Connellite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered

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Connellite

La Cena del Depósito concession, Cerro Minado Mines, Cuesta Alta, Huércal-Overa, Almería, Andalusia, Spain

Connellite

Bagdad Mine, Bagdad, Eureka Mining District, Yavapai County, Arizona, USA

Connellite, etc.

Madonna di Fucinaia (Madonna della Fucinaia) slag heaps, Campiglia Marittima, Livorno Province, Tuscany, Italy

Connellite

La Cena del Depósito concession, Cerro Minado Mines, Cuesta Alta, Huércal-Overa, Almería, Andalusia, Spain

Connellite

Bagdad Mine, Bagdad, Eureka Mining District, Yavapai County, Arizona, USA

Connellite, etc.

Madonna di Fucinaia (Madonna della Fucinaia) slag heaps, Campiglia Marittima, Livorno Province, Tuscany, Italy

Connellite

La Cena del Depósito concession, Cerro Minado Mines, Cuesta Alta, Huércal-Overa, Almería, Andalusia, Spain

Connellite

Bagdad Mine, Bagdad, Eureka Mining District, Yavapai County, Arizona, USA

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About ConnelliteHide

Grave of Prof Arthur Connell

Formula:

Cu₁₉(SO₄)(OH)₃₂Cl₄ · 3H₂O

Colour:

Blue, blue-green; blue in transmitted light.

Lustre:

Sub-Vitreous

Hardness:

Specific Gravity:

3.36

Crystal System:

Hexagonal

Name:

Named by James Dwight Dana in 1850 in honor of Arthur Connell (November 30, 1794, Edinburgh, Scotland - October 31, 1863, St Andrews, Scotland), professor of chemistry at St Andrew's University, Edinburgh, Scotland, who first studied the mineral.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Wheal Providence, Providence Mines, Carbis Bay, St Ives, Cornwall, England, UK

Isostructural with:

Buttgenbachite

Connellite-Buttgenbachite Series.

A relatively uncommon secondary copper mineral.

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

1120

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:1120:0

Similar NamesHide

Cannilloite

CaCa₂(Mg₄Al)(Si₅Al₃O₂₂)OH₂

IMA Classification of ConnelliteHide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

IMA Formula:

Cu²⁺₃₆(S⁶⁺O₄)(OH)₆₂Cl₈·6H₂O

Classification of ConnelliteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):

3.DA.25

3 : HALIDES
D : Oxyhalides, hydroxyhalides and related double halides
A : With Cu, etc., without Pb

Dana 8th ed.:

31.1.1.1

31 : HYDRATED SULFATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
1 : (AB)_m(XO₄)_pZ_q·xH₂O, where m:p > 6:1

Hey's CIM Ref.:

26.5

26 : Sulphates with Halide

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Cnl	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Cnl	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019)	The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download

Physical Properties of ConnelliteHide

Lustre:

Sub-Vitreous

Transparency:

Transparent

Colour:

Blue, blue-green; blue in transmitted light.

Streak:

Pale green-blue

Hardness:

3 on Mohs scale

Tenacity:

Brittle

Cleavage:

None Observed

Fracture:

Splintery

Density:

3.36 g/cm³ (Measured) 3.46 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Comment:

Am Min 57: 426 (1972) structure

Optical Data of ConnelliteHide

Type:

Uniaxial (+)

RI values:

n_ω = 1.724 - 1.746 n_ε = 1.738 - 1.758

Birefringence:

0.026

Max. Birefringence:

δ = 0.012 - 0.014
Based on recorded range of RI values above.

Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.

Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.

Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.

Thickness: 30 µm Order divisions

Rotation:

Surface Relief:

Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).

This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral colouration.

Focus:

In focus

Interference Figure:

This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic (convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.

For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.

Thickness: 30 µm

Pleochroism:

Non-pleochroic

Chemistry of ConnelliteHide

Mindat Formula:

Cu₁₉(SO₄)(OH)₃₂Cl₄ · 3H₂O

Element Weights:

Element	% weight
Cu	59.083 %
O	30.534 %
Cl	6.940 %
H	1.874 %
S	1.569 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.

