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Xenorenotransoplantation 1
Xenotransplantation involves transplanting cells, tissues, or organs from animals to humans in order to address the shortage of donor organs for transplantation. While pigs are a promising donor source due to organ size similarities and efficient breeding, there are concerns about transmitting animal diseases to humans and the ethical issues of breeding and killing animals for their organs. Xenotransplantation research continues to make progress through strategies like genetically modifying donor organs to reduce rejection and induce tolerance, with the goal of one day providing a safe, ethical solution to the critical need for organ transplants.
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Introduction to the topic of xenotransplantation as part one.
Highlighting the urgency of organ transplantation due to donor shortages and potential use of animal organs.
Definition of xenotransplantation: transplanting tissues from one species to another, e.g., pig to human.
Chronological events in xenotransplantation from 1682, showcasing various attempts and results.
Discussing potential donors like primates and pigs, their advantages in transplantation, and ethical concerns.
Potential uses of xenotransplantation for various diseases, combatting organ shortages and ethical complications.
Major concerns including disease transmission, organ compatibility, and ethical implications of using animals.
Future directions in xenotransplantation, including gene transfer, organ modifications, and new immunosuppressants.
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Xenorenotransoplantation 1
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- 2. In recent years,transplantation is the most effective way to cure the functional failure of organs . Lack of donor is what pinches the most waitlisted recipients, many dying before their turn comes up for transplant What can we do ? Use the organs of animals
- 4. Concept XENO- A tissuetransplant from one species to another e.g. from pig/chimps to human. A procedure in which a human receives cells, tissues, or organs from a nonhuman animal
- 5. Timeline of xenotransplantation 1682- 1st documentedattempt . Repair of the skull defect of Russian nobleman by dog skull. The graft did well but surgeon was forced to remove it on pressure by church 1800- Frog skin was used for repair of burns by British surgeon 1920 – Sergei Voranov , French surgeon injected monkey testicle aspirates to elderly males to rejuvenate sexual vigour
- 6. 1905- French doctor,Princeteau put rabbit thinly sliced kidney in a case of acute renal failure . Patients had significantly increased urine output, but 16 days later patient died of pulmonary edema. 1909 - German doctor tried to transplant monkey kidney to patient with renal failure in the thigh, 32 hours after the transplant ,renal vein thrombosis noted. 1964 - Reemtsma, Lousiana transplanted gorilla’s kidney into 13 patients with CKD, and gave immunosuppressive therapy at the same time. Only one patients kidney remained normal for nine months.
- 7. The surviving recipientwas school teacher who even resumed her duty but died of electrolyte imbalance. Graft biopsy was normal with no evidence of rejection. 1965- J. Hardy did first cardiac transplant (baboon), failed due to small heart to tolerate adult circulation 1992- Pittsburg, first liver tranplant, died due to infection due to heavy immunosuppresion 2 months later 1995 – Jeff Getty recieved immune cells from baboon for AIDS, mysteriously improved .
- 8. 1997- a 20-year-oldman suffering from acute liver failure was hooked up to external transgenic pig livers developed by Nextran. (ELADS) 1998- There were three successful transplantation of pig neural cells into patients suffering from strokes and Parkinson’s disease
- 9. Who can bethe potential donors Primates Closer to humans in terms of evolutionary lineage Less chance of rejection (Concordant xenografting ) Due to their similarities, there is a higher chance that primate infections will spread to humans Raises many ethical concerns 1) Chimpanze are endangered species 2) So close to humans that some might equate it with killing other humans
- 10. Baboon organs aretoo small to support adult function, but may be useful for children Pigs Reproduce quickly Produce many offspring Inexpensive Organs are of similar size to those of humans Domestic animal might pose fewer ethical concerns
- 11. Drawbacks – Not asclosely related to humans Discordant xenografting Life span Pigs live for 15-20 years, so their organs might be in danger of breaking down if they are in humans for too long
- 13. Potential uses A) Canhelp treat patients with – a) Serious burns, b) Visual impairments, c) Diabetes, c) Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s d) and those in organ failure waiting for donor
- 14. B) Combat theconsistent shortage of organs and tissues needed for transplantation (Vaccines, Blood & Biologics) C) Help people who are in need of a transplant but who are not eligible to be put on the organ/tissue donor waiting list. D) Abolish the black marketing of organs E) Families would be pardoned from the difficult decisions about organ donation of deceased relatives
- 15. Concerns 1) Infected animalorgans could be transplanted into humans, transferring infectious diseases into the human population (Xenoses/zoonoses) a) Monkeypox virus b) Herpes B virus c) Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) (similar to HIV)
- 16. 2) Animals canbe infected with organisms that are usually not transferrable to humans that may become transferrable with the assimilation of organs/tissues into human bodies, creating unknown diseases 3) Animal organs may not be able to complete all of the necessary functions in human bodies 4) High levels of immunosuppressant drugs can make patients more susceptible to other diseases
- 17. 5) Is itacceptable to use animals as organ/tissue sources? – may not be for some religions 6) Will necessitate the breeding and killing of animals on a large scale. ( Though inc. employment) – PETA, animal right activists 7) Is it acceptable to genetically modify animals so the organs/tissues they produce are compatible with those of humans? - Religious authorities against it .
- 18. 8) None Clinicaltrials done - Is it right to subject humans to xenografts if it is unlikely that they will survive? 9) Should we proceed with developing xenotransplantation when other technologies, such as artificial organs, could be invented/developed to tackle the same problems and might prove even better ?
- 19. Prospect Xenotransplantation will openup a new treatment strategy a)Gene transfer strategy b)modification of donor organs, c)immune tolerance d)newer immunosuppressants..