Zoom as a Paradigm for Linked Open Usable Data
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The document discusses using the concept of "zoom" as a framework for Linked Open Data (LOD). It describes how zoom has been used successfully in digital maps and images to allow users to see varying levels of detail. It proposes that semantic zoom could be applied to LOD to allow users to view data at different levels of semantic completeness and amount of information. Some open questions are also raised about how semantic zoom could best be applied to improve the usability of LOD.
![Zoom
as
a
Conceptual
Framework
for
LOD
robert.
sanderson
@yale.edu
@azaroth42
@w3c.social
What is Usability?
… usability is the degree to which [a thing]
can be used by specified consumers to
achieve [their] quantified objectives with
effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction
in a quantified context of use.
who
what
how
where
Usability is dependent on the Audience
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/usability
“ ”](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/loud-and-zoom-230222135024-0cf5d928/85/Zoom-as-a-Paradigm-for-Linked-Open-Usable-Data-24-320.jpg)
Zoom as a Paradigm for Linked Open Usable Data
- 1. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Everyone Loves Zoom* * No, not that Zoom! Dr. Robert Sanderson Senior Director for Digital Cultural Heritage [email protected] Invited Seminar, IDLab, Ghent University 7th February 2023
- 2. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social “Zoom” as a Conceptual Framework • Digression: ZOOM • Foundation: Zoom for Digital Maps • IIIF: Zoom for Digital Images • Linked Open Usable Data, Linked Art • Semantic Zoom • Zoom for Search vs View • Zoom for Reconciliation? • Zoom for Trust Frameworks?
- 4. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Why ZOOM? Z39.50 is complex (but still used, decades later) ZOOM wraps it in developer’s terms for usability: • Object Oriented modeling • Abstract API with language-specific bindings • Regularize the interaction with the protocol • Abstract necessary complexity behind consistent patterns • Hide unnecessary, unused features
- 12. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social A Community that develops APIs, implements them in Software, and exposes interoperable Content
- 13. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Goals of the IIIF Community To enable users to have rich discovery, viewing and interaction experiences, including annotating, with content from multiple institutions in a consistent environment, by providing easy-to- implement specifications and supporting shared tooling for both clients and servers.
- 14. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social (on mobile) IIIF APIs enable deep zoom
- 16. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social I want to compare objects … across organizational boundaries
- 17. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social I want to compare objects With Familiar Navigation
- 18. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Annotations are a fundamental component
- 21. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social APIs: Agreement Preceding Interaction* Presentation Search Image Auth (* okay, Application Programming Interface)
- 22. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social IIIF is Linked Open Data • APIs are all JSON-LD 1.1 • … and round trip via a graph • Based on • W3C Web Annotations • W3C Activity Streams • Shared Canvas model • With cherry-picked predicates • APIs are not “descriptive metadata”
- 23. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social IIIF API Design Principles 1. Scope design through shared use cases 2. Design for international use 3. As simple as possible, but no simpler 4. Make easy things easy, complex things possible 5. Avoid dependency on specific technologies 6. Use REST / Don’t break the web 7. Separate concerns, keep APIs loosely coupled 8. Design for JSON-LD, using LOD principles 9. Follow existing standards & best practices, when possible 10. Define success, not failure (for extensibility) https://iiif.io/api/annex/notes/design_principles/, https://linked.art/api/1.0/principles/
- 24. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social What is Usability? … usability is the degree to which [a thing] can be used by specified consumers to achieve [their] quantified objectives with effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction in a quantified context of use. who what how where Usability is dependent on the Audience https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/usability “ ”
- 25. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social With thanks to Patrick Hochstenbach, @hochstenbach Who is the Audience?
- 26. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social LOUD: Usable by Developers!
- 30. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social People think RDF is a pain because it is complicated. The truth is even worse. RDF is painfully simplistic, but it allows you to work with real-world data and problems that are horribly complicated. -- Dan Brickley and Libby Miller http://book.validatingrdf.com/bookHtml005.html “ ” “RDF is a Pain”
- 31. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Linked Art A metadata profile and API, collaboratively designed to work across cultural heritage organizations, that is easy to publish and enables a variety of consuming applications. Design Principles: • Focused on Usability, not 100% precision / completeness • Consistently solves actual challenges from real data • Development is iterative, as new use cases are found • Solve 90% of use cases, with 10% of the effort https://linked.art/
- 32. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Linked Art Model From 50,000 Feet what when who where / how
- 33. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social • Conceptual Model (cidoc-crm) • Abstract way to think about the world, holistically, consistently and coherently • Ontology (cidoc-crm, linked art) • Shared set of terms to encode that thinking in a logical, machine-actionable way • Vocabulary (aat) • Curated set of sub-domain specific terms, to make the ontology more concrete encodes refines Model Ontology Vocabulary Standards: Conceptual Layer
- 34. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social encodes refines specialized by available by Model Ontology Vocabulary Profile API Standards: Practical Layer A Profile is a selection of appropriate abstractions, to encode the scope of what can be described. An API is a selection of appropriate technologies, to give access to the data managed using the profile.