Elements listed:

Cl, Cu, H, O, S - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of ConnelliteHide

Crystal System:

Hexagonal

Class (H-M):

6m2 - Ditrigonal Dipyramidal

Space Group:

P62c

Setting:

P6₂c

Cell Parameters:

a = 15.78 Å, c = 9.10 Å

Ratio:

a:c = 1 : 0.577

Unit Cell V:

1,962.39 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Crystals acicular [0001] and striated [0001]; radiating groups of needles; felted aggregates.

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Link	Year	Locality	Pressure (GPa)	Temp (K)
0012063	Connellite	Hibbs D E, Leverett P, Williams P A (2006) Connellite from Bisbee, Arizona: A single-crystal X-ray study Axis 2 1-7		2006	Bisbee, Arizona, USA	0	293
0000275	Connellite	McLean W J, Anthony J W (1972) The disordered, "zeolite-like" structure of connellite American Mineralogist 57 426-438		1972		0	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Connellite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Hibbs D E'
'Leverett P'
'Williams P A'
_journal_name_full 'Axis'
_journal_volume 2 
_journal_year 2006
_journal_page_first 1
_journal_page_last 7
_publ_section_title
;
 Connellite from Bisbee, Arizona: A single-crystal X-ray study
;
_database_code_amcsd 0012063
_chemical_compound_source 'Bisbee, Arizona, USA'
_chemical_formula_sum 'Cu7.5 Cl.827 O28.487 N.021 S.056 H27.75'
_cell_length_a 15.7866
_cell_length_b 15.7866
_cell_length_c 9.1015
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 90
_cell_angle_gamma 120
_cell_volume 1964.359
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      1.677
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'P 63/m m c'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  '-x,-x+y,1/2+z'
  'x,x-y,1/2-z'
  '-x+y,-x,1/2-z'
  'x-y,x,1/2+z'
  '-y,-x,z'
  'y,x,-z'
  'y,-x+y,-z'
  '-y,x-y,z'
  'x-y,-y,1/2+z'
  '-x+y,y,1/2-z'
  'x,y,1/2-z'
  '-x,-y,1/2+z'
  'x,x-y,z'
  '-x,-x+y,-z'
  'x-y,x,-z'
  '-x+y,-x,z'
  'y,x,1/2+z'
  '-y,-x,1/2-z'
  '-y,x-y,1/2-z'
  'y,-x+y,1/2+z'
  '-x+y,y,z'
  'x-y,-y,-z'
  '-x,-y,-z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_occupancy
_atom_site_U_iso_or_equiv
Cu(1)   0.50000   0.00000   0.00000   0.25000   0.01400
Cu(2)   0.20110   0.00000   0.00000   0.50000   0.01200
Cu(3)   0.33640   0.16820   0.75000   0.25000   0.01000
Cu(4)   0.35850   0.01650   0.25000   0.50000   0.01000
Cl(3)   0.00000   0.00000   0.00000   0.04300   0.01100
Cl(1)   0.27720   0.13860   0.25000   0.25000   0.01200
O-H1   0.45040   0.37070   0.09180   1.00000   0.01200
O-H2   0.07490  -0.07490   0.09890   0.50000   0.02000
O-H3   0.67440   0.74420   0.11020   1.00000   0.01100
O-H4   0.44240   0.55760   0.25000   0.25000   0.01400
OW   0.50700   0.25400   0.75000   0.04000   0.01700
Cl(4)   0.66667   0.33333   0.25000   0.03400   0.01500
N(1)   0.66667   0.33333   0.25000   0.02100   0.01500
O(1a)   0.62260   0.37740   0.25000   0.06300   0.01700
O(1b)   0.61500   0.38500   0.25000   0.08400   0.01700
S(1)   0.66667   0.33333   0.29990   0.02800   0.01400
O(1c)   0.66667   0.33333   0.46200   0.02800   0.01400

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
13.7 Å	(80)
7.89 Å	(100)
5.46 Å	(20)
5.17 Å	(30)
3.22 Å	(20)
2.73 Å	(40)
2.49 Å	(30)
2.28 Å	(40)

Comments:

ICDD 35-538

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics	<3.5-2.5
38 : Ophiolites
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event	<2.4
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals]
47c : [Carbonates, phosphates, borates, nitrates]
47g : [Halogen-bearing surface weathering minerals]
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere	<0.6
53 : Other minerals with taphonomic origins	<0.4

Type Occurrence of ConnelliteHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Wheal Providence, Providence Mines, Carbis Bay, St Ives, Cornwall, England, UK

General Appearance of Type Material:

Blue acicular crystals in divergent clusters, usually < 1 mm.

