XML - EXtensible Markup Language

IPA
1st
Semester, 2007-2008
Internet 1
Ch. 16
XML
attasr@ipa.edu.sa

09/30/15 © Reem Al-Attas 2
Introduction
 XML (Extensible Markup Language)
 Derived from Standard Generalized Markup
Language (SGML)
 Open technology for electronic data exchange and
storage
 Create other markup languages to describe data in
structured manner

Introduction
XML documents
 Contain only data, not formatting instructions
 Highly portable
 XML parser
 Support Document Object Model or Simple API
XML
 Document Type Definition (DTD, schema)
 XML document can reference another that defines proper
structure
XML-based markup languages
 XML vocabularies

Structuring Data
 XML declaration
 Value version
 Indicates the XML version to which the document conforms
 Root element
 Element that encompasses every other elements
 Container element
 Any element contains other elements
 Child elements
 Elements inside a container element
 Empty element flag
 Does not contain any text
 DTD documents
 End with .dtd extension

article.xml
(1 of 1)
1 <?xml version = "1.0"?>
2
3 
4 
5
6 <article>
7
8 <title>Simple XML</title>
9
10 <date>July 15, 2003</date>
11
12 <author>
13 <firstName>Carpenter</firstName>
14 <lastName>Cal</lastName>
15 </author>
16
17 <summary>XML is pretty easy.</summary>
18
19 <content>Once you have mastered XHTML, XML is easily
20 learned. You must remember that XML is not for
21 displaying information but for managing information.
22 </content>
23
24 </article>

letter.xml
(1 of 2)
2
3 
4 
5
6 <!DOCTYPE letter SYSTEM "letter.dtd">
7
8 <letter>
9
10 <contact type = "from">
11 <name>John Doe</name>
12 <address1>123 Main St.</address1>
13 <address2></address2>
14 <city>Anytown</city>
15 <state>Anystate</state>
16 <zip>12345</zip>
17 <phone>555-1234</phone>
18 <flag gender = "M"/>
19 </contact>
20
21 <contact type = "to">
22 <name>Joe Schmoe</name>
23 <address1>Box 12345</address1>
24 <address2>15 Any Ave.</address2>
25 <city>Othertown</city>

letter.xml
(2 of 2)
26 <state>Otherstate</state>
27 <zip>67890</zip>
28 <phone>555-4321</phone>
29 <flag gender = "M"/>
30 </contact>
31
32 <salutation>Dear Sir:</salutation>
33
34 <paragraph>It is our privilege to inform you about our new
35 database managed with XML. This new system allows
36 you to reduce the load of your inventory list server by
37 having the client machine perform the work of sorting
38 and filtering the data.</paragraph>
39 <closing>Sincerely</closing>
40 <signature>Mr. Doe</signature>
41
42 </letter>

XML Namespaces
XML
 Allows document authors to create custom
elements
 Naming collisions
 XML namespace
 Collection of element and attribute names
 Uniform resource identifier (URI)
• Uniquely identifies the namespace
• A string of text for differentiating names
 Any name except for reserved namespace xml
 Directory
• Root element and contains other elements

namespace.xml
(1 of 1)
2
3 
4 
5
6 <text:directory xmlns:text = "urn:deitel:textInfo"
7 xmlns:image = "urn:deitel:imageInfo">
8
9 <text:file filename = "book.xml">
10 <text:description>A book list</text:description>
11 </text:file>
12
13 <image:file filename = "funny.jpg">
14 <image:description>A funny picture</image:description>
15 <image:size width = "200" height = "100"/>
16 </image:file>
17
18 </text:directory>

defaultnamespace
.xml
(1 of 1)
2
3 
4 
5
6 <directory xmlns = "urn:deitel:textInfo"
7 xmlns:image = "urn:deitel:imageInfo">
8
9 <file filename = "book.xml">
10 <description>A book list</description>
11 </file>
12
13 <image:file filename = "funny.jpg">
14 <image:description>A funny picture</image:description>
15 <image:size width = "200" height = "100"/>
16 </image:file>
17
18 </directory>

