduced throughout the
development of these plugins,��
using concrete, step-by-step practical examples.
Digg This








Chapter 1
[ 13 ]
This is the first plugin we will be developing. This plugin will show a Digg button in your
blog posts.
The purpose of this��
��
plugin will also be to introduce you to the basic concepts of WordPress
plugin development.
We will access some of the basic WordPress API functions,��
��
and talk about filters and actions
which are the WordPress��
��
mechanisms for controlling the workflow of the site.
Live Blogroll
The second plugin comes from the idea of making the default blogroll look a little bit
more exciting.
We will expand our knowledge of WordPress API, but also introduce two very important
allies in WordPress plugin development, namely jQuery and Ajax.
jQuery and Ajax technologies help our plugins become more engaging, and we will learn the
basic concepts of using them through a series of practical examples.

[ 14 ]
The Wall
This chapter is all about WP Wall; a plugin that creates a shoutbox on your blog's sidebar,
where users can leave comments and shouts.
The ��
chapter t��
eaches important lessons, including how to create a widget and interact with
the ��
WordPress database��
. It also expands the usage of Ajax to include dynamic interaction
with the��
��
user.
I will ��
also try��
to engage you to think about WordPress plugin development in a slightly
different way.
Snazzy Archives

Chapter 1
[ 15 ]
If ��
plugins can be classified by beauty, this would be the most beautiful plugin in the book. It
will��
display your blog archives in a way you probably have not seen before.
During the creation ��
of the plugin, we will explore how to interact with posts, create plugin
options, and manage them through a settings page in the administration. We will then use all
that knowledge to produce��
a beautiful representation of your blog's archives.
Insights
Insights plugin will add to the productivity of the blog owner by offering quick access to
common information in the Write Post screen.
In this chapter, we will learn how to change the WordPress Write Post screen and interact
with the built-in TinyMCE editor. We will use Ajax to get information delivered directly into
our post��
��
while we write it!
Post Types

[ 16 ]
The final plu��
gin of the book will see us working more closely with the WordPress
backend, and explore ways to transform��
WordPress into a versatile Content
Management System (CMS).
We ��
will learn how to customize the administration menus and pages, use custom fields to
store additional information, explore user capabilities system, and use localization�
.
Development Goodies
After all the hard work in developing those plugins, comes a chapter dedicated to all the
post-development work (after-hour��
��
party!).
The purpose��
of this chapter will be to explain localization, documentation, code
management, and plugin promotion. It will also give you some information regarding
WordPress MU development. Wordpress MU is a multi user version of WordPress��
that��
��
is
becoming more popular each day.
Tools for the job
Before we get started, we need to have some tools set up, so let's go through a short
check list.
Whatever way you decide to set up your development environment, make sure you are
comfortable using it. Plugin��
��
development can be a full-time job, so make sure you enjoy it as
much as��
��
you can!
WordPress
Obviously, we will need WordPress installed. It is advisable to have a separate version of
WordPress for development purposes��
��
(that is, do not use your blog as a testing ground; your
visitors will ��
not l��
ike it very much).
To��
��
prepare your local version, you can always download the latest version of WordPress from�
http://wordpress.org/download/.
Then you need to decide if you are going to host it on the Internet or locally. I prefer to have
it on Internet as I can easily show it to other people if necessary, no matter where I am at
that moment. The advantage of local installation is that it works much faster. You can of
course combine��
both.
If you are��
��
going to set it up on your local computer, and you are using Windows, using
packages such as ��
EasyPHP��
(http://www.easyphp.org) will��
��
make your job much easier.
This is ��
a software��
package that incorporates PHP and MySQL for Windows systems, and is
free to use.

Chapter 1
[ 17 ]
Installing WordPress��
��
is a simple matter. I recommend��
��
going to http://codex.wordpress.
org/Installing_WordPress ��
for the latest guide to the installation process.
If you would like to set up the latest development version, I suggest you read the section
Using SVN in Chapter 8.
Text editor
Obviously, you are going to need a text editor. Any editor will do, and you probably have a
preference��
��
by now.
You do not��
��
need your text editor to do anything fancy. Indentation support and syntax
highlighting for PHP, HTML and��
��
JavaScript is almost all you need from an editor at this point.
I have been using UltraEdit for years, and it has been always my weapon of choice for a
quick, small, and powerful editor. There also are other text editors that are available for free,
such as, ��
Netbeans IDE for PHP, Zend Studio, and so on.
FTP client
The second thing you will need to have is an FTP client. Uploading plugins can be a boring
job if you do it from the FTP command line; so visual FTP client is advisable.
For this matter, I've been using Total Commander as a proven tool. Again, you might have
your own preference.
Web browser
Finally, since we are developing web based software, we will need a web browser. You will be
spending a lot of time in the browser window; so make sure you are comfortable with it.
I do not ��
want to instigate browser wars at this moment, but there is one browser that is very
flexible and has tons��
of add-ons,��
��
much like WordPress in that respect, and that is Firefox.
There are some pretty cool ��
add-ons for Firefox that can really increase productivity to the
level of rapid web development. This step is optional if you do not use Firefox, but I would
nevertheless recommend giving��
it a try.
Firebug
The most important Firefox add-on we want to install is called Firebug (you can download it
from http://getfirebug.com).

[ 18 ]
Firebug allows you to preview, edit and debug CSS, HTML, JavaScript and Ajax requests
in real time. This is really a great time saver. For example, when it comes to debugging,
JavaScript or misaligned CSS can be really troublesome, without the use of features
provided by Firebug.
In the next picture, you can see an example of Firebug in action, debugging JavaScript with a
breakpoint in the execution of the script.