Synonyms of ConnelliteHide

Carbonatian Connellite

Ceruleofibrite

Footeite

Sulphato-chloride of Copper

Tallingite

Other Language Names for ConnelliteHide

Catalan:Connellita

Dutch:Connelliet

German:Connellit
Footeit
Tallingit

Italian:Connellite

Russian:Коннеллит

Simplified Chinese:氯铜矾

Spanish:Connellita
Footeita
Tallingita

Traditional Chinese:氯銅礬

Relationship of Connellite to other SpeciesHide

Forms a series with:

Buttgenbachite

Connellite-Buttgenbachite Series

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:

185 photos of Connellite associated with Cuprite	Cu₂O
157 photos of Connellite associated with Malachite	Cu₂(CO₃)(OH)₂
116 photos of Connellite associated with Brochantite	Cu₄(SO₄)(OH)₆
76 photos of Connellite associated with Native Copper	Cu
52 photos of Connellite associated with Langite	Cu₄(SO₄)(OH)₆ · 2H₂O
44 photos of Connellite associated with Spangolite	Cu₆Al(SO₄)(OH)₁₂Cl · 3H₂O
41 photos of Connellite associated with Chrysocolla	Cu_2-xAl_x(H_2-xSi₂O₅)(OH)₄ · nH₂O, x < 1
38 photos of Connellite associated with Quartz	SiO₂
19 photos of Connellite associated with Chalcocite	Cu₂S
18 photos of Connellite associated with Atacamite	Cu₂(OH)₃Cl

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

3.DA.	Parahibbingite	Fe₂(OH)₃Cl	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
3.DA.	Centennialite	CaCu₃Cl₂(OH)₆ · nH₂O (n ~ 0.7)	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1
3.DA.	Bounahasite	Cu⁺Cu²⁺₂(OH)₃Cl₂	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/c
3.DA.	Muonionalustaite	Ni₃(OH)₄Cl₂ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
3.DA.05	Melanothallite	Cu₂Cl₂O	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Fddd
3.DA.10c	Haydeeite	Cu₃Mg(OH)₆Cl₂	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1
3.DA.10b	Clinoatacamite	Cu₂(OH)₃Cl	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/c
3.DA.10c	Paratacamite	Cu₃(Cu,Zn)(OH)₆Cl₂	Trig. 3 : R3
3.DA.10c	Kapellasite	Cu₃Zn(OH)₆Cl₂	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1
3.DA.10c	Leverettite	Cu₃Co(OH)₆Cl₂	Trig. 3 : R3
3.DA.10a	Hibbingite	Fe²⁺₂(OH)₃Cl	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
3.DA.10c	Paratacamite-(Ni)	Cu₃(Ni,Cu)(OH)₆Cl₂	Trig. 3 : R3
3.DA.10a	Kempite	Mn²⁺₂(OH)₃Cl	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
3.DA.10c	Tondiite	Cu₃Mg(OH)₆Cl₂	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
3.DA.10a	Atacamite	Cu₂(OH)₃Cl	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Pnma
3.DA.10b	Belloite	Cu(OH)Cl	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/c
3.DA.10c	Misakiite	Cu₃Mn(OH)₆Cl₂	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1
3.DA.10b	Iyoite	MnCuCl(OH)₃	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
3.DA.10c	Kuliginite	Fe₃Mg(OH)₆Cl₂	Trig. 3 : R3
3.DA.10c	Gillardite	Cu₃Ni(OH)₆Cl₂	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
3.DA.10b	'Unnamed (Cu-Zn Chloride Hydroxide)'	CuZnCl(OH)₃	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
3.DA.10b	Botallackite	Cu₂(OH)₃Cl	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/m
3.DA.10c	Herbertsmithite	Cu₃Zn(OH)₆Cl₂	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
3.DA.15	Claringbullite	Cu₄ClF(OH)₆	Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P6₃/mmc
3.DA.15	Barlowite	Cu₄BrF(OH)₆	Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P6₃/mmc
3.DA.20	Simonkolleite	Zn₅Cl₂(OH)₈ · H₂O	Trig. 3m(32/m) : P3m1
3.DA.25	Buttgenbachite	Cu₁₉(NO₃)₂(OH)₃₂Cl₄ · 2H₂O	Hex. 6/mmm(6/m2/m2/m) : P6₃/mmc
3.DA.30	Abhurite	Sn₂₁Cl₁₆(OH)₁₄O₆	Trig. 32 : R32
3.DA.35	Ponomarevite	K₄Cu₄Cl₁₀O	Mon. 2/m : B2/b
3.DA.40	Calumetite	CaCu₄(OH)₈Cl₂ · 3.5H₂O	Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmcm
3.DA.40	Anthonyite	Cu(OH,Cl)₂ · 3H₂O	Mon. 2/m
3.DA.45	Khaidarkanite	Cu₄Al₃(OH)₁₄F₃ · 2H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
3.DA.50	Bobkingite	Cu₅Cl₂(OH)₈ · 2H₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
3.DA.55	Avdoninite	K₂Cu₅(OH)₄Cl₈ · H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/c
3.DA.60	Droninoite	Ni₆Fe³⁺₂(OH)₁₆Cl₂ · 4H₂O	Trig. 3m(32/m) : R3m
3.DA.70	Chrysothallite	K₆Cu₆Tl³⁺Cl₁₇(OH)₄ · H₂O	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4/mmm
3.DA.70	Dioskouriite	CaCu₄Cl₆(OH)₄ · 4H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/c
3.DA.75	Feodosiyite	Cu₁₁Mg₂Cl₁₈(OH)₈ · 16H₂O	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/c
3.DA.80	Romanorlovite	K₈Cu₆Cl₁₇(OH)₃	Tet. 4/mmm(4/m2/m2/m) : I4/mmm

