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- 1. Chapter 23 –World War II Erupts Section Notes Video The Rise of Dictators World War II Erupts Europe Erupts in War The United States Enters the War Mobilizing for War Maps German Aggression, 1938–1941 Pearl Harbor History Close-up Blitzkrieg Attack on Pearl Harbor Images Jesse Owens Quick Facts Mobilization Visual Summary: World War II Avenge Pearl Harbor Erupts Remember Pearl Harbor
- 2. The Rise ofDictators The Main Idea The shattering effects of World War I helped set the stage for a new, aggressive type of leader in Europe and Asia. Reading Focus • How did the aftermath of World War I contribute to political problems in Europe? • How did the problems facing Europe in the postwar years lead to the rise of totalitarian leaders? • What events exemplify the growing use of military force by totalitarian regimes in the 1930s? • What alarming actions did Adolf Hitler take in the mid-1930s?
- 3. Europe after WorldWar I 1. World War I caused the deaths of millions and the destruction of numerous cities and farms. The European economy was in ruins. 2. The Treaty of Versailles left many European nations unhappy. • France thought the treaty was too easy on Germany. • Italy had been on the winning side of the war but was ignored during the peace talks. They had hoped to gain territory. 3. Germany was most affected by the Treaty of Versailles. • Germany gave up control of some of its land, including some important industrial areas. • German was forced to pay reparations to other countries, which led to a period of severe inflation. 4. The Weimer Republic was not a strong government. • It faced opposition from the Communists and the far right. • The German military was greatly reduced in size and power.
- 4. The Rise ofTotalitarian Leaders • European struggles and dissatisfaction during the postwar years had a major effect on European politics. • Leaders who reflected the people’s bitterness and anger emerged. • These leaders promised a return to greatness. • This was very appealing to unhappy Europeans, and many were willing to give up basic freedoms in return for future glory.
- 5. Benito Mussolini • BenitoMussolini led the Italian government by 1922. – His vision of a strong, orderly Italy was appealing – He encouraged the use of violence against Socialists and Communists, whom many Italians blamed for the chaos of postwar Italy. – He gained wide support for his views. • Angry over the Treaty of Versailles, he founded the National Fascist Party. • Fascism stressed the glory of the state—the rights and concerns of individuals were of little importance. • Established a dictatorship that allowed no other political parties • Had total control over daily life in a totalitarian regime
- 6. Adolf Hitler • AdolfHitler was an Austrian who entered German politics because he was angry over the Treaty of Versailles. • Joined a small political party called the National Socialists, or Nazis • Tried to seize power in Germany by force in 1923; revolt failed and he was sent to prison • From prison, wrote Mein Kampf—a book that outlined his politicall ideas – Believed in the racial superiority of the German people – Blamed the Jews for many of Germany’s problems • Hitler became Germany’s chancellor in 1933. • Set up a totalitarian dictatorship • Secretly began to build up the German military
- 7. Other Totalitarian Regimes Spain Soviet Union Japan • Spain erupted into • Communism and • Torn apart by civil war during the fascism represent political and 1930s. opposite political economic conflict extremes. • General Francisco • Military leaders Franco came to • Yet, under Joseph used violence to power during this Stalin, communism gain control over conflict. was similar to the government. fascism. He crushed • He was a fascist. • They were inspired all political opposition. by nationalistic dreams of • Stalin dominated all Japanese areas of Soviet life. greatness. • One of the era’s most notorious totalitarian dictators
- 8. Totalitarian Governments • Without government approval, some Japanese generals invaded the Chinese province of Manchuria to gain land Japan/ and resources for Japan. Manchuria • This demonstrated the weakness of the Japanese government and the strength of Japanese nationalists. • In 1935 Italy invaded the East African nation of Ethiopia. Italy/ • Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie asked the League of Ethiopia Nations for help. However, the international community was unwilling to take a stand against aggression. • Conflict between Communists and the Fascists and Spanish Nationalists led to civil war in 1936. Civil • Other countries in Europe and North America helped one War side or the other during this conflict. Franco’s Nationalists won.
- 9. Adolf Hitler GainsPower The Rhineland The Anschluss The Sudetenland • Germany could not • In 1938 Hitler tried to • Hitler began plans to have troops in an unite the ethnic gain control of a area of the Rhine Germans of Austria German-speaking River valley along with those of Germany. portion of the French border. • He tried to force the Czechoslovakia. • This was meant to Austrian government • He encouraged the protect France to agree to Anschluss – Germans in the area against a possible union with Germany. to protest the Czech German invasion. • When the Austrian government and government refused, then threatened a • Hitler sent troops Hitler sent troops into military attack. into the Rhineland the country. in 1936. • Neville Chamberlain • No one stopped Hitler. and others allowed • France and Britain Hitler to annex the were unwilling to Sudetenland. stop this.