Document Type Definitions (DTDs)
and Schemas
Two types of documents for specifying
XML document structure
 Document Type Definition (DTDs)
 Schemas

Document Type Definitions
 Enables XML parser to verify whether XML document is
valid
 Allow independent user groups to check structure and
exchange data in standardized format
 Expresses set of rules for structure using EBNF
grammar
 ELEMENT type declaration
 Defines rules
 ATTLIST attribute-list declaration
 Defines an attribute

letter.dtd
(1 of 1)
1 
2 
3
4 <!ELEMENT letter ( contact+, salutation, paragraph+,
5 closing, signature )>
6
7 <!ELEMENT contact ( name, address1, address2, city, state,
8 zip, phone, flag )>
9 <!ATTLIST contact type CDATA #IMPLIED>
10
11 <!ELEMENT name ( #PCDATA )>
12 <!ELEMENT address1 ( #PCDATA )>
13 <!ELEMENT address2 ( #PCDATA )>
14 <!ELEMENT city ( #PCDATA )>
15 <!ELEMENT state ( #PCDATA )>
16 <!ELEMENT zip ( #PCDATA )>
17 <!ELEMENT phone ( #PCDATA )>
18 <!ELEMENT flag EMPTY>
19 <!ATTLIST flag gender (M | F) "M">
20
21 <!ELEMENT salutation ( #PCDATA )>
22 <!ELEMENT closing ( #PCDATA )>
23 <!ELEMENT paragraph ( #PCDATA )>
24 <!ELEMENT signature ( #PCDATA )>

W3C XML Schema Documents
Schemas
 Specify XML document structure
 Do not use EBNF grammar
 Use XML syntax
 Can be manipulated like other XML documents
 Require validating parsers
 XML schemas
 Schema vocabulary the W3C created
 Recommendation
 Schema valid
• XML document that conforms to a schema document
• Use .xsd extension

Root element schema
 Contains elements that define the XML
document structure
 targetNamespace
 Namespace of XML vocabulary the schema defines
 element tag
 Defines element to be included in XML document
structure
 name and type attributes
 Specify element’s name and data type respectively
 Built-in simple types
 date, int, double, time, etc

Two categories of data types
 Simple types
 Cannot contain attributes or child elements
 Complex types
 May contain attributes and child elements
 complexType
• Define complex type
 Simple content
• Cannot have child elements
 Complex content
• May have child elements

book.xml
(1 of 1)
2
3 
4 
5
6 <deitel:books xmlns:deitel = "http://www.deitel.com/booklist">
7 <book>
8 <title>XML How to Program</title>
9 </book>
10 <book>
11 <title>C How to Program</title>
12 </book>
13 <book>
14 <title>Java How to Program</title>
15 </book>
16 <book>
17 <title>C++ How to Program</title>
18 </book>
19 <book>
20 <title>Perl How to Program</title>
21 </book>
22 </deitel:books>

book.xsd
(1 of 1)
2
3 
4 
5
6 <schema xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
7 xmlns:deitel = "http://www.deitel.com/booklist"
8 targetNamespace = "http://www.deitel.com/booklist">
9
10 <element name = "books" type = "deitel:BooksType"/>
11
12 <complexType name = "BooksType">
13 <sequence>
14 <element name = "book" type = "deitel:SingleBookType"
15 minOccurs = "1" maxOccurs = "unbounded"/>
16 </sequence>
17 </complexType>
18
19 <complexType name = "SingleBookType">
20 <sequence>
21 <element name = "title" type = "string"/>
22 </sequence>
23 </complexType>
24
25 </schema>