Fluorescence of ConnelliteHide

In UV light:

Not fluorescent

Other InformationHide

Notes:

Soluble in acids and in ammonium hydroxide. Insoluble in water.

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for ConnelliteHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-1120.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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External Links:

Look for Connellite on Webmineral

Look for Connellite on Wikipedia

Look for Connellite on Mineralien Atlas

Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

Mineral Dealers:

Buy from D. Joyce minerals

References for ConnelliteHide

Reference List:

Rashleigh (1802) Brit. Min.: 2: 13, Pl. 12, figs. 1, 6 (as Copper ore of an azure-blue color, composed of needle crystals).

Connell (1847) Report of the British Association (as Sulphato-chloride of Copper).

Dana, James D. (1850) A System of Mineralogy (3rd ed.). G. P. Putnam. 711pp.

Story Maskelyne, N. (1863) VI. Mineralogical notes. On connellite. Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: 25: 39.

Bertrand (1881) Bull. Soc. Min. IV.

Semmons, W. (1885) Notes on a Recent Discovery of "Connellite". Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 6 (30). 160-163 doi:10.1180/minmag.1885.006.030.03

Miers, II. A. (1885) On Monazite from Cornwall, and Connellite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 6 (30). 164-167 doi:10.1180/minmag.1885.006.030.04

Trechmann, C. O. (1885) Connellite from Cornwall. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 6 (30). 171 doi:10.1180/minmag.1885.006.030.06

Prior, G. T. (1889) Note on Connellite from a New Locality. Mineralogical Magazine, 8 (39) 182 doi:10.1180/minmag.1889.008.39.03

Penfield, S.L. (1890) American Journal of Science: 40: 82.

Koenig (1891) Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia: 291 (as Footeite).

Penfield, S.L. (1891) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 18: 507.

Koenig (1891) Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, Leipzig: 19: 601 (as Footeite).

Palache, C., Merwin, H. E. (1909) On connellite and chalcophyllite from Bisbee, Arizona. American Journal Of Science, S. 4 Vol. 28. 537-540

Pelloux (1912) Ann. mus. civico stor. nat. Genova: 5: 205.

Ford, W.E. and Bradley, W.M. (1915) On the identity of footeite with connellite together with the description of two occurrences of the mineral. American Journal of Science: 39: 670-676.