Chapter 1
[ 19 ]
Ubiquity
This is an add-on produced by Mozilla Labs and it can do a lot of fancy stuff. But for
our��
��
purposes, we are going to use it for two simple things—fast search of PHP and
WordPress��
��
documentation.
You will need to install Ubiquity from https://wiki.mozilla.org/Labs/Ubiquity and
also install these two plugins:
PHP Search: http://npattison.com/ubiquity/ubiq_php.html
WP Codex Search: http://www.prelovac.com/vladimir/ubiquity-
plugins/wp-codex-search
The way these two ��
Ubiquity commands��
work is that when you press Ctrl and Space in
the browser (this opens U��
biquit��
y window) and then type php search_phrase or wp
search_phrase, it takes you immediately to the PHP or WordPress documentation
for the given phrase.
The amount of time this can save is huge, especially if you need to take a peek at the
documentation every minute or so like I do (I can't keep everything in my head!).
1.
2.

[ 20 ]
Screengrab
You can grab Screengrab from http://www.screengrab.org, ��
and this plugin allows you
to take screenshots from��
��
your��
��
browser window easily. It can capture an entire page, a visible
portion, or a user selection on the page.
Once you get used it, you will use it extensively for creating images for your plugin
documentation. I have used it for almost all the images in this book.

Chapter 1
[ 21 ]
IE tab
This Firefox add-on allows you to quickly change the rendering engine between Firefox and
the installed��
��
version of the Internet ��
Explorer. It allows you to quickly check if your plugin
behaves well in this ��
browser.
You can��
��
get it from ��
http://ietab.mozdev.org/.
Quick reference
WordPress: http://www.wordpress.org/download
Installing WordPress: http://codex.wordpress.org/Installing_
WordPress
EasyPHP: http://www.easyphp.org
UltraEdit: http://www.ultraedit.com
Total Commander: http://www.ghisler.com
FireFox: http://getfirefox.com
FireBug: http://getfirebug.com
Ubiquity: https://wiki.mozilla.org/Labs/Ubiquity
PHP Search for Ubiquity: http://npattison.com/ubiquity/ubiq_
php.html
WP Codex Search for Ubiquity: http://www.prelovac.com/vladimir/
ubiquity-plugins/wp-codex-search
ScreenGrab: http://www.screengrab.org
IETab: http://ietab.mozdev.org/
Final notes
Before we start with development, let's have a quick reminder on how to install and manage
WordPress plugins. Also I'll mention a handy tip for quickly accessing code examples.

[ 22 ]
Installing and managing plugins
When you want to install a plugin, you need to follow these simple steps:
Upload the plugin folder (for example wp-wall) to your server's
wp-content/plugins/ folder.
1.

Chapter 1
[ 23 ]
2. Go to your WordPress administration section, and select Plugins from the menu. This
will give you a list of all the installed plugins. Scroll down the list until you find yours,
and click Activate.
If you intend to manually update the plugin files on a live site, it is advisable to deactivate the
plugin first using the Plugins menu.
Strictly speaking, on a development blog where you are the only user, this can be skipped to
save time�
.
If something goes ��
wrong with the plugin, and you are unable to access
your WordPress site anymore, deleting the plugin folder from the server
will deactivate the plugin automatically, and will instantly��
get your site
working again.
If you need more information regarding plugin management, you can refer to the latest
WordPress manual found at http://codex.wordpress.org/Managing_Plugins.
Searching documentation
During the plugin development, you will more or less need to refer to documentation.
Luckily, you ��
will have this book on your hand either in paper or in a PDF form, so you can
take a quick look. Then��
, you also have the WordPress online documentation found at
http://codex.wordpress.org/Main_Page.
Due to the rapid speed at which WordPress has been developing, not all the functions have
been documented.
So, I keep a copy of the latest version of WordPress locally. This way, I am able to find the
reference to the function in the WordPress core quickly, and figure out how it is used.

[ 24 ]
I also tend to keep a local copy of the entire plugin repository on my computer (you can find
more details on how to do that in Chapter 8) so that I can search through the entire plugin
repository and find instances of this function used by other plugin authors (and you can
always find new��
and creative uses as well).

Chapter 1
[ 25 ]
Using other plugins for this ��
purpose can really save a lot of time, and it is often the easiest
way to learn how to perform certain functionalities�
.
Summary
We learned about the advantages of WordPress development, and what WordPress has to
offer to plugin authors. We have also seen that there are certain challenges along the way,
which we will address in this book.
The six plugins that we will create in the following chapters will show you exactly how to
create a WordPress plugin from scratch and have it perform the concrete functionality you
need, whether it's on the front page or in the administration backend.
Having armed ourselves with useful development tools, we are ready to start developing
some cool WordPress plugins!

2
Social Bookmarking
I hope the first chapter got you warmed up and prepared for WordPress plugin development,
and that you are as eager to start as I am.
In this chapter, we will create our first functional WordPress plugin and learn how to interact
with the WordPress API (this is the WordPress interface to PHP) on the way. The knowledge
you will gain in this chapter alone will allow you to write a lot of similar plugins.
Let's get moving! In this chapter, you will learn:
Creating a new plugin and having it displayed in the plugins admin panel
Checking the WordPress version and control activation of the plugin
Accessing API features—for example the title and permalink URL of each post
Using WordPress hooks to execute your plugin code when it's needed
Using conditional tags to control the flow of your plugins
You will learn these by:
Creating a 'social bookmarking' type of plugin that adds a Digg button to each post
on your blog
As you probably know, Digg is a very popular service for promoting interesting content on
the Internet. The purpose of a Digg button on your blog is to make it easier for Digg users to
vote for your article and also to bring in more visitors to your blog.