Target: file:///usr/local/XSV/xsvlog/@11038.1uploaded
(Real name: C:IW3HTP3examplesch 20book.xsd)
docElt: {http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema}schema
Validation was strict, starting with type [Anonymous]
The schema(s) used for schema-validation had no errors
No schema-validity problems were found in the target

computer.xsd
(1 of 2)
2
3 
4 
5
6 <schema xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
7 xmlns:computer = "http://www.deitel.com/computer"
8 targetNamespace = "http://www.deitel.com/computer">
9
10 <simpleType name = "gigahertz">
11 <restriction base = "decimal">
12 <minInclusive value = "2.1"/>
13 </restriction>
14 </simpleType>
15
16 <complexType name = "CPU">
17 <simpleContent>
18 <extension base = "string">
19 <attribute name = "model" type = "string"/>
20 </extension>
21 </simpleContent>
22 </complexType>
23

computer.xsd
(2 of 2)
24 <complexType name = "portable">
25 <all>
26 <element name = "processor" type = "computer:CPU"/>
27 <element name = "monitor" type = "int"/>
28 <element name = "CPUSpeed" type = "computer:gigahertz"/>
29 <element name = "RAM" type = "int"/>
30 </all>
31 <attribute name = "manufacturer" type = "string"/>
32 </complexType>
33
34 <element name = "laptop" type = "computer:portable"/>
35
36 </schema>

laptop.xml
(1 of 1)
2
3 
4 
5
6 <computer:laptop xmlns:computer = "http://www.deitel.com/computer"
7 manufacturer = "IBM">
8
9 <processor model = "Centrino">Intel</processor>
10 <monitor>17</monitor>
11 <CPUSpeed>2.4</CPUSpeed>
12 <RAM>256</RAM>
13
14 </computer:laptop>

XML Vocabularies
W3C XML Schema
XSL (Extensible Stylesheet Language)
MathML (Mathematical Markup Language)
SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics)
WML (Wireless Markup Language)
XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting
Language)
XUL (Extensible User Interface Language)
PDML (Product Data Markup Language)

20.5.1 MathML
Describe mathematical notations and
expressions
MathML markup
 Content markup
 Provides tags that embody mathematical concepts
 Allows programmers to write mathematical notation
specific to different areas of mathematics
 Distinguishes between different uses of same symbol
 Presentation markup
 Directed towards formatting and displaying
mathematical notation

mathml1.html
(1 of 2)
1 <?xml version="1.0"?>
2 <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
3 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
4
5 
6 
7
8 <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
9
10 <head><title>Simple MathML Example</title></head>
11
12 <body>
13
14 <math xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">
15
16 <mrow>
17 <mn>2</mn>
18 <mo>+</mo>
19 <mn>3</mn>
20 <mo>=</mo>
21 <mn>5</mn>
22 </mrow>
23
24 </math>
25

mathml1.html
(2 of 2)
26 </body>
27 </html>
MathML displayed in the Amaya browser. [Courtesy of World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).]

mathml2.html
(1 of 2)
3 "HTTP://WWW.W3.ORG/TR/XHTML1/DTD/XHTML1-TRANSITIONAL.DTD">
4
5 
6 
7
9
10 <head><title>Algebraic MathML Example</title></head>
11
12 <body>
13
15 <mrow>
16
17 <mrow>
18 <mn>3</mn>
19 <mo>⁢</mo>
20
21 <msup>
22 <mi>x</mi>
23 <mn>2</mn>
24 </msup>
25

mathml2.html
(2 of 2)
26 </mrow>
27
28 <mo>+</mo>
29 <mi>x</mi>
30 <mo>-</mo>
31
32 <mfrac>
33 <mn>2</mn>
34 <mi>x</mi>
35 </mfrac>
36
37 <mo>=</mo>
38 <mn>0</mn>
39
40 </mrow>
41 </math>
42
43 </body>
44 </html>

mathml3.html
(1 of 3)
4
5 
6 
7
9
10 <head><title>Calculus MathML Example</title></head>
11
12 <body>
13
15 <mrow>
16 <msubsup>
17
18 <mo>&Integral;</mo>
19 <mn>0</mn>
20
21 <mrow>
22 <mn>1</mn>
23 <mo>-</mo>
24 <mi>y</mi>
25 </mrow>