Holden, Edw. F. (1922) Ceruleofibrite, a new mineral. American Mineralogist, 7 (5). 80-83 (as Ceruleofibrite)

Holden, E. F. (1924) "Ceruleofibrite" is connellite. American Mineralogist, 9 (3). 55-56

Buttgenbach (1926) Société géologique de Belgique, Liége, Annales: 50: B35.

Bannister, F. A., Hey, Max H., Claringbull, G. F. (1950) Connellite, buttgenbachite, and tallingite. Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society, 29 (211) 280-286 doi:10.1180/minmag.1950.029.211.04

Palache, Charles; Berman, Harry; Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons.pp.572-573

McLean, W. John, Anthony, John W. (1972) The disordered, "zeolite-like" structure of connellite. American Mineralogist, 57 (3-4). 426-438

Pollard, A.M., Thomas, R.G. , Williams, P. A., Bevins, R.E. , Turgoose, S. (1989) Carbonatian connellite, a new variety, from the Britannia Mine, North Wales, and from the Botallack Mine, Cornwall. Journal of the Russell Society, 2 (2) 23-27

Pollard, A. M., Thomas, R. G., Williams, P. A. (1990) Connellite: stability relationships with other secondary copper minerals. Mineralogical Magazine, 54 (376) 425-430 doi:10.1180/minmag.1990.054.376.08

Sreeramulu, P., Reddy, K. M., Sundar Jacob, A., Reddy, B. J. (1990) UV-VIS, NIR, IR, and EPR spectra of connellite. Journal of Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Research, 20 (1) 93-96 doi:10.1007/bf01181681

Frost, Ray L., Williams, Peter A., Martens, Wayde, Kloprogge, J. Theo (2002) Raman spectroscopy of the polyanionic copper(II) minerals buttgenbachite and connellite: implications for studies of ancient copper objects and bronzes. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 33 (9). 752-757 doi:10.1002/jrs.917

Hibbs, D.E., Leverett, P., Williams, P.A. (2003). Connellite-buttgenbachite from the Great Australia mine, Cloncurry: a crystal structural formula. Australian Journal Of Mineralogy, 9(1), 39-42.

(2005) Connellite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Hibbs, D.E., Leverett, P., Williams, P.A. (2006). Connellite from Bisbee, Arizona: a single-crystal X-ray study. Axis (The Mineralogical Record), 2(2), 1-7.

Localities for ConnelliteHide

Showing 388 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

Hide all sections | Show all sections

Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Algeria
Blida Province Mouzaïa District ⓘ Mouzaïa	Palache et al. (1951)

Argentina
La Rioja Province General Lamadrid Department Villa Castelli Sierra de Cacho ⓘ Tumiñico Mine	Paar et al. (2002)
ⓘ Los Llantenes mining district	de Brodtkorb +2 other references
Neuquén Province Picunches Department ⓘ Río Agrio Mine	Brodtkorb (2006)

Australia
New South Wales Kennedy Co. Goonumbla Northparkes Mine Project ⓘ Endeavour 26	Uwe Kolitsch (visual ID)
Yancowinna Co. Broken Hill district Broken Hill ⓘ Block 14 opencut	Birch et al. (1997)
Broken Hill South Mine (BHS Mine; South Mine) ⓘ Kintore opencut	Birch et al. (1997)
Queensland City of Mount Isa Mount Isa Mount Isa Mines ⓘ WMC Sulphuric acid plant site	- (2001)
Cloncurry Shire Cloncurry ⓘ Great Australia Mine	Hibbs et al. (2006)
ⓘ B Tangye Lode	Sharpe et al. (2000)
ⓘ Monakoff Mine	Sorrell (n.d.)
Mareeba Shire Mungana ⓘ Red Dome Mine	viccloete
South Australia City of Onkaparinga Chandlers Hill ⓘ Mount Malvern Mine	Kolitsch et al. (1999)
Copper Coast Council Wallaroo ⓘ Wallaroo Smelters Site	Sorrell (n.d.)
District Council of Mount Remarkable Wilmington ⓘ Spring Creek Mine
District Council of Peterborough Paratoo ⓘ Paratoo copper mine	Brugger et al. (2006) +1 other reference
Pastoral Unincorporated Area Beltana (Beltana Station) Ediacaran Fossil Reserve ⓘ Ediacara Mine	Noble et al. (1983)
Iron Knob ⓘ Iron Monarch Main Pit	Sorrell (n.d.)
Oakden Hills ⓘ Cattle Grid deposit	Steve Sorrell Collection
Tasmania Central Coast municipality ⓘ Leith	www.crocoite.com (2003)
ⓘ Penguin	www.crocoite.com (2003)
ⓘ Penguin Mine (Penguin silver mine)	Bottrill et al. (2008)
Circular Head municipality Balfour-Temma district Temma ⓘ Couta mine	Bottrill et al. (2008)
West Coast municipality Rosebery district Colebrook Hill ⓘ Colebrook Hill Mine ?	Bottrill
Victoria Mornington Peninsula Shire Flinders area ⓘ Cairns Bay
Swan Hill Rural City Lake Boga ⓘ Lake Boga granite quarry
Western Australia Ashburton Shire ⓘ Ashburton Downs Station	Nickel et al. (1993)
ⓘ Bali East prospect (Bali Hi East prospect)	Min. Record 24 (1993)
ⓘ Mineral Claim 84 Cu deposit (Anticline prospect)	Nickel et al. (1993)
ⓘ Stockyard Creek prospect	Min. Record 24 (1993)