Social Bookmarking
[ 28 ]
The plugin we'll create in this chapter will automatically insert the necessary code to each of
your posts. So let's get started with WordPress plugin development!
Plugging in your first plugin
Usually, the first step in plugin creation is coming up with a plugin name. We usually want to
use a name that is associated with what the plugin does, so we will call this plugin, WP Digg
This. WP is a common prefix used to name WordPress plugins.
To introduce the plugin to WordPress, we need to create a standard plugin header. This
will always be the first piece of code in the plugin file and it is used to identify the plugin
to WordPress.
Time for action – Create your first plugin
In this example, we're going to write the code to register the plugin with WordPress ,
describe what the plugin does for the user, check whether it works on the currently installed
version of WordPress, and to activate it.
Create a file called wp-digg-this.php in your favourite text editor. It is common
practice to use the plugin name as the name for the plugin file, with dashes '-'
instead of spaces.
Next, add a plugin information header. The format of the header is always the same
and you only need to change the relevant information for every plugin:
?php
/*
Plugin Name: WP Digg This
Version: 0.1
Description: Automatically adds Digg This button to your posts.
Author: Vladimir Prelovac
Author URI: http://www.prelovac.com/vladimir
Plugin URI: http://www.prelovac.com/vladimir/wordpress-plugins/
wp-digg-this
*/
?
3. Now add the code to check the WordPress version:
/* Version check */
global $wp_version;
$exit_msg='WP Digg This requires WordPress 2.5 or newer.
a href=http://codex.wordpress.org/Upgrading_WordPressPlease
update!/a';
1.
2.

Chapter 2
[ 29 ]
if (version_compare($wp_version,2.5,))
{
exit ($exit_msg);
}
?
4. Upload your plugin file to the wp-content/plugins folder on your server using
your FTP client.
5. Go to your WordPress Plugins admin ��
panel. You should now see your plugin listed
among other plugins:
6. This means we have just completed the necessary steps to display our plugin in
WordPress. Our plugin can be even activated now—although it does not do
anything useful (yet).

Social Bookmarking
[ 30 ]
What just happened?
We created a working plugin template by using a plugin information header and the
version check code. The plugin header allows the plugin to be identified and displayed
properly in the plugins admin panel. The version check code will warn users of our plugin
who have older WordPress versions to upgrade their WordPress installation and prevent
compatibility problems.
The plugin information header
To identify the plugin to WordPress, we need to include a plugin information header with
each plugin.
The header is written as a PHP comment and contains several fields with
important information.
This code alone is enough for the plugin to be registered, displayed in the admin panel and
readied for activation.
If your future plugin has more than one PHP file, the plugin information
should be placed only in your main file, the one which will include() or
require() the other plugin PHP files.
Checking WordPress versions
To ensure that our plugin is not activated on incompatible WordPress versions, we will
perform a simple WordPress version check at the very beginning of our code.
WordPress provides the global variable $wp_version that provides the current WordPress
version in standard format. We can then use PHP function version_compare() to
compare this and our required version for the plugin, using the following code:
{
// do something if WordPress version is lower then 2.6
}
If we want to stop the execution of the plugin upon activation, we can use the exit()
function with the error message we want to show.
In our case, we want to show the required version information and display the link to the
WordPress upgrade site.
$exit_msg='WP Digg This requires WordPress 2.6 or newer. a
href=http://codex.wordpress.org/Upgrading_WordPressPlease
update!/a';

Chapter 2
[ 31 ]
{
exit ($exit_msg);
}
While being simple, this piece of code is also very effective. With the constant development
of WordPress, and newer versions evolving relatively often, you can use version checking to
prevent potential incompatibility problems.
The version number of your current WordPress installation can be found in the footer text
of the admin menu. To begin with, you can use that version in your plugin version check
(for example 2.6).
Later, when you learn about WordPress versions and their differences, you'll be able to
lower the version requirement to the minimal your plugin will be compatible with. This will
allow your plugin to be used on more blogs, as not all blogs always use the latest version of
WordPress.
Checking the plugin
You can go ahead and activate the plugin. The plugin will be activated but will do nothing at
this moment.
Time for Action – Testing the version check
Let's just make sure that the version check works, by requiring a fictional version of
WordPress that does not exist yet:
Deactivate the plugin and change the version check code to a higher version. For
example, replace 2.6 with 5.0.
2. Re-upload the plugin and try to activate it again. You will see a WordPress error and
a message from the plugin:
1.

Social Bookmarking
[ 32 ]
What just happened?
The version check fails and the plugin exits with our predefined error message. The same
thing will happen to a user trying to use your plugin with outdated WordPress installation,
requiring them to update to a newer version.
Have a go Hero
We created a basic plugin that you can now customize.
Change the plugin description to include HTML formatting (add bold or links to
the description).
Test your plugin to see what happens if you have two plugins with the same name
(upload a copy of the file under a different name).
Displaying a Digg button
Now it's time to expand our plugin with concrete functionality and add a Digg link to every
post on our blog.
In order to create a link we will need to extract post's permalink URL, title, and description.
Luckily, WordPress provides us with a variety of ways to do this.
Time for Action – Implement a Digg link
Let's create a function to display a Digg submit link using information from the post.
Then we will implement this function into our theme, to show the link just after the
post content.
1. Add a function to our plugin to display a Digg link:
/* Show a Digg This link */
function WPDiggThis_Link()
{
global $post;
// get the URL to the post
$link=urlencode(get_permalink($post-ID));
// get the post title
$title=urlencode($post-post_title);
// get first 350 characters of post and strip it off
// HTML tags