mathml3.html
(2 of 3)
26
27 </msubsup>
28
29 <msqrt>
30 <mrow>
31
32 <mn>4</mn>
33 <mo>⁢</mo>
34
35 <msup>
36 <mi>x</mi>
37 <mn>2</mn>
38 </msup>
39
40 <mo>+</mo>
41 <mi>y</mi>
42
43 </mrow>
44 </msqrt>
45
46 <mo>δ</mo>
47 <mi>x</mi>
48 </mrow>
49 </math>
50 </body>

mathml3.html
(3 of 3)
51 </html>
Integral
symbol
Delta
symbol

20.5.2 Chemical Markup Language
(CML)
XML vocabulary for representing
molecular and chemical information

ammonia.xml
(1 of 2)
1 <?xml version = "1.0" ?>
2
3 
4 
5
6 <molecule id = "ammonia">
7
8 <atomArray>
9
10 <stringArray builtin = "id" >
11 Nitrogen Hydrogen1 Hydrogen2 Hydrogen3
12 </stringArray>
13
14 <stringArray builtin = "elementType">
15 N H H H
16 </stringArray>
17
18 <floatArray builtin = "x3">
19 -0.7 -1.3 -1.2 -0.7
20 </floatArray>
21
22 <floatArray builtin = "y3">
23 -0.0 0.2 0.8 -0.9
24 </floatArray>
25

ammonia.xml
2 of 2
26 <floatArray builtin = "z3">
27 0.0 -0.9 0.6 0.6
28 </floatArray>
29
30 </atomArray>
31
32 </molecule>
(Courtesy of the Jmol Project.)

20.5.3 MusicXML
Music distribution
Simplifies exchange of musical scores
over Internet
Developed by Recordare
Mark up all type of music
DTD
 Less powerful than Schema
 Simpler to program
Relies heavily on elements rather than

20.5.3 MusicXML
Fig. 20.15 MusicXML markup rendered by Finale 2003 (Courtesy of MakeMusic! Inc.).

20.5.4 RSS
RDF Site summary
Popular and simple XML format designed
to share headlines and Web content
between Web sites
RSS file
 RSS feed
 Container rss element
 Denotes the RSS version
 Container channel elements
 Descriptive tags
 Item elements
•

deitel.rss
(1 of 2)
1    <?xml version = "1.0" ?>
2
3    
4    
5
6    <rss version = "2.0">
7     <channel>
8     <title>Deitel</title>
9     <link>http://www.deitel.com</link>
10    <description>CS textbooks</description>
11    <language>en-us</language>
12    <item>
13    <title>Simply VB How To Program</title>
14    <description>
15    This book combines the DEITEL signature live-code approach
16    with a new application-driven methodology, in which readers
17    build real-world applications that incorporate Visual
18    Basic .NET programming fundamentals.
19    </description>
20    <link>
21    http://www.deitel.com/books/downloads.html#vbnetHTP2
22    </link>
23    </item>
24    <item>
25    <title>Visual C++ </title>

deitel.rss
(2 of 2)
26    <description>
27    For experienced programmers. Pictures of pyramids
28    on the cover.
29    </description>
30    <link>
31    http://www.deitel.com/books/vbnetFEP1
32    </link>
33    </item>
34    </channel>
35   </rss>