Austria
Carinthia Sankt Veit an der Glan District Guttaring Waitschach ⓘ Slag localities	Kolitsch et al. (2013)
Hüttenberg Sankt Martin am Silberberg ⓘ Slag localities	Blaß et al. (1997)
Spittal an der Drau District Rennweg am Katschberg Pölla valley Zanaischg ⓘ Knappenlöcher	Auer (2023)
Lower Austria Neunkirchen District Reichenau an der Rax Edlach an der Rax Höllen valley ⓘ Kaiserbrunn slag locality	Kolitsch et al. (2014)
Salzburg Hallein District Abtenau Rigaus Webing ⓘ Gypsum mine (Moldan mine)	Kirchner (1978) +1 other reference
Zell am See District Kaprun ⓘ Lechnerberg slag locality	Kolitsch et al. (2009)
Styria Leoben District Kalwang Langteichengraben (Lange Teichen) Teichen Mine ⓘ Slag dump	Neschen (n.d.)
Liezen District Admont Johnsbach Severinggraben ⓘ Slag dumps	Neschen (n.d.) +1 other reference
Öblarn Walchen ⓘ Slag dumps	Kolitsch (2026) +1 other reference
Rottenmann Bärndorf Prenterwinkelgraben (Bärndorfer Graben) ⓘ Slag dumps	Kolitsch (2018)
Tyrol Kufstein District Brixlegg ⓘ Montanwerke Brixlegg slag locality	Kolitsch (2013)
Reith im Alpbachtal Geyer - Silberberg mining district Silberberggraben ⓘ Pichler adit	Putz et al. (2012)
St Gertraudi Großkogel (Reither Kogel) ⓘ Gertraud adit	Putz et al. (2007)
Vorarlberg Bludenz District Silbertal ⓘ Knappenschrofen mine (Fellimännle mine) ?	Kolitsch (2013)
ⓘ Untere Dürrwaldalpe slag locality	Kolitsch et al. (2022)

Belgium
Flanders Limburg Dilsen-Stokkem Rotem ⓘ Rotem slag locality
Wallonia Liège Plombières ⓘ Bleyberg zinc and lead smelter slag locality	Blaß et al. (1995)
Trooz Forêt ⓘ Slag dump	Arnold Van Herreweghe Collection
Luxembourg ⓘ Vielsalm	Michel Blondieau. +1 other reference
Cahay ⓘ Thier des Carrières	Van Der Meersche (1987) +3 other references
Salmchâteau ⓘ Coticule mines (west)	Blondieau (2005)
Namur Andenne Seilles ⓘ Sclaigneaux slag locality

Bolivia
La Paz Pacajes Province ⓘ Coro Coro	Georges Favreau specimen (analyzed)

Canada
British Columbia Vancouver Island Nanaimo Mining Division Menzies Bay ⓘ Chalco Mine	Ingelson (1984)
Nova Scotia Cumberland Co. ⓘ Cape d'Or (Cap d'Or)	Terry Collett collection

