Zoological congres
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- The study determined the distribution, population, and food habits of the Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) in Chakwal district, Pakistan. - Surveys found the species distributed across the district, with a population density estimate of 0.3 individuals/km2 based on burrow counts. - Analysis of fecal samples revealed the diet consisted primarily of ants (100% frequency) and ant body parts (30% volume), with soil particles also present (62% volume). - Threats to the near threatened species were noted as hunting for trade and slow reproduction rate. Conservation strategies were recommended.
Zoological congres
- 1. Tariq Mahmood, * Nausheen Irshad, Riaz Hussain, Muhammad Rais, IftikharHussain, Maqsood Anwar and Muhammad Sajid Nadeem DISTRIBUTION, POPULATION AND FOOD HABITS OF INDIAN PANGOLIN (Manis crassicaudata) IN DISTRICT CHAKWAL, PAKISTAN
- 2. INTRODUCTION
- 3. Scientific Classification • Kingdom: Animalia • Phylum: Chordata • Class: Mammalia • Infraclass: Eutheria • Order: Pholidota (Weber, 1904) • Family: Manidae (Gray, 1821) • Genus: Manis (Linnaeus, 1758) • Species: crassicaudata
- 4. Basic Information Pholidota means"the scaled animal" (Atkin,2004). “Pangolin" is derived from the Malay word pengguling which means, "something that rolls up". Local name "Salla”
- 5. Appearence
- 6. Species and Distribution Species Common name Biogeography Status Manis culionensis Palawan Pangolin Asia near threatened Manis crassicaudata Indian pangolin Asia near threatened Manis pentadactyla Chinese pangolin Asia endangered Manis javanica Malayan pangolin Asia endangered Manis tetradactyla Long-tailed or black-bellied pangolin Africa Manis gigantea Giant ground pangolin Africa near Threatened Manis temminckii or Temminck's ground pangolin Africa Manis tricuspis Tree or African white-bellied pangolin Africa near Threatened
- 7. Distribution in Pakistan The only pangolin species present in Pakistan is Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata). Punjab (Sialkot, Jhelum ,Gujrat, Attock, Wah) Khyber Pakhtoonkha (Kohat,Mardan, Peshawar) Sindh (Dadu and Lerkana) Baluchistan (Mekran, Lasbela) (Roberts, 1997)
- 8. Economic Importance Food Medicine Clothing Ornamental Pest control Trade
- 9. Population Status and Major Threats “Near threatened” (IUCN, 2006). Appendix II of the CITES (Inskipp & Gillett 2005) vulnerable to over-exploitation can be easily hunted used for trade have a very slow reproduction rate and do not easily breed in captivity (Lim and Ng, 2007)
- 10. Objectives To determine distribution of the Indian pangolin in Chakwal district. To estimate the size of its population. Investigation of the food habits of the species.
- 11. METHODOLOGY
- 12. Study Area Figure 1. Map of Punjab showing Chakwal district
- 13. Distribution of Indian pangolin extensive surveys burrows, fecal samples ants and termites colonies traditional knowledge distribution map of the species
- 14. Population Estimation Population estimation Direct method Indirect method Visual observation/capture Of animal Borrow count Foot tract analysis Feeding Living Active Inactive D = n/A (D=density/km², n= no. of individuals, A=area surveyed)
- 15. Investigation of the diet composition of Indian pangolin a) Fecal pellet analysis b) Field obervations of the ants and termites colonies
- 16. RESULTS
- 17. Surveillance surveys Starting Transect Geographic Coordinates Ending Transects Geographic Coordinates Distance Covered (km) Results Chakwal-More (Mandra) N 33º 19’ 56.83” E 73º 14’ 31.41” Elevation 1569ft Chakwal N32º 03’ 57.88” E 72º 58’06.88” Elevation1784ft 60 + Tehsil Chock Chakwal city N 32º 55’ 26.07” E 72º 50’ 20.74” Elevation 1651ft Talagang Road m2 N 32º 55’20.06” E 72º 40’ 59.26 Eevation1702ft 18 + Talagang Road N 32º 55’ 23.01” E 72º 45’ 15.14” Elevation 1697ft Kallar Kahar Road N 32º 50’42.82” E 72º 44’54.37” Elevation1881ft 06 + Murred N 35º 53’ 47.77” E 072º 45’ 08.8” Elevation 1543ft Bhaun N32º 53’ 33.7” E 072º 45’00.6” Elevation1605ft 15 + Continue Table 1: Details of the surveillance surveys (road surveys) conducted on motor vehicle to determine the distribution of Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) in Chakwal district during the current study period from March 2010 to April 2011
