Computer network (Lecture 2)
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TCP provides reliable byte stream delivery over unreliable IP networks using connection-oriented transmissions with sequencing and acknowledgment of data segments. It establishes connections between client and server applications, and delivers data as a continuous byte stream while maintaining reliability through retransmission of lost segments. The TCP header contains fields for port numbers, sequence numbers, acknowledgment numbers, flags, window size, checksum, and other fields to support its connection-oriented and reliable data transmission functions.
Computer network (Lecture 2)
- 1. Overview TCP = Transmission Control Protocol • Connection-oriented protocol • Provides a reliable unicast end-to-end byte stream over an unreliable internetwork. Byte Stream Byte Stream TCP TCP IP Internetwork 1
- 2. Connection-Oriented • Before any data transfer, TCP establishes a connection: • One TCP entity is waiting for a connection (“server”) • The other TCP entity (“client”) contacts the server • The actual procedure for setting up connections is more complex. • Each connection is CLIENT SERVER Request a connection full duplex waiting for connection Accept a connection request Data Transer Disconnect 2
- 3. Reliable • Byte stream is broken up into chunks which are called seg- ments • Receiver sends acknowledgements (ACKs) for segments • TCP maintains a timer. If an ACK is not received in time, the segment is retransmitted •Detecting errors: • TCP has checksums for header and data. Segments with invalid checksums are discarded • Each byte that is transmitted has a sequence number 3
- 4. Byte Stream Service • To the lower layers, TCP handles data in blocks, the segments. • To the higher layers TCP handles data as a sequence of bytes and does not identify boundaries between bytes • So: Higher layers do not know about the beginning and end of segments ! Application Application 1. read 40 bytes 1. write 100 bytes 2. read 40 bytes 2. write 20 bytes 3. read 40 bytes queue of queue of bytes to be bytes that Segments TCP transmitted TCP have been received 4
- 5. TCP Format • TCP segments have a 20 byte header with >= 0 bytes of data. IP header TCP header TCP data 20 bytes 20 bytes 0 15 16 31 Source Port Number Destination Port Number Sequence number (32 bits) 20 bytes Acknowledgement number (32 bits) header length 0 Flags window size TCP checksum urgent pointer Options (if any) DATA 5
- 6. TCP header fields • Port Number: • A port number identifies the endpoint of a connection. • A pair <IP address, port number> identifies one endpoint of a connection. • Two pairs <client IP address, server port number> and <server IP address, server port number> identify a TCP connection. Applications Applications Ports: 23 80 104 7 80 16 Ports: TCP TCP IP IP 6
- 7. TCP header fields • Sequence Number (SeqNo): – Sequence number is 32 bits long. – So the range of SeqNo is 0 <= SeqNo <= 232 -1 ≈ 4.3 Gbyte – Each sequence number identifies a byte in the byte stream – Initial Sequence Number (ISN) of a connection is set during connection establishment 7
- 8. TCP header fields • Acknowledgement Number (AckNo): – Acknowledgements are piggybacked, I.e a segment from A -> B can contain an acknowledgement for a data sent in the B -> A direction – A hosts uses the AckNo field to send acknowledgements. (If a host sends an AckNo in a segment it sets the “ACK flag”) – The AckNo contains the next SeqNo that a hosts wants to receive Example: The acknowledgement for a segment with sequence numbers 0-1500 is AckNo=1501 8
- 9. TCP header fields • Acknowledge Number (cont’d) – TCP uses the sliding window flow protocol to regulate the flow of traffic from sender to receiver – TCP uses the following variation of sliding window: – no NACKs (Negative ACKnowledgement) – only cumulative ACKs • Example: Assume: Sender sends two segments with “1..1500” and “1501..3000”, but receiver only gets the second segment. In this case, the receiver cannot acknowledge the second packet. It can only send AckNo=1 9
- 10. TCP header fields • Header Length ( 4bits): – Length of header in 32-bit words – Note that TCP header has variable length (with minimum 20 bytes) 10
- 11. TCP header fields • Flag bits: – URG: Urgent pointer is valid – If the bit is set, the following bytes contain an urgent message in the range: SeqNo <= urgent message <= SeqNo+urgent pointer – ACK: Acknowledgement Number is valid – PSH: PUSH Flag – Notification from sender to the receiver that the receiver should pass all data that it has to the application. – Normally set by sender when the sender’s buffer is empty 11
- 12. TCP header fields • Flag bits: – RST: Reset the connection – The flag causes the receiver to reset the connection – Receiver of a RST terminates the connection and indicates higher layer application about the reset – SYN: Synchronize sequence numbers – Sent in the first packet when initiating a connection – FIN: Sender is finished with sending – Used for closing a connection – Both sides of a connection must send a FIN 12
- 13. TCP header fields • Window Size: – Each side of the connection advertises the window size – Window size is the maximum number of bytes that a receiver can accept. – Maximum window size is 216-1= 65535 bytes • TCP Checksum: – TCP checksum covers over both TCP header and TCP data (also covers some parts of the IP header) • Urgent Pointer: – Only valid if URG flag is set 13