Chile
Antofagasta Antofagasta Province Taltal ⓘ Guanaco Mine	SEM-EDS by Joy Desor
Tocopilla Province Gatico District ⓘ Santo Domingo mine	maurizio Dini & Arturo Molina collctions- analysed by EDX & PDF (by dr. Jochen Scluter)
Atacama Copiapó Province Copiapó Cachiyuyo de Llampos mining district ⓘ Carmen mine (C83-12)	collected and analysed by french ...
Tierra Amarilla Pampa Larga mining district ⓘ Carrizalillo mine	Maurizio Dini & Robert Jenkins ... +1 other reference
ⓘ Veta Negra Mine	samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and ...
Punta Gorda mining district ⓘ Alianza mine	Robert Jenkins
Tarapacá Iquique Province Iquique Chanabaya ⓘ Pabellón de Pica	SEM-EDS and Raman Spectroscopy by Joy ...

Czech Republic
Central Bohemian Region Příbram District Lhota u Příbramě ⓘ Lhota Smelter (Lotha Smelter) slag locality	RÜSENBERG et al. (1996)
Vrančice ⓘ Alexander Mine	Kohout et al. (1995)
Hradec Králové Region Náchod District Náchod ⓘ Běloves	Černý
Liberec Region Semily District ⓘ Studenec	Pauliš et al. (2005)

DR Congo
Haut-Katanga Kambove Territory Likasi ⓘ Likasi Mine	Deliens (1996)
Lualaba Tenke-Fungurume area ⓘ Tenke Mine	SEM-EDS and Raman Spectroscopy by Joy ...

Europe
Ore Mountains ⓘ Zinnwald-Cínovec mining region

France
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Loire Roanne Le Crozet ⓘ Les Rats Mine slag dumps	Vernay (1997) +1 other reference
Rhône Villefranche-sur-Saône ⓘ Beaujeu	Chollet Pascal Collection +1 other reference
ⓘ Bouillé	Chollet Pascal Collection
Chessy ⓘ Chessy copper mines	De Ascençao Guedes (2003)
ⓘ Chessy slags	Vessely Collection
Brittany Côtes-d'Armor Saint-Brieuc Trémuson ⓘ Silver mine slag locality	Pierre Le Roch Collection
Finistère Châteaulin Poullaouen ⓘ La Fonderie slag locality	Germain C. et al. (1990) +1 other reference
Corsica Corse-du-Sud Sartène Figari Testa ⓘ Bradesi	Lheur et al. (2011)
Haute-Corse Corte Ghisoni ⓘ La Finosa Mine (Fontana Rossa Mine)	R.De ASCENÇAO GUEDES (2004)
Grand Est Vosges Épinal Le Val-d'Ajol Faymont ⓘ Les Roches valley area (Bois de la Vèche area)	Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references
ⓘ Vein No. 3 (Le bas Hérival)	Escande et al. (1973) +6 other references
Nouvelle-Aquitaine Haute-Vienne Bellac Vaulry Vaulry Mines ⓘ La Fosse Profonde (La Poudrière)	Queneau (n.d.)
Occitanie Aude Narbonne Padern ⓘ Tistoulet mine	Berbain et al. (2019)
Aveyron Millau Saint-Rome-de-Tarn ⓘ Le Mazega	Queneau (n.d.)
Rodez Pruines ⓘ Le Kaymar	Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ... +1 other reference
Villefranche-de-Rouergue Monteils ⓘ Falgayrolles	Favreau et al. (2010)
Najac ⓘ Le Bastit	Jean Claude Dol
Pyrénées-Orientales Céret Oms ⓘ Correc d'en Llinassos (Ravin d'en Llinassous)	Christian BERBAIN collection - Georges ... +1 other reference
Tarn Albi Paulinet Saint-Jean-de-Jeannes ⓘ Le Franciman Mine	Jean Claude Dol
Trébas ⓘ Les Combes mine	Pierrot et al. (1976)
Castres Mont-Roc ⓘ Mont-Roc Mine	INVENTAIRE MINERALOGIQUE DE LA FRANCE ...
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Alpes-Maritimes Nice Arrondissement Daluis ⓘ Roua Mines (Clue de Roua)	Riviéra Scientifique:85:3-