Chapter 2
[ 33 ]
$text=urlencode(substr(strip_tags($post-post_content),
0, 350));
// create a Digg link and return it
return 'a href=http://digg.com/submit?url='.$link.'amp;
title='.$title.'amp;bodytext='.$text.'Digg This/a';
}
2. Open your theme's single.php file and add a call to our function just below the
line with the_content(). If you are not sure how to do this, see the forthcoming
section on Editing the theme files.
?php if (function_exists(WPDiggThis_Link)) echo WPDiggThis_
Link(); ?
3. With the default WordPress theme, this change will look something like this (you can
also refer to the following image):

Social Bookmarking
[ 34 ]
4. After you save the theme file, your blog posts will now automatically have the Digg
This link shown after the content:
5. Clicking the link will take the user directly to the Digg site, with all the required
information already filled in:
Well done! You have created your first working WordPress plugin!
What just happened?
When WordPress loads a post, the single.php template file from the currently active
WordPress theme is ran. We added a line to this file that calls our plugin function
WPDiggThis_Link() just after the content of the post is displayed:
?php the_content('p class=serifRead the rest of this entry
raquo;/p'); ?
?php if (function_exists(WPDiggThis_Link)) echo WPDiggThis_
Link(); ?
We use function_exists()to check our function because it exists only if our plugin is
installed and activated. PHP will generate an error if we try to run a nonexistent function. But
if we deactivate the plugin later, we don't want to cause errors with our theme. So, we make
sure that the function exists before we attempt to run it.

Chapter 2
[ 35 ]
Assuming that the plugin is present and activated, the WPDiggThis_Link() function from
our plugin is ran. The first part of the following function gets information about our post and
assigns it to variables:
/* Show a Digg This link */
function WPDiggThis_Link()
{
global $post;
// get the URL to the post
$link=urlencode(get_permalink($post-ID));
// get the post title
$title=urlencode($post-post_title);
// get first 350 characters of post and strip it off HTML tags
$text=urlencode(substr(strip_tags($post-post_content),
0, 350));
We use the urlencode() PHP function for all the parameters that we will pass to the final
link. This will ensure that all the values are formatted properly.
The second part uses this information to construct a Digg submit link:
// create a Digg link and return it
return 'a href=http://digg.com/submit?url='.$link.'amp;
title='.$amp;title.'bodytext='.$text.'Digg This/a';
}
It returns this HTML text so that it gets added to the WordPress output at the point where
the function is called – just after the post is displayed. Therefore, the link appears right after
each post—which is convenient for the user who has just finished reading the post.
Using the Digg API
Usually, when using the functionalities of third-party sites, as we are doing in our example
with Digg, we would search for the API documentation first. Almost all the major sites have
extensive documentation available to help developers use their services in an effective way.
Digg is no exception, and if you search the Internet for the digg button api you will find a
page at http://digg.com/tools/integrate that will have all the details we need in
order to implement our Digg functionality.

Social Bookmarking
[ 36 ]
Digg allows us to use several different ways of using their service.
For the start, we will display just a Digg link. Later, we will expand it and also display a
normal button.
Here is what the Digg documentation says about formatting a submit link.
Submit URL:
http://digg.com/submit?url=example.comtitle=TITLEbodytext=DESCRIPTI
ONmedia=MEDIAtopic=TOPIC
Submit URL Details:
url=example.com
Maximum length is 255 characters
Story URL should be unique and devoid of session or user-specific data
Please URL-encode all strings as appropriate. For example:
https%3A%2F%2Fblue-sea-697d.quartiers047.workers.dev%3A443%2Fhttp%2Fyourwebsite%2Fyourstoryurl%2Fstorypagedetails.html
title=TITLE
Please also URL-encode the story title
bodytext=DESCRIPTION
Please also URL-encode the body text




Chapter 2
[ 37 ]
Using this information, we are able to create a valid link for the Digg service from the
information available in our post.
Acquiring post information
WordPress provides a number of ways to get information about the current post.
One of them involves using the global variable $post, which stores all the relevant
information for the current post. We have used it in our example to extract the post title and
content, but it can also be used to get other information such as post category, status and
so on.
WordPress also offers an array of functions we could have used to access post information
such as get_the_title() and get_the_content().
The main difference between using these functions and accessing post data directly
using $post variable is in the end information we get. The $post variable contains raw
information about the post, just as the user wrote it. The functions mentioned above take
the same raw information as a starting point, but could have the final output modified by
external factors such as other active plugins.
You can browse through the wp-includes/post-template.php file of
your WordPress installation to get a better understanding of the differences
between using the $post variable and the WordPress provided functions.
Post permalink URL
In order to obtain post URL we used the get_permalink() WordPress function. This
function accepts the post ID as a parameter, and as a result, returns post's actual URL on the
blog. It will always return a valid URL to your post no matter what permalink structure your
blog is using.
Editing the theme files
In our example, we had to edit our theme in order to place the Digg link under the post
content. WordPress allows for easy theme editing through the built-in Theme Editor panel.
After selecting the theme you want to edit, you will be presented with a number of
options. Every theme consists of various PHP template files, each covering different
blog functionalities.

Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content

The Project Gutenberg eBook of Box and Cox:
A Romance of Real Life in One Act.

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.
Title: Box and Cox: A Romance of Real Life in One Act.
Author: John Maddison Morton
Release date: April 13, 2013 [eBook #42523]
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BOX AND COX: A
ROMANCE OF REAL LIFE IN ONE ACT. ***

THE MINOR DRAMA.
No. XXI.
BOX AND COX.
A Romance of Real Life
IN ONE ACT.
BY JOHN MADDISON MORTON, ESQ.
WITH THE STAGE BUSINESS, CAST OF CHARACTERS, COSTUMES, RELATIVE
POSITIONS, c.
NEW YORK:
DOUGLAS, NO. 11 SPRUCE ST
AND FOR SALE BY ALL BOOKSELLERS.
1848.