- 35. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Linked Art as LOUD Apply the IIIF API design principles to CIDOC-CRM? • Metadata Profile is Descriptive • Actually linked! • Enables research, not just presentation • Requires more completeness, thus less usability • APIs are all JSON-LD 1.1 • Round trip via a graph (almost) • Still useful and usable?
- 36. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Where do I go to engage with the cultural heritage that Yale curates? Linked Art at Yale
- 37. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Yale’s Cultural Heritage Units Yale University Art Gallery Yale Center for British Art Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University Library
- 38. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Yale’s Cultural Heritage Units Yale University Art Gallery Yale Center for British Art Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University Library
- 39. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social LUX: Cross-Collection Discovery at Yale LUX is… • A knowledge graph of cultural heritage at Yale, enriched from external data sources to enable research and inspire curiosity • Built on standards: IIIF, Linked Art, Activity Streams, HAL • Driving both technology and cultural change at Yale
- 40. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social LUX: Cross-Collection Discovery at Yale LUX is… • A knowledge graph of cultural heritage at Yale, enriched from external data sources to enable research and inspire curiosity • Built on standards: IIIF, Linked Art, Activity Streams, HAL • Driving both technology and cultural change at Yale • A pain in the same way that RDF is a pain :)
- 42. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social LUX Demo!
- 44. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social But … Reality is Complicated
- 46. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Semantic Zoom? What if we stop thinking about clicking links and start thinking about panning and zooming? • Zoom in to see more detail. • Zoom out to see more contextual information. • Pan to related contexts. The same audience can need different zooms at different times; as with maps, you don’t always want to see all the detail.
- 47. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Two Semantic Zoom Axes Amount of Information Semantic Completeness
- 48. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Axis: Amount of Information { “@context”: “…”, “@id”: “https://example.org/reified/1”, ”@type”: “Statement”, “subject”: “https://example.org/obj/1”, “predicate”: “rdf:type”, “object”: “https://example.org/ns/Thing” }
- 49. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Most Detail – Likely not Useful
- 50. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Axis: Amount of Information
- 51. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Least Detail – Also Likely not Useful
- 52. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Axis: Semantic Completeness What completeness of semantics does the user need?
- 53. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Axis: Semantic Completeness Most users are happy with just simple relationships But have they ever had access to anything else?
- 54. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Axis: Semantic Completeness Unlikely to be happy with untyped links, however
- 55. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Semantic Zoom Open Questions Can we learn anything by thinking of “grand challenges” in linked data through the lens of zoom? • Reconciliation of Entities • Trust Frameworks
- 56. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Indiscernibility of Identicals for each object a: for each object b: if a === b: for each property P: P(a) === P(b) Yes, this is owl:sameAs
- 57. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Identity of Indiscernibles? object a === object b if: for each property P: P(a) === P(b) If two entities share all of their properties, they are the same entity.
- 58. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Open World • There are infinite (potential) properties • We cannot compute indiscernibility as the for loop on the properties would run forever • And if we could, the likelihood is 1/∞, or 0 len(Ψ) = ∞ Indiscernibility: (∀ P ∈ Ψ)(P(a) = P(b)) → a = b
- 59. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Semantic Zoom – Reconciliation? Can we “zoom out” from the individual properties? At what level of zoom are these entities indiscernible, and is that level of zoom acceptable for the application?
- 60. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Semantic Zoom – Trust Framework? • Accuracy: Does the data represent the real world? • Certainty: Belief of the publisher about accuracy • Utility: Belief of the audience that the data fulfils their need • Confidence: Belief of the audience in the competence of the publisher • Trust: Belief of the audience in the future benevolence of the publisher
- 61. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Certainty, Accuracy, Utility, Confidence, Trust
- 62. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Data’s Audience is the Developer
- 63. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Utility is Judged through the Application
- 64. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Utility depends on Usability
- 65. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Semantic Zoom – Trust Framework? Can we zoom out from individual assertions that may not be trustworthy to the level at which the data is able to be trusted, for the purposes of the audience? If we trust at one zoom level, do we then assume trust at all higher zoom levels? Does amount of information and semantic completeness play different roles in what is trusted?
- 66. Zoom as a Conceptual Framework for LOD robert. sanderson @yale.edu @azaroth42 @w3c.social Conclusions: Zoom and Usability • Usability of Linked Data by developers is necessary for adoption and sustainability • Semantic Completeness should not (always) be our goal • By applying design principles for APIs, we can improve the usability of the model and ontology • A “zoom” paradigm gives us opportunities to allow the user to select the degree of completeness and amount of information they want to be presented with • And may help with other LOD challenges?