- 18. Surveillance surveys Chakwal city N 32º 55’ 99.1“ E 072º 53’ 49.7“ Eevation 1524ft Jubair pur N32º 55’ 50.5” E 072º 54’12.7” Elevation1500ft 7 + Chakwal city N 32º 54’ 52.65” E 72º 52’ 36.57” Elevation 1640 ft Choa saidan shah N 32º 43’38.28” E 72º 59’20.26” Elevation1628ft 30 + Choa Chowk N32º 53’ 56.04“ E 72º 52’ 43.26“ Elevation 1733ft Sehgal abad N 32º 53’12.31“ E 72º 57’15.22“ 20 + Chakwal city N 32º 55’ 09.37“ E 72º 51’ 23.51“ Elevation 1650 ft Kallar Kahar N 32º 46’ 42.62” E 72º 42’ 14.74” Elevation2224ft 25 + Bhaun Chowk N 32º 53’ 08.47” E 72º 48’ 47.93” Elevation 1766 ft Khokar Zair dam N32º 48’ 17.44” E 72º 51’ 32.86” Elevation1897ft 10 + Choa Saidan Shah N 32º 42’ 55.37” E 72º 58’ 39.01” Elevation 2203ft Basharat hills N 32º 45’05.29” E 72º 04’44.31” 10 +
- 19. Figure 2: Distribution map of Indian pangolin in Chakwal district
- 20. Population Estimation Study site No of active living burrows Area of study site (km²) Density/km² Direct sightings Reported sightings Feacal samples count Chumbi Surla 2 2 1 _ 5-7 3 Jubair Pur 2 2 1 1 4-5 2 Murreed 3 2 1.5 2 5-7 4 Bohn 5 6 0.66 0 3-4 0 Chokora 2 2 1 1 3-4 0 Khokar Zair 2 2 1 _ 1-2 0 Dohk Surla 3 6 0.5 1 3-4 0 Total 19 22 6.66 6 24-33 9 Mean 2.71 3.142 0.30 Table 2: Population Estimation of Indian pangolin By Burrows Counts in District Chakwal
- 21. Population density 1 1 1.5 0.66 1 1 0.5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 Density Jabairpur Chumbi Surla Mureed village Bhaun Chakora Khokhar Zer Dhoke Surla Study Sites Figure 3. Population density (per kilometer square) of Indian pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) at seven selected study sites in district Chakwal
- 22. Burrows counts Study Sites Total Burrows Feeding Burrows Living Burrows Active Inactive Chumbi Surla 26 23 2 1 Jubair Pur 9 6 2 1 Murreed 20 17 3 0 Bohn 22 19 4 1 Chokora 20 18 2 0 Khokar Zair 25 20 2 3 Dhok Surla 32 29 3 0 Total 154 132 18 6 Mean 22 18.8 2.5 0.8 Table 3. Numbers of burrows of Indian pangolin in different selected sites of the study area.
- 23. Burrows Characteristics Study Area Feeding Burrows ( inch) Living (Burrows (inch) Length Width Depth Length Width Depth Chumbi Surla 10.1 7.8 14.4 8 10.5 20 Jubair Pur 8.5 8 12 8.5 8.5 24 Murreed 8.5 10 8 8 10 35 Bohn 6.8 8 12 10 12.5 32 Chokora 8 10 8 8.8 12 28 Khokar Zair 10 12 12.5 8 12 22 Dhok Surla 10.5 10.5 14.5 7 10 28 Total 62.4 66.3 81.4 58.3 75.5 169 Mean ± SD 8.91 ±1.33 9.47 ±1.58 11.6 ±2.68 8.32 ±0.92 10.7 ±1.43 24 ±5.385 Table 4. Characterisitcs of feeding and living burrows of Indian pangolin in district Chakwal
- 24. Body measurements Area of Capture Sex Body Weight (Kg) Head-body length (inch) Tail length (Inch) Total length (Inch) Snout length (Inch) Ear size (cm) Paw size (cm) Chakwal (Bhoun) Male juvenile 7 14 11 25 1 1 1 Chakwal (jubair pur) Male adult 19.3 34 28 62 6.25 2 - Islamabad Male adult 15.4 29 28.5 57 6.25 2 5 Table 5. Body measurements of captured specimens
- 25. Scale measurements scales number Scale size dorsal ventral head trunk tail Head trunk tail tail 40 78 130 70 2.5 cm 4.5 cm 3cm 79 81 158 106 3.5cm 5cm 4cm 50 81 105 40 3cm 6cm 8cm Table 6. Body measurements of captured specimens
- 26. Fecal samples Area of collection Sample No. Weight Length Diameter (g) (cm) (cm) 1 8 4 6 Chumbi Surla 2 5 3 3 3 7 3 2 Jubair Pur 1 8 4 7 2 6 4 8 1 14 4 6 2 34 4 9 Murreed 3 38 7.5 8 4 32 4.5 7 5 38 7 9.5 Total 10 190 45 65.5 Mean ±SD 19 ±14.40 4.5 ±1.52 6.55 ±2.5 Table 7. Details of fecal samples collected from the the study area
- 27. Faecal analysis Food items recovered % Frequency (N=10) % Volume (N=10) Insects (Ants) Heads 100 (10) 7.6 Other body parts 100 (10) 30.4 Termites 0.00(0) 0.00 Soil particles 100(10) 62 Table 8. Analysis of the fecal samples of Indian pangolin collected from the study area.
- 28. Fecal sample analysis Figure 4. Percentage composition of fecal samples 8% 62% 30% Insects head Other body parts of insects Soil particles
- 29. Fecal analysis Figure 5. Photographs of faecal samples with seperated ants, head and other body parts
- 30. Pangolin Prey Species Camponotus confucil Camponotus termitidae Figure 6. Prey species of indian pangolin Termite Species Odonto termis obesus
- 31. Recommendations 1. To highlight the role of Indian pangolin in Biological Pest management 2. To develop a Conservation Strategy
- 32. General habitat of area Termite colonies Figure 7. General habitat of the area and termite colonies
- 33. Living burrow Feeding burrow Figure 8. Living and feeding burrows of indian pangolin
- 34. Scales Figure 9. Scales of indain pangolin
Editor's Notes
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