CAST OF CHARACTERS.
Theatre,
London, 1847.
Olympic,
1848.
Palmo’s,
1848.
John Box, a Journeyman Printer, Mr. Buckstone. Mr. Holland. Mr. Povey.
James Cox, a Journeyman Hatter, “ Harley. “ Conover. “ Chapman.
Mrs. Bouncer, Mrs. M’Namara. Mrs. Henry. Mrs. Vernon.
COSTUMES.
BOX.—Small swallow-tailed black coat, short buff waistcoat, light
drab trowsers short, turned up at bottom, black stockings, white
canvass boots with black tips, cotton neckcloth, shabby black hat.
COX.—Brown Newmarket coat, long white waistcoat, dark plaid
trowsers, boots, white hat, black stock.
MRS. BOUNCER.—Coloured cotton gown, apron, cap, c.
First produced at the Royal Lyceum Theatre, November 1st, 1847
Time in Representation—35 Minutes.
EXITS AND ENTRANCES.
R. means Right; L. Left; R. D. Right Door; L. D. Left Door;
S. E. Second Entrance; U. E. Upper Entrance; M. D. Middle Door.
RELATIVE POSITIONS.

R., means Right; L., Left; C., Centre; R. C., Right of Centre;
L. C., Left of Centre.

BOX AND COX.
ACT I.
Scene I—A Room, decently furnished. At C., a bed, with curtains
closed, at L. C., a door, at L. 3d E., a door, at L. S. E., a chest of
drawers, at back, R., a window, at R. 3d E., a door, at R. S. E., a
fireplace, with mantel-piece, table and chairs, a few common
ornaments on chimney-piece. Cox, dressed, with the exception of
his coat, is looking at himself in a small looking-glass, which is in
his hand.
Cox. I’ve half a mind to register an oath that I’ll never have my
hair cut again! [His hair is very short.] I look as if I had just been
cropped for the militia! And I was particularly emphatic in my
instructions to the hair-dresser, only to cut the ends off. He must
have thought I meant the other ends! Never mind—I shan’t meet
anybody to care about so early. Eight o’clock, I declare! I haven’t a
moment to lose. Fate has placed me with the most punctual,
particular, and peremptory of hatters, and I must fulfil my destiny.
[Knock at L. D.] Open locks, whoever knocks!
Enter Mrs. Bouncer, L.
Mrs. B. Good-morning, Mr. Cox. I hope you slept comfortably, Mr.
Cox?
Cox. I can’t say I did, Mrs. B. I should feel obliged to you, if you
could accommodate me with a more protuberant bolster, Mrs. B. The

one I’ve got now seems to me to have about a handful and a half of
feathers at each end, and nothing whatever in the middle.
Mrs. B. Anything to accommodate you, Mr. Cox.
Cox. Thank you. Then, perhaps, you’ll be good enough to hold
this glass, while I finish my toilet.
Mrs. B. Certainly. [Holding glass before Cox, who ties his cravat.]
Why, I do declare, you’ve had your hair cut.
Cox. Cut? It strikes me I’ve had it mowed! It’s very kind of you to
mention it, but I’m sufficiently conscious of the absurdity of my
personal appearance already. [Puts on his coat.] Now for my hat.
[Puts on his hat, which comes over his eyes.] That’s the effect of
having one’s hair cut. This hat fitted me quite tight before. Luckily
I’ve got two or three more. [Goes in at L., and returns, with three
hats of different shapes, and puts them on, one after the other—all
of which are too big for him.] This is pleasant! Never mind. This one
appears to me to wabble about rather less than the others—[Puts on
hat,]—and now I’m off! By the bye, Mrs. Bouncer, I wish to call your
attention to a fact that has been evident to me for some time past—
and that is, that my coals go remarkably fast—
Mrs. B. Lor, Mr. Cox!
Cox. It is not the case only with the coals, Mrs. Bouncer, but I’ve
lately observed a gradual and steady increase of evaporation among
my candles, wood, sugar, and lucifer matches.
Mrs. B. Lor, Mr. Cox! you surely don’t suspect me?
Cox. I don’t say I do, Mrs. B.; only I wish you distinctly to
understand, that I don’t believe it’s the cat.
Mrs. B. Is there anything else you’ve got to grumble about, sir?

Cox. Grumble! Mrs. Bouncer, do you possess such a thing as a
dictionary?
Mrs. B. No, sir.
Cox. Then I’ll lend you one—and if you turn to the letter G, you’ll
find “Grumble, verb neuter—to complain without a cause.” Now
that’s not my case, Mrs. B., and now that we are upon the subject, I
wish to know how it is that I frequently find my apartment full of
smoke?
Mrs. B. Why—I suppose the chimney—
Cox. The chimney doesn’t smoke tobacco. I’m speaking of
tobacco smoke, Mrs. B. I hope, Mrs. Bouncer, you’re not guilty of
cheroots or Cubas?
Mrs. B. Not I, indeed, Mr. Cox.
Cox. Nor partial to a pipe?
Mrs. B. No, sir.
Cox. Then, how is it that—
Mrs. B. Why—I suppose—yes—that must be it—
Cox. At present I am entirely of your opinion—because I haven’t
the most distant particle of an idea what you mean.
Mrs. B. Why the gentleman who has got the attics, is hardly ever
without a pipe in his mouth—and there he sits, with his feet upon
the mantel-piece—
Cox. The mantel piece! That strikes me as being a considerable
stretch, either of your imagination, Mrs. B., or the gentleman’s legs.
I presume you mean the fender or the hob.