20.5.5 Other Markup Languages
Markup language Description
VoiceXML The VoiceXML Forum founded by AT&T, IBM, Lucent and Motorola
developed VoiceXML. It provides interactive voice communication
between humans and computers through a telephone, PDA (personal digital
assistant) or desktop computer. IBM’s VoiceXML SDK can process
VoiceXML documents. Visit www.voicexml.org for more information on
VoiceXML. We introduce VoiceXML in Chapter 29, Accessibility.
Synchronous
Multimedia
Integration
Language (SMIL )
SMIL is an XML vocabulary for multimedia presentations. The W3C was
the primary developer of SMIL, with contributions from some companies.
Visit www.w3.org/AudioVideo for more on SMIL. We introduce SMIL in
Chapter 28, Multimedia.
Research Information
Exchange Markup
Language (RIXML)
RIXML, developed by a consortium of brokerage firms, marks up
investment data. Visit www.rixml.org for more information on RIXML.
ComicsML A language developed by Jason MacIntosh for marking up comics. Visit
www.jmac.org/projects/comics_ml for more information on
ComicsML.
Geography Markup
Language (GML)
OpenGIS developed the Geography Markup Language to describe
geographic information. Visit www.opengis.org for more information on
GML.
Extensible User
Interface Language
(XUL)
The Mozilla Project created the Extensible User Interface Language for
describing graphical user interfaces in a platform-independent way.
Fig. 20.17 Various markup languages derived from XML.

20.6 Document Object Model
(DOM)
Document Object Model (DOM) tree
 Nodes
 Parent node
 Ancestor nodes
 Child node
 Descendant nodes
 Sibling nodes
 One single root node
 Contains all other nodes in document
Application Programming Interface (API)

20.6 Document Object Model
(DOM)
firstName
lastName
contents
summary
author
date
title
article
children of
the article
root node
siblings
root
element
Fig. 20.18 Tree structure for article.xml.

20.7 DOM Methods
 nodeName
 Name of an element, attribute, or so on
 NodeList
 List of nodes
 Can be accessed like an array using method item
 Property length
 Returns number of children in root element
 nextSibling
 Returns node’s next sibling
 nodeValue
 Retrieves value of text node

DOMExample.html
(1 of 3)
5
6    
7    
8
9     <head>
10    <title>A DOM Example</title>
11    </head>
12
13    <body>
14
15    <script type = "text/javascript" language = "JavaScript">
16    <!--
17    var xmlDocument = new ActiveXObject( "Microsoft.XMLDOM" );
18
19    xmlDocument.load( "article.xml" );
20
21    // get the root element
22    var element = xmlDocument.documentElement;
23
24    document.writeln(
25    "<p>Here is the root node of the document: " +

DOMExample.html
(2 of 3)
26    "<strong>" + element.nodeName + "</strong>" +
27    "<br />The following are its child elements:" +
28    "</p><ul>" );
29
30    // traverse all child nodes of root element
31    for ( var i = 0; i < element.childNodes.length; i++ ) {
32    var curNode = element.childNodes.item( i );
33
34    // print node name of each child element
35    document.writeln( "<li><strong>" + curNode.nodeName
36    + "</strong></li>" );
37    }
38
39    document.writeln( "</ul>" );
40
41    // get the first child node of root element
42    var currentNode = element.firstChild;
43
44    document.writeln( "<p>The first child of root node is: " +
45    "<strong>" + currentNode.nodeName + "</strong>" +
46    "<br />whose next sibling is:" );
47
48    // get the next sibling of first child
49    var nextSib = currentNode.nextSibling;
50

DOMExample.html
(3 of 3)
51    document.writeln( "<strong>" + nextSib.nodeName +
52    "</strong>.<br />Value of <strong>" +
53    nextSib.nodeName + "</strong> element is: " );
54
55    var value = nextSib.firstChild;
56
57    // print the text value of the sibling
58    document.writeln( "<em>" + value.nodeValue + "</em>" +
59    "<br />Parent node of <strong>" + nextSib.nodeName +
60    "</strong> is: <strong>" +
61    nextSib.parentNode.nodeName + "</strong>.</p>" );
62    -->
63    </script>
64
65    </body>
66   </html>

