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- 1. System of RiceIntensification (SRI) - “Less can Produce more” Dr. A. SATYANARAYANA Director of Extension Acharya N. G. Ranga Agricultural University Rajendranagar, Hyderabad
- 2. Modern Agriculture OverlyGenocentric Productivity gains were possible with increased use of inputs – Fertilizers, Pesticides, Water etc. They are now giving • Diminishing returns • Creating environmental hazards, health risks • Rising costs of production
- 3. More productivein terms of - Land, Labour, Water, Capital, Energy, inputs More environmentally benign More robust in the face of climate change More socially beneficial - reducing poverty, greater food security 21st Century Agriculture needs to be
- 4. Biological power andEco-agriculture should be basic foundations for soil health Micro organisms and other soil biota as creators and maintainers of soil fertility Greater attention to plants roots
- 5. The basic ideaof SRI Rice plants do best when their - roots can grow large because the plants are transplanted carefully at wider spacing and grown on soil that is kept well aerated with abundant and diverse soil microorganisms
- 6. The contribution ofsoil microbial activity need to be taken more seriously The microbial flora causes a large number of biochemical changes in the soil that largely determine the fertility of soil (De Datta, 1981)
- 7. System of RiceIntensification (SRI) – a way out
- 8. SRI offers increasedfactor productivity of Land Labour Water
- 9. Rice is themost important food crop of India Rice has been identified as Growth Engine under vision 2020 of Andhra Pradesh The area and production of rice is coming down in recent years due to lack of sufficient water in irrigation systems SRI has the potential to meet the challenge by virtue of its capacity to double or even triple the productivity and less water requirement
- 10. • SRI wasfirst developed in Madaskar during 1980’s • Not known outside Madagaskar until 1997 • Its potential is under testing in China, Indonesia, Combodia, Thailand, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, India • In A.P, SRI is experimented all the 22 districts with encouraging results • Over 1,00,000 farmers are experimenting with this system world wide at present • Few thousands of acres are under SRI in the very second season in AP
- 11. SRI Technology uses Lessexternal inputs • Less seed (2 kg/ac) • Fewer plants per unit area (25 x 25 cm) • Less chemical fertilizer • More organic manures • Less pesticides
- 12. SRI is initiallylabour intensive - Needs 50% more man days for transplanting and weeding - Mobilises labour to work for profit - It offers an alternative to resource poor, who puts in their family labour - Once skills are learnt and implements are used, the labour costs will be lesser than the present day Rice cultivation
- 13. SRI encourages riceplant to grow healthy with Large root volume Profuse and strong tillers Non-lodging Big panicle More and well filled spikelets and higher grain weight Resists insects Because it allows Rice to grow naturally
- 14. Root growth Rootgrowth can be massive in response to SRI practices 3 hills under conventional method required 28 kg of force to be pulled up Single SRI rice plants required 53 kg for uprooting
- 16. Tillering is greatlyincreased 30 tillers per plant are fairly easy to achieve 50 tillers per plant are quite attainable With really good use of SRI, individual plants can have 100 fertile tillers or even more Because no set back due to early transplanting and no die back of roots Maximum tillering occurs concurrently with panicle initiation With SRI positive correlation is found between the number of panicles per plant and number of grains per panicle