Mrs. B. Sometimes one, sometimes t’other. Well, there he sits for
hours, and puffs away into the fire-place.
Cox. Ah, then you mean to say that this gentleman’s smoke,
instead of emulating the example of all other sorts of smoke, and
going up the chimney, thinks proper to affect a singularity by taking
the contrary direction?
Mrs. B. Why—
Cox. Then, I suppose, the gentleman you are speaking of, is the
same individual that I invariably meet coming up stairs when I’m
going down, and going down stairs when I’m coming up!
Mrs. B. Why—yes—I—
Cox. From the appearance of his outward man, I should
unhesitatingly set him down as a gentleman connected with the
printing interest.
Mrs. B. Yes, sir—and a very respectable young gentleman he is.
Cox. Well, good-morning, Mrs. Bouncer!
Mrs. B. You’ll be back at your usual time, I suppose, sir?
Cox. Yes—nine o’clock. You needn’t light my fire in future, Mrs. B.
—I’ll do it myself. Don’t forget the bolster! [Going, stops.] A
halfpenny worth of milk, Mrs. Bouncer—and be good enough to let it
stand—I wish the cream to accumulate.
[Exit at L. C.
Mrs. B. He’s gone at last! I declare I was all in a tremble for fear
Mr. Box would come in before Mr. Cox went out. Luckily, they’ve
never met yet—and what’s more, they’re not very likely to do so; for
Mr. Box is hard at work at a newspaper office all night, and doesn’t
come home till the morning, and Mr. Cox is busy making hats all day

long, and doesn’t come home till night; so that I’m getting double
rent for my room, and neither of my lodgers are any the wiser for it.
It was a capital idea of mine—that it was! But I haven’t an instant to
lose. First of all, let me put Mr. Cox’s things out of Mr. Box’s way.
[She takes the three hats, Cox’s dressing gown and slippers, opens
door at L. and puts them in, then shuts door and locks it.] Now,
then, to put the key where Mr. Cox always finds it. [Puts the key on
the ledge of the door, L.] I really must beg Mr. Box not to smoke so
much. I was so dreadfully puzzled to know what to say when Mr. Cox
spoke about it. Now, then, to make the bed—and don’t let me forget
that what’s the head of the bed for Mr. Cox, becomes the foot of the
bed for Mr. Box—people’s tastes do differ so. [Goes behind the
curtains of the bed, and seems to be making it—then appears with a
very thin bolster in her hand.] The idea of Mr. Cox presuming to
complain of such a bolster as this! [She disappears again, behind
curtains.]
Box. [Without.] Pooh—pooh! Why don’t you keep your own side
of the staircase, sir? [Enters at back, dressed as a Printer. Puts his
head out at door again, shouting.] It was as much your fault as
mine, sir! I say, sir—it was as much your fault as mine, sir!
Mrs. B. [Emerging from behind the curtains of bed.] Lor, Mr. Box!
what is the matter?
Box. Mind your own business, Bouncer!
Mrs. B. Dear, dear, Mr. Box! what a temper you are in, to be sure!
I declare you’re quite pale in the face!
Box. What colour would you have a man be, who has been
setting up long leaders for a daily paper all night?
Mrs. B. But, then, you’ve all the day to yourself.
Box. [Looking significantly at Mrs. Bouncer.] So it seems! Far be it
from me, Bouncer, to hurry your movements, but I think it right to

acquaint you with my immediate intention of divesting myself of my
garments, and going to bed.
Mrs. B. Oh, Mr. Box!
[Going.
Box. Stop! Can you inform me who the individual is that I
invariably encounter going down stairs when I’m coming up, and
coming up stairs when I’m going down?
Mrs. B. [Confused.] Oh—yes—the gentleman in the attic, sir.
Box. Oh! There’s nothing particularly remarkable about him,
except his hats. I meet him in all sorts of hats—white hats and black
hats—hats with broad brims, and hats with narrow brims—hats with
naps, and hats without naps—in short, I have come to the
conclusion, that he must be individually and professionally
associated with the hatting interest.
Mrs. B. Yes, sir. And, by the bye, Mr. Box, he begged me to
request of you, as a particular favor, that you would not smoke quite
so much.
Box. Did he? Then you may tell the gentle hatter, with my
compliments, that if he objects to the effluvia of tobacco, he had
better domesticate himself in some adjoining parish.
Mrs. B. Oh, Mr. Box! You surely wouldn’t deprive me of a lodger?
[Pathetically.
Box. It would come to precisely the same thing, Bouncer,
because if I detect the slightest attempt to put my pipe out, I at
once give you warning that I shall give you warning at once.
Mrs. B. Well, Mr. Box—do you want anything more of me?
Box. On the contrary—I’ve had quite enough of you!

Mrs. B. Well, if ever! What next, I wonder?
[Goes out at L. C., slamming door after her.
Box. It’s quite extraordinary, the trouble I always have to get rid
of that venerable female! She knows I’m up all night, and yet she
seems to set her face against my indulging in a horizontal position
by day. Now, let me see—shall I take my nap before I swallow my
breakfast, or shall I take my breakfast before I swallow my nap—I
mean, shall I swallow my nap before—no—never mind! I’ve got a
rasher of bacon somewhere—[Feeling in his pockets]—I’ve the most
distinct and vivid recollection of having purchased a rasher of bacon
—Oh, here it is—[Produces it, wrapped in paper, and places it on
table.]—and a penny roll. The next thing is to light the fire. Where
are my lucifers? [Looking on mantel-piece R., and taking box, opens
it.] Now, ’pon my life, this is too bad of Bouncer—this is, by several
degrees, too bad! I had a whole box full, three days ago, and now
there’s only one! I’m perfectly aware that she purloins my coals and
my candles, and my sugar—but I did think—oh, yes, I did think that
my lucifers would be sacred! [Takes candlestick off the mantel-piece,
R., in which there is a very small end of candle—looks at it.] Now I
should like to ask any unprejudiced person or persons their opinion
touching this candle. In the first place, a candle is an article that I
don’t require, because I’m only at home in the day time—and I
bought this candle on the first of May—Chimney-sweepers’ Day—
calculating that it would last me three months, and here’s one week
not half over, and the candle three parts gone! [Lights the fire—then
takes down a gridiron, which is hanging over the fireplace, R.] Mrs.
Bouncer has been using my gridiron! The last article of consumption
that I cooked upon it was a pork chop, and now it is powerfully
impregnated with the odour of red herrings! [Places gridiron on fire,
and then, with a fork, lays rasher of bacon on the gridiron.] How
sleepy I am, to be sure! I’d indulge myself with a nap, if there was
anybody here to superintend the turning of my bacon. [Yawning
again.] Perhaps it will turn itself. I must lie down—so, here goes.