- 10. Europe Erupts inWar The Main Idea Far from being satisfied by the actions of France and Great Britain, Germany turned to force and triggered the start of World War II. Reading Focus • How did Germany’s actions in 1939 trigger the start of World War II? • Where did German forces turn after overrunning Poland in 1939? • What developments increased tensions between the United States and Japan in East Asia?
- 11. The Start ofWorld War II • Neville Chamberlain believed that his policy of appeasement—or giving in to aggressive demands to maintain peace—had prevented the outbreak of war. • Rival British politician Winston Churchill condemned Chamberlain’s policy of appeasement and said it would lead to war. • Churchill was correct; Hitler was not appeased by gaining the Sudentenland. • In 1939 Hitler gained more land by force, made alliances that he hoped would help him in the future, and attacked Poland.
- 12. Hitler’s Actions in1939 Czechoslovakia Alliances Poland • In March Hitler • Established a pact • On September 1, sent troops into with Italy 1939, Hitler what remained of • Established a invaded Poland. Czechoslovakia. nonaggression • The German • Czechoslovakia pact with Stalin’s military used the fell without Soviet Union blitzkrieg, or putting up a fight. • Stalin agreed not ―lightening war.‖ • Chamberlain to stop Hitler’s • Poland fought finally realized expansion and back to no avail. that Hitler could Hitler agreed not • By the end of the not be trusted. to attack Stalin. month, Poland • Appeasement had • This pact shocked was in German failed. many in Europe. hands.
- 13. German Forces Turnto the West On September 3, 1939, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany. They became known as the Allies. The Allies did not attack Germany. Instead, they decided to wait for Germany to make its next move. They believed that Germany’s army would grow weak trying to invade France. Germany made plans to invade France through the Ardennes Forest. This was rugged terrain and the French army concentrated their defenses elsewhere. For example, the famed Maginot Line was to the south of the Ardennes.
- 14. German Forces Turnto the West April 1940 Hitler invaded Denmark and Norway. » This improved Germany’s access to the Atlantic. » Both countries fell with little resistance. May 1940 Germans invaded France. » Germans conquered the Netherlands and stormed into Belgium. » Belgian, British, and French troops tried to stop the Germans in Belgium. » By early June the Germans had trapped hundreds of thousands of Allied soldiers at the French port of Dunkirk. » Meanwhile, German forces attacked France through the Ardennes. The Maginot Line had been bypassed. June 1940 France surrendered to Germany and Italy. » The unoccupied part of France was known as Vichy France. » Many French leaders, including Charles de Gaulle, fled to Great Britain to organize resistance to German and Vichy control of France.
- 15. Increasing Tensions inEast Asia 1934 Japan began expanding its naval forces despite promises made at the Washington Navel Conference. 1936 Japan signed an anticommunism pact with Germany. 1937 Japan began a war against China. 1940 Japan formed a military alliance with Germany and Italy. These nations were known as the Axis Powers. 1941 Japan moved to take control of French Indochina, which threatened American interests. President Roosevelt tried to reason with General Hideki Tojo, the minister of war who took control of the country in October of 1941. But the time for compromise was over.
- 16. The United StatesEnters the War The Main Idea Isolationist feeling in the United States was strong in the 1930s, but Axis aggression eventually destroyed it and pushed the United States into war. Reading Focus • Why was a commitment to isolationism so widespread in the 1930s? • How did Roosevelt balance American isolationism with the need to intervene in the war? • What did the United States do to prepare for war in 1940 and 1941? • What were the causes and effects of the Japanese attack at Pearl Harbor?
- 17. United States Isolationismin the 1930s The desire to avoid involvement in foreign wars was known as isolationism. Isolationists were not necessarily pacifists. Most isolationists simply wanted to preserve America’s freedom to choose the time and place for action. Many Americans questioned what the Allies’ costly victory in World War I had actually achieved. Anti-League of Nation feelings soared as people believed that the League might drag the United States into future wars. Roosevelt was not an isolationist; however, he was focused on solving problems at home by implementing his New Deal programs. Congress did pass isolationist measures such as the Neutrality Act in 1935.
- 18. Isolationism versus Intervention Isolationism Intervention • The Neutrality Act • When Italy invaded prohibited the sale of arms Ethiopia, Roosevelt or making loans to warring stopped arms sales to both countries. countries—which hurt only Italy. • Roosevelt needed the support of isolationists in • Roosevelt did not want to Congress. They wanted to remain neutral—he was remain neutral. worried about the aggressive actions of • The United States did not totalitarian leaders. intervene in the Spanish Civil War or the Japanese • Roosevelt began to speak invasion of China. out against neutrality with his Quarantine Speech.
- 19. The United StatesPrepares for War • Roosevelt asked Congress for money to build new naval vessels. – Congress approved despite isolationist complaints. • Congress changed the neutrality laws to a new policy called cash-and-carry. – Countries at war could buy American goods if they paid cash and picked up their goods at American ports. • Roosevelt urged a policy of ―all aid short of war.‖ – He traded 50 aging warships for eight British military bases. Isolationists opposed the deal, but were too weak to stop it.