- 22. Rice plant Everybodybelieve that Rice is an aquatic plant and grows best in standing water Rice is not an aquatic plant, it can survive in water but does not thrive under hypoxic conditions Rice plants spends lot of its energy to develop air pockets (aerenchyma tissue) in its roots under continuous inundation 70% of Rice root tips get degenerated by flowering period Under SRI paddy fields are not flooded but keep the soil moist during vegetative phase SRI requires only about half as much water as normally applied in irrigated rice
- 23. Conventional system withmore water
- 24. Intermittent wetting anddrying and Aeration
- 25. SIX MECHANISMS ANDPROCESSES FOR SRI 1. EARLY TRANSPLANTING seedlings 8-12 days old, when plant has only two small leaves,before fourth phyllochron 2. CAREFUL TRANSPLANTING Minimize trauma in transplanting Remove plant from nursery with the seed, soil and roots carefully and place it in the field without plunging too deep into soil More tillering potential More root growth potential More tillering potential
- 29. After 12 daysin nursery the plant height is 7.7 inches (18.8cm) Length of main root is 5 inches (12.7 cm) 4 leaves 8 small roots
- 34. Diagram of possiblestalks of a rice shoot stalks grow following a regular cycle (phyllochron)
- 35. Contd.. 3. WIDE SPACING plantsingle seedlings, not in clumps, and in a square pattern, not rows, 25cm x 25cm or wider 4. WEEDING AND AERATION needed because no standing water; use simple mechanical “rotating hoe” that churns up soil; 2 weedings required, with 4 recommended before panicle initiation; first weeding 10 days after transplanting More root growth potential More root growth, due to reduced weed competition, and aeration of soil, giving roots more oxygen and N due to increased microbial activity we left in soil; can add 1+tons per weeding? Each additional weeding after two rounds results in increased productivity up to 2 t/ha/weeding
- 37. Contd.. 5. WATER MANAGEMENT regularwater applications to keep soil moist but not saturated, with intermittent dryings,alternating aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions 6. COMPOST/FYM applied instead of or in addition to chemical fertilizer; 10 tons/ha; More root growth because avoids root degeneration able to acquire more and more varied nutrients from the soil More plant growth because of better soil health and structure, and more balanced nutrient supply
- 39. Green Manure crop(Sunhemp)
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- 42. Nursery Management Seedrate 2 kg/ac Nursery area 1 cent/ac Select healthy seed Pre-sprouted seeds are sown on raised nursery bed Prepare nursery bed like garden crops Apply a layer of fine manure Spread sprouted seed sparcely Cover with another layer of manure Mulch with paddy straw Water carefully Banana leaf sheath may be used for easy lifting and transport of seedlings
- 44. Main field preparation Land preparation is not different from regular irrigated rice cultivation Levelling should be done carefully so that water can be applied very evenly At every 3 m distance form a canal to facilitate drainage With the help of a marker draw lines both way at 25 x 25 cm apart and transplant at the intersection
- 45. PADDY YIELDS UNDERSRI IN COASTAL AREA YIELD( Kg/ha) 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Vj Sr Vz Wg Eg Kr Gn Pr Check SRI
- 46. PADDY YIELDS UNDERSRI IN TELANGANA AREA YIELD( Kg/ha) 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 Ma Ra Me Na Wa Kh Ka Ni Ad Check SRI
- 47. PADDY YIELDS UNDERSRI IN RAYALASEEMA YIELD( Kg/ha) 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 Ku Ka An Ch Check SRI
- 48. 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 Sr Vj VzEg Kr Pr Ku An Ra Ni Ma Na Wa Kh Ka Ad Check SRI PADDY YIELDS UNDER SRI REPORTED BY DOA YIELD( Kg/ha)
- 49. Performance of SRIin AP- Kharif 2003 No. of trials Yield results > 10 t/ha Range of results Yield advantage (kg/ha) AP State 134 33 3.2-16.2 1869 Rayalaseema 10 6 7.8-15.5 4731 Telangana 40 10 4.2-16.2 2504 Coastal 84 17 3.2-14.3 1145
- 50. Performance of SRIin AP- Kharif 2003 (Trials organized by State DOA) No. of trials - 69 Average SRI yield (t/ha) - 8.36 Control (t/ha) - 4.89 State average productivity (t/ha) - 3.87 5 districts averaged over 10 t/ha