[Lies on the bed, closing the curtains round him—after a short pause
—
Enter Cox, hurriedly, L. C.
Cox. Well, wonders will never cease! Conscious of being eleven
minutes and a half behind time, I was sneaking into the shop, in a
state of considerable excitement, when my venerable employer, with
a smile of extreme benevolence on his aged countenance, said to
me—“Cox, I shan’t want you to-day—you can have a holiday.”—
Thoughts of “Gravesend and back—fare, One Shilling,” instantly
suggested themselves, intermingled with visions of “Greenwich for
Fourpence!” Then came the Twopenny Omnibuses, and the
Halfpenny boats—in short, I’m quite bewildered! However, I must
have my breakfast first—that’ll give me time to reflect. I’ve bought a
mutton chop, so I shan’t want any dinner. [Puts chop on table.]
Good gracious! I’ve forgot the bread. Holloa! what’s this? A roll, I
declare! Come, that’s lucky! Now, then, to light the fire. Holloa—
[Seeing the lucifer-box on table,]—who presumes to touch my box of
lucifers? Why, it’s empty! I left one in it—I’ll take my oath I did.
Heydey! why, the fire is lighted! Where’s the gridiron? On the fire, I
declare! And what’s that on it? Bacon? Bacon it is! Well, now, ’pon
my life, there is a quiet coolness about Mrs. Bouncer’s proceedings
that’s almost amusing. She takes my last lucifer—my coals, and my
gridiron, to cook her breakfast by! No, no—I can’t stand this! Come
out of that! [Pokes fork into bacon, and puts it on a plate on the
table, then places his chop on the gridiron, which he puts on the
fire.] Now, then, for my breakfast things. [Taking key, hung up, L.,
opens door L. and goes out, slamming the door after him, with a
loud noise.
Box. [Suddenly showing his head from behind the curtains.]
Come in! if it’s you, Mrs. Bouncer—you needn’t be afraid. I wonder
how long I’ve been asleep? [Suddenly recollecting.] Goodness
gracious—my bacon! [Leaps off bed, and runs to the fireplace.]

Holloa! what’s this? A chop! Whose chop? Mrs. Bouncer’s, I’ll be
bound.—She thought to cook her breakfast while I was asleep—with
my coals, too—and my gridiron! Ha, ha! But where’s my bacon?
[Seeing it on table.] Here it is. Well, ’pon my life, Bouncer’s going it!
And shall I curb my indignation? Shall I falter in my vengeance? No!
[Digs the fork into the chop, opens window, and throws chop out—
shuts window again.] So much for Bouncer’s breakfast, and now for
my own! [With the fork he puts the bacon on the gridiron again.] I
may as well lay my breakfast things.—[Goes to mantel-piece at R.,
takes key out of one of the ornaments, opens door at R. and exit,
slamming door after him.
Cox. [Putting his head in quickly at L.] Come in—come in! [Opens
door, L. C. Enters with a small tray, on which are tea things, c.,
which he places on drawers, L. and suddenly recollects.] Oh,
goodness! my chop! [Running to fireplace.] Holloa—what’s that? The
bacon again! Oh, pooh! Zounds—confound it—dash it—damn it—I
can’t stand this! [Pokes fork into bacon, opens window, and flings it
out, shuts window again, returns to drawers for tea things, and
encounters Box coming from his cupboard with his tea things—they
walk down C. of stage together.] Who are you, sir?
Box. If you come to that—who are you?
Cox. What do you want here, sir?
Box. If you come to that—what do you want?
Cox. [Aside.] It’s the printer! [Puts tea-things on the drawers.
Box. [Aside.] It’s the hatter! [Puts tea-things on table.
Cox. Go to your attic, sir—
Box. My attic, sir? Your attic, sir!

Cox. Printer, I shall do you a frightful injury, if you don’t instantly
leave my apartment.
Box. Your apartment? You mean my apartment, you contemptible
hatter, you!
Cox. Your apartment? Ha! ha!—come, I like that! Look here, sir—
[Produces a paper out of his pocket.] Mrs. Bouncer’s receipt for the
last week’s rent, sir—
Box. [Produces a paper, and holds it close to Cox’s face.] Ditto,
sir!
Cox. [Suddenly shouting.] Thieves!
Box. Murder!
Both. Mrs. Bouncer! [Each runs to door, L. C., calling.
Mrs. Bouncer runs in at door, L. C.
Mrs. B. What is the matter? [Cox and Box seize Mrs. Bouncer by
the arm, and drag her forward.
Box. Instantly remove that hatter!
Cox. Immediately turn out that printer!
Mrs. B. Well—but, gentlemen—
Cox. Explain!
[Pulling her round to him.
Box. Explain! [Pulling her round to him.] Whose room is this?
Cox. Yes, woman—whose room is this?
Box. Doesn’t it belong to me?
Mrs. B. No!