20.7 DOM Methods
Method Description
getNodeType Returns an integer representing the node type.
getNodeName Returns the name of the node. If the node does not have a name, a
string consisting of # followed by the type of the node is returned.
getNodeValue Returns a string or null depending on the node type.
getParentNode Returns the parent node.
getChildNodes Returns a NodeList (Fig. 20.21) with all the children of the node.
getFirstChild Returns the first child in the NodeList.
getLastChild Returns the last child in the NodeList.
getPreviousSibling Returns the node preceding this node, or null.
getNextSibling Returns the node following this node, or null.
getAttributes Returns a NamedNodeMap (Fig. 20.22) containing the attributes
for this node.
insertBefore Inserts the node (passed as the first argument) before the existing
node (passed as the second argument). If the new node is already in
the tree, it is removed before insertion. The same behavior is true for
other methods that add nodes.

20.7 DOM Methods
replaceChild Replaces the second argument node with the first argument
node.
removeChild Removes the child node passed to it.
appendChild Appends the node passed to it to the list of child nodes.
getElementsByTagName Returns a NodeList of all the nodes in the subtree with the
name specified as the first argument ordered as they would be
encountered in a preorder traversal. An optional second
argument specifies either the direct child nodes (0) or any
descendant (1).
getChildAtIndex Returns the child node at the specified index in the child list.
addText Appends the string passed to it to the last Node if it is a Text
node, otherwise creates a new Text node for the string and
adds it to the end of the child list.
isAncestor Returns true if the node passed is a parent of the node or is
the node itself.
Fig. 20.20 Some DOM Node object methods.

20.7 DOM Methods
Method Description
item Passed an index number, returns the element node at that index. Indices
range from 0 to length – 1.
getLength Returns the total number of nodes in the list.
Fig. 20.21 Some DOM NodeList methods.
Method Description
getNamedItem Returns either a node in the NamedNodeMap with the specified
name or null.
setNamedItem Stores a node passed to it in the NamedNodeMap. Two nodes with
the same name cannot be stored in the same NamedNodeMap.
removeNamedItem Removes a specified node from the NamedNodeMap.
getLength Returns the total number of nodes in the NamedNodeMap.
getValues Returns a NodeList containing all the nodes in the
NamedNodeMap.
Fig. 20.22 Some DOM NamedNodeMap methods.

20.7 DOM Methods
Method Description
getDocumentElement Returns the root node of the document.
createElement Creates and returns an element node with the specified tag
name.
createAttribute Creates and returns an attribute node with the specified
name and value.
createTextNode Creates and returns a text node that contains the specified
text.
createComment Creates a comment to hold the specified text.
Fig. 20.23 Some DOM Document methods.

20.7  DOM MethodsMethod Description
getTagName Returns the name of the element.
setTagName Changes the name of the element to the specified name.
getAttribute Returns the value of the specified attribute.
setAttribute Changes the value of the attribute passed as the first argument
to the value passed as the second argument.
removeAttribute Removes the specified attribute.
getAttributeNode Returns the specified attribute node.
setAttributeNode Adds a new attribute node with the specified name.
Fig. 20.24   Some DOM Element methods.
Method Description
getValue Returns the specified attribute’s value.
setValue Changes the value of the attribute to the specified value.
getName Returns the name of the attribute.
Fig. 20.25   Some DOM Attr methods.
Method Description
getData Returns the data contained in the node (text or comment).
setData Sets the node’s data.
getLength Returns the number of characters contained in the node.
Fig. 20.26   Some DOM Text and Comment methods.

20.8 Simple API for XML (SAX)
Developed by members of XML-DEV
mailing list
Parse XML documents using event-based
model
Provide different APIs for accessing XML
document information
Invoke listener methods
Passes data to application from XML
document

20.9 Extensible Stylesheet
Language (XSL)
Specify how programs should render XML
document data
 XSL-FO (XSL Formatted Objects)
 Vocabulary for specifying formatting
 XSLT (XSL Transformation)
 Source tree
 Result tree
 Xpath
 Locate parts of the source tree document that match
templates defined in the XSL stylesheet