- 51. Report on SRICultivation Name of the Farmer : Mr.A.Jayasurya Reddy Address : Tarimala Village, Singanamala Mandal Anantapur district, Andhra Pradesh Season : Rainy season 2003 Area under SRI : 0.2 ha Variety : BPT 5204 S.No. Parameter Farmers method SRI 1. No. of productive tillers/m2 503 706 2 No. of grains/panicle 87 152 3 Length of panicle (cm) 15.5 14.2 4 1000 grain weight (g) 13.3 14.4 5 Chaffy grain (%) 19.2 3.2 6 Grain yield (kg/ha) 5850 13297 7 Straw yield (kg/ha) 7110 12600 8 Duration(days) 150 140
- 52. Report on SRICultivation Name of the Farmer : Mr.K.Venka Subba Reddy Address : Konidedu Village, Panyam Mandal Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh Season : Rainy season 2003 Area under SRI : 840 m2 Variety : BPT 5204 S.No. Parameter Farmers method SRI 1. Date of sowing 22-6-2003 19-7-2003 2 Date of Transplanting 31-7-2003 28-7-2003 3 Date of harvesting 10-12-2003 10-12-2003 4 Productive tillers/m2 510 1040 5 Panicle length (cm) 17.2 20.2 6 No. of grains/panicle 105 202 7 1000 grain weight(g) 18.8 21.1 8 Grain yield kg/ha 5625 15774 9 Cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) 16250 18000
- 53. Report on SRICultivation Name of the Farmer : Mr.Rakesh Address : EdulapalliVillage, Kotturu Mandal Mahabubnagar district, Andhra Pradesh Variety : BPT 5204 Area under SRI : 0.8 ha S.No. Parameter Farmers method SRI (*) 1. Date of sowing 6-6-2003 7-7-2003 2 Date of Transplanting 28-6-2003 17-7-2003 3 Date of harvesting 6-11-2003 5-12-2003 4 No. of productive tillers/hill 20 40 5 Length of the panicle (cm) 14 20 6 No. of grains/panicle 150 210 7 Grain yield t/ha 4.7 8.9 (*) Only organic manures were applied
- 54. Report on SRICultivation National Seed Project, ANGRAU, Hyderabad Variety : BPT 5204 Area under SRI : 0.2 ha S.No. Parameter Farmers method SRI 1. Age of seedling at transplanting 30 10 2 Days to 50% flowering 114 108 3 No. of productive tillers/hill 10 28 4 Panicle length (cm) 21.4 21.0 5 No. of grains per panicle 162 166 6 1000 grain weight (g) 14.4 14.4 7 Yield t/ha 5.7 7.1 SRI crop matured 10 days earlier
- 55. Report on SRICultivation Name of the Farmer : Mr.T.Sambi Reddy Address : Bhadirajupalem Village, ThotlavallurMandal Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh Area under SRI : 0.2 ha Variety : BPT 5204 S.No. Parameter Farmers method SRI 1. Date of sowing 20-7-2003 20-7-2003 2 Date of Transplanting 17-8-2003 1-8-2003 3 Date of harvesting 13-12-2003 13-12-2003 4 No. of productive tillers/hill 13 42 5 Length of the panicle(cm) 22 30 6 No. of grains/panicle 254 357 7 Grain yield (kg/ha) 8036 12576 8 Cost of cultivation per ha 15,000 17,500
- 56. SRI is counter- Intuitive Less can produce more Younger seedlings becomes larger and more productive Fewer plants/hill and per m2 give more yield Less water can give greater yield
- 57. SRI utilizes BiologicalPower Rice root system grown under SRI i.e., aerated soil do not degenerate, are much larger and function better Soils that are aerated and well supplied with organic matter can support longer and diverse populations of soil micro organisms, which inturn mobilizes nutrients to the plant Phytohormones produced by bacteria and fungi living in soils and roots promote root growth and the health of the plants Root exudates provide food to microorganisms Application of fertilizers and other agro chemicals has inhibiting effect on soil biota
- 58. Benefits of SRI 1.Higher yields – Both grain and straw 2. Reduced duration (by 10 days) 3. Lesser chemical inputs 4. Less water requirement 5. Less chaffy grain % 6. Grain weight increased without change in grain size 7. Higher head rice recovery 8. Withstood cyclonic gales 9. Cold tolerance 10. Soil health improves through biological activity
- 59. Future needs Researchto produce different models for different situations To promote SRI by way of making information available To organise a few demonstrations with farmers participation
- 60.