Cox. There! You hear, sir—it belongs to me!
Mrs. B. No—it belongs to both of you!
[Sobbing.
Cox Box. Both of us?
Mrs. B. Oh, dear gentlemen, don’t be angry—but, you see, this
gentleman—[Pointing to Box,]—only being at home in the daytime,
and that gentleman—[Pointing to Cox,]—at night, I thought I might
venture, until my little back second floor room was ready—
Cox Box. [Eagerly.] When will your little back second floor
room be ready?
Mrs. B. Why, to-morrow—
Cox. I’ll take it!
Box. So will I!
Mrs. B. Excuse me—but if you both take it, you may just as well
stop where you are.
Cox Box. True.
Cox. I spoke first, sir—
Box. With all my heart, sir. The little back second floor room is
yours, sir—now, go—
Cox. Go? Pooh—pooh!
Mrs. B. Now don’t quarrel, gentlemen. You see, there used to be
a partition here—
Cox Box. Then put it up!

Mrs. B. Nay, I’ll see if I can’t get the other room ready this very
day. Now do keep your tempers.
[Exit, L.
Cox. What a disgusting position!
[Walking rapidly round stage.
Box. [Sitting down on chair, at one side of table, and following
Cox’s movements.] Will you allow me to observe, if you have not had
any exercise to-day, you’d better go out and take it.
Cox. I shall not do anything of the sort, sir.
[Seating himself at the table opposite Box.
Box. Very well, sir.
Cox. Very well, sir! However, don’t let me prevent you from going
out.
Box. Don’t flatter yourself, sir. [Cox is about to break a piece of
the roll off.] Holloa! that’s my roll, sir— [Snatches it away—puts a
pipe in his mouth, lights it with a piece of tinder—and puffs smoke
across to Cox.
Cox. Holloa! What are you about, sir?
Box. What am I about? I’m about to smoke.
Cox. Wheugh!
[Goes and opens window at Box’s back.
Box. Holloa! [Turns round.] Put down that window, sir!
Cox. Then put your pipe out, sir!
Box. There!

[Puts pipe on table.
Cox. There!
[Slams down window and re-seats himself.
Box. I shall retire to my pillow. [Goes up, takes off his jacket,
then goes towards bed, and sits down upon it, L. C.
Cox. [Jumps up, goes to bed, and sits down on R. of Box.] I beg
your pardon, sir—I cannot allow any one to rumple my bed. [Both
rising.]
Box. Your bed? Hark ye, sir—can you fight?
Cox. No, sir.
Box. No? Then come on—
[Sparring at Cox.
Cox. Sit down, sir—or I’ll instantly vociferate “Police!”
Box. [Seats himself—Cox does the same.] I say, sir——
Cox. Well, sir?
Box. Although we are doomed to occupy the same room for a
few hours longer, I don’t see any necessity for our cutting each
other’s throats, sir.
Cox. Not at all. It’s an operation that I should decidedly object to.
Box. And, after all, I’ve no violent animosity to you, sir.
Cox. Nor have I any rooted antipathy to you, sir.
Box. Besides, it was all Mrs. Bouncer’s fault, sir.
Cox. Entirely, sir. [Gradually approaching chairs.]

Box. Very well, sir!
Cox. Very well, sir! [Pause.]
Box. Take a bit of roll, sir?
Cox. Thank ye, sir. [Breaking a bit off. Pause.]
Box. Do you sing, sir?
Cox. I sometimes join in a chorus.
Box. Then give us a chorus. [Pause.] Have you seen the
Bosjemans, sir?
Cox. No, sir—my wife wouldn’t let me.
Box. Your wife!
Cox. That is—my intended wife.
Box. Well, that’s the same thing! I congratulate you! [Shaking
hands.]
Cox. [With a deep sigh.] Thank ye. [Seeing Box about to get up.]
You needn’t disturb yourself, sir. She won’t come here.
Box. Oh! I understand. You’ve got a snug little establishment of
your own here—on the sly—cunning dog—[Nudging Cox.]
Cox. [Drawing himself up.] No such thing, sir—I repeat, sir—no
such thing, sir, but my wife—I mean, my intended wife—happens to
be the proprietor of a considerable number of bathing-machines——
Box. [Suddenly.] Ha! Where? [Grasping Cox’s arm.]
Cox. At a favorite watering-place. How curious you are!
Box. Not at all. Well?

Cox. Consequently, in the bathing season—which luckily is rather
a long one—we see but little of each other; but as that is now over, I
am daily indulging in the expectation of being blessed with the sight
of my beloved. [Very seriously.] Are you married?
Box. Me? Why—not exactly!
Cox. Ah—a happy bachelor!
Box. Why—not—precisely!
Cox. Oh! a—widower?
Box. No—not absolutely!
Cox. You’ll excuse me, sir—but at present I don’t exactly
understand how you can help being one of the three.
Box. Not help it?
Cox. No, sir—not you, nor any other man alive!
Box. Ah, that may be—but I’m not alive!
Cox. [Pushing back his chair.] You’ll excuse me, sir—but I don’t
like joking upon such subjects.
Box. I’m perfectly serious, sir. I’ve been defunct for the last three
years!
Cox. [Shouting.] Will you be quiet, sir?
Box. If you won’t believe me, I’ll refer you to a very large,
numerous, and respectable circle of disconsolate friends.
Cox. My dear sir—my very dear sir—if there does exist any
ingenious contrivance whereby a man on the eve of committing
matrimony can leave this world, and yet stop in it, I shouldn’t be
sorry to know it.

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