- 20. Preparing for War Rooseveltdefeated business leader Wendell Willkie for an unprecedented third term as president. He felt world events required experience in the White House. Roosevelt wanted to make the United States an ―arsenal of democracy.‖ Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, which allowed the nation to send weapons to Great Britain. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill met secretly in 1941. They agreed to the Atlantic Charter. This document proclaimed the shared goals of the United States and Britain in opposing Hitler and his Allies. Despite German U-boat attacks on U.S. ships trying to deliver goods under the Lend-Lease Act, isolationists continued to oppose entry into the war.
- 21. Attack on PearlHarbor Causes Effects • Conflict between Japan and • Americans reacted to the news the United States over French of the Pearl Harbor attack with Indochina anger and fear. • Japan’s alliance with Germany • Californians reported seeing and Italy submarines off the Pacific coast. • Japan’s prime minister, Hideki Tojo, was hostile towards the • Some Americans feared that United States. Japanese Americans would assist an invasion of the mainland. • The United States declared war on Japan. • Germany and Italy declared war on the United States.
- 22. The Attack onPearl Harbor Defenses The Attack The Aftermath • U.S military • On December 7, • All 8 battleships planners believed 1941, the were damaged; an attack on Pearl Japanese attacked. 4 were sunk. Harbor was • Nearly 200 • Aircraft carriers possible. aircraft were approached the • Forces at the base island of Oahu. destroyed. were unprepared • Some 2,400 • War planes loaded to defend it. Americans were with bombs and • No single torpedoes left the dead. commander was in carriers and • Japan lost only a charge. destroyed handful of • Routine defensive American ships and submarines and steps were not in planes. fewer than 30 place. • The attack lasted 2 planes. hours.
- 23. Mobilizing for War The Main Idea The outbreak of World War II spurred the mobilization of American military and industrial might. Reading Focus • How did the U.S. armed forces mobilize to fight World War II? • What role did American industry and science play in mobilizing to fight World War II? • How did mobilization challenge the nation’s ideals of freedom?
- 24. U.S. Armed ForcesMobilize • Once the United States entered the war, it had to mobilize, or bring its forces into readiness. • In 1940 the government had begun to increase military spending. – This helped end the Great Depression. – Thousands found work in factories, making supplies for the military. • Army Chief of Staff, General George C. Marshall led the mobilization effort. • In addition to equipment and supplies, the United States needed soldiers. • American women filled a variety of vital roles in the military. • New military bases were needed to train and house soldiers.
- 25. Mobilizing the ArmedForces Finding Soldiers Women Military Bases • The government • 10,000 joined • Most bases were expanded the the WAVES, a built in rural draft, which had navy program. areas. been reinstated • 1,000 joined the in 1940. • The military bases WASPs, an air transformed parts • Millions of young force program. of the United men • 150,000 served States. volunteered. in the WAC, an • California, Florida, • Some 16 million army program. and Texas became Americans • Oveta Culp home to large entered the Hobby led the numbers of armed forces. WACs; she was a soldiers. colonel.
- 26. American Industry andScience in World War II • Troops needed proper equipment to fight World War II. – Factories that produced consumer goods were converted to the production of military supplies. – Roosevelt called for the production of new planes and tanks. • War supplies had to be shipped overseas. – Submarines took a terrible toll on American shipping. – American shipyards turned out thousands of new vessels to replace those lost during the war. – Henry Kaiser build the so-called liberty ships using assembly-line techniques. • Wartime agencies regulated what factories produced, what prices they could charge, and how the nation’s raw materials could be used. • Producing supplies to fight the war required many workers. • Government spending during the war created millions of new jobs. • Technology played an important role in World War II.
- 27. Mobilizing Industry andScience • Factories needed workers at the same time men were leaving to join the armed forces. Rosie the • Women solved the problem. Millions began to work Riveter outside the home in industrial jobs. • Working women of the war were represented by the symbolic figure known as Rosie the Riveter. • Many workers joined labor unions and the government was concerned about strikes. Labor in WW II • The National War Labor Board was established in 1941 to help settle labor disputes. • The Smith-Connally Act passed in 1943. • The Manhattan Project began a top-secret mission to build an atomic bomb. Mobilizing Science • Physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer and other American scientists raced to develop this weapon ahead of the Germans.
- 28. Freedom at Home AfricanAmericans African Americans Challenges for in the military in the workforce Hispanic • Hundreds of • Found jobs in Americans thousands served factories that had • Demand for farm during World War been unavailable labor led to the II. to them before the Bracero Program, war which gave Mexican • They broke down barriers that had • Still faced workers the chance long blocked their discrimination to work in the way. • A. Philip United States. • They continued to Randolph called • Tension over the face discrimination for a march on increasing numbers (ex. Segregated Washington to of Hispanic workers units). protest their unfair led to the zoot suit treatment riots in June 1943.
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