20.9 Extensible Stylesheet
Language (XSL)Element Description
<xsl:apply-templates> Applies the templates of the XSL document to the children of
the current node.
<xsl:apply-templates
match =
"expression">
Applies the templates of the XSL document to the children of
expression. The value of the attribute match (i.e., expression)
must be some XPath expression that specifies elements.
<xsl:template> Contains rules to apply when a specified node is matched.
<xsl:value-of select =
"expression">
Selects the value of an XML element and adds it to the output
tree of the transformation. The required select attribute
contains an XPath expression.
<xsl:for-each select =
"expression">
Implicitly contains a template that is applied to every node
selected by the XPath specified by the select attribute.
<xsl:sort select =
"expression">
Used as a child element of an <xsl:apply-templates> or
<xsl:for-each> element. Sorts the nodes selected by the
<apply-template> or <for-each> element so that the
nodes are processed in sorted order.
<xsl:output> Has various attributes to define the format (e.g., xml, html),
version (e.g., 1.2, 2.0), document type and media type of the
output document. This tag is a top-level element, which means
that it can be used only as a child element of a stylesheet.
<xsl:copy> Adds the current node to the output tree.
Fig. 20.27 Commonly used XSL stylesheet elements.

games.xml
(1 of 2)
2    <?xml:stylesheet type = "text/xsl" href = "games.xsl"?>
3
4    
5    
6
7    <sports>
8
9     <game id = "783">
10    <name>Cricket</name>
11
12    <paragraph>
13    Popular in Commonwealth nations.
14    </paragraph>
15    </game>
16
17    <game id = "239">
18    <name>Baseball</name>
19
20    <paragraph>
21    Popular in America.
22    </paragraph>
23    </game>
24

games.xml
(2 of 2)
25 <game id = "418">
26 <name>Soccer (Football)</name>
27
28 <paragraph>
29 Popular sport in the world.
30 </paragraph>
31 </game>
32
33 </sports>

games.xsl
(1 of 3)
2
3 
4 
5
6 
7 <xsl:stylesheet version = "1.0"
8 xmlns:xsl = "http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
9
10 <xsl:output method = "html" omit-xml-declaration = "no"
11 doctype-system =
12 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"
13 doctype-public = "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"/>
14
15 <xsl:template match = "/">
16
18
19 <head>
20 <title>Sports</title>
21 </head>
22
23 <body>
24
25 <table border = "1" bgcolor = "cyan">

games.xsl
(2 of 3)
26
27 <thead>
28
29 <tr>
30 <th>ID</th>
31 <th>Sport</th>
32 <th>Information</th>
33 </tr>
34
35 </thead>
36
37 
38 
39 <xsl:for-each select = "/sports/game">
40
41 <tr>
42 <td><xsl:value-of select = "@id"/></td>
43 <td><xsl:value-of select = "name"/></td>
44 <td><xsl:value-of select = "paragraph"/></td>
45 </tr>
46
47 </xsl:for-each>
48
49 </table>
50

games.xsl
(3 of 3)
51 </body>
52
53 </html>
54
55 </xsl:template>
56
57 </xsl:stylesheet>

sorting.html
(1 of 2)
2
3 
4 
5
6 <?xml:stylesheet type = "text/xsl" href = "sorting.xsl"?>
7
8 <book isbn = "999-99999-9-X">
9 <title>Deitel's XML Primer</title>
10
11 <author>
12 <firstName>Paul</firstName>
13 <lastName>Deitel</lastName>
14 </author>
15
16 <chapters>
17 <frontMatter>
18 <preface pages = "2"/>
19 <contents pages = "5"/>
20 <illustrations pages = "4"/>
21 </frontMatter>
22
23 <chapter number = "3" pages = "44">
24 Advanced XML</chapter>

sorting.html
(2 of 2)
26 Intermediate XML</chapter>
27 <appendix number = "B" pages = "26">
28 Parsers and Tools</appendix>
29 <appendix number = "A" pages = "7">
30 Entities</appendix>
32 XML Fundamentals</chapter>
33 </chapters>
34
35 <media type = "CD"/>
36 </book>

sorting.xsl
(1 of 4)
2
3 
4 
5
6 <xsl:stylesheet version = "1.0"
7 xmlns:xsl = "http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform">
8
9 <xsl:output method = "html" omit-xml-declaration = "no"
10
11 doctype-system =
12 "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"
13 doctype-public = "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"/>
14
15 <xsl:template match = "/">
16 <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
17 <xsl:apply-templates/>
18 </html>
19 </xsl:template>
20
21 <xsl:template match = "book">
22 <head>
23 <title>ISBN <xsl:value-of select = "@isbn"/> -
24 <xsl:value-of select = "title"/></title>
25 </head>

sorting.xsl
(2 of 4)
26
27 <body>
28 <h1><xsl:value-of select = "title"/></h1>
29
30 <h2>by <xsl:value-of select = "author/lastName"/>,
31 <xsl:value-of select = "author/firstName"/></h2>
32
33 <table border = "1">
34 <xsl:for-each select = "chapters/frontMatter/*">
35 <tr>
36 <td align = "right">
37 <xsl:value-of select = "name()"/>
38 </td>
39
40 <td>
41 ( <xsl:value-of select = "@pages"/> pages )
42 </td>
43 </tr>
44 </xsl:for-each>
45
46 <xsl:for-each select = "chapters/chapter">
47 <xsl:sort select = "@number" data-type = "number"
48 order = "ascending"/>
49 <tr>

sorting.xsl
(3 of 4)
51 Chapter <xsl:value-of select = "@number"/>
52 </td>
53
54 <td>
55 <xsl:value-of select = "text()"/>
57 </td>
58 </tr>
59 </xsl:for-each>
60 <xsl:for-each select = "chapters/appendix">
61 <xsl:sort select = "@number" data-type = "text"
62 order = "ascending"/>
63 <tr>
65 Appendix <xsl:value-of select = "@number"/>
66 </td>
67
68 <td>
69 <xsl:value-of select = "text()"/>
71 </td>
72 </tr>
73 </xsl:for-each>
74 </table>
75

sorting.xsl
(4 of 4)
76 <br />Pages:
77 <xsl:variable name = "pagecount"
78 select = "sum(chapters//*/@pages)"/>
79 <xsl:value-of select = "$pagecount"/>
80 <br />Media Type: <xsl:value-of select = "media/@type"/>
81 </body>
82 </xsl:template>
83
84 </xsl:stylesheet>

20.10 Simple Object Access
Protocol (SOAP)
 Developed by IBM, Lotus Development
Corporation, Microsoft, DevelopMentor, and
Userland Software
 XML-based protocol
 Allows applications to communicate over
Internet
 SOAP message
 Envelope
 A structure describes a method call
 Body
 Request

20.11 Web Services
Standards
 XML
 SOAP
 Web Services Description Language (WSDL)
 Universal Description, Discovery and
Integration (UDDI)
 Modular programming
 Modularization
• Less error prone and promotes software reuse

20.11 Web Services

20.12 Water XML-Based
Programming Language
Simplifies XML and Web services
programming
Represents all objects and data as XML

concatenate.h2o
1 of 1
1 
2 
3
4 <defclass concatenate>
5 <defmethod start>
6 <FORM action = "/putTogether">
7 Type in a subject: <INPUT name = "word1"/>
8 Type in a verb: <INPUT name = "word2"/>
9 <INPUT type = "submit"/>
10 </FORM>
11 </defmethod>
12
13 <defmethod putTogether word1 word2>
14 <vector word1 " " word2 "."/>
15 </defmethod>
16 </defclass>
17
18 <server concatenate port = 9090/>
19 <open_browser_window "http://localhost:9090"/>

Assignment 11
 1) Exercise # 14.6. Due Date for A # 11:
 Next Monday before
your lecture.

XML - EXtensible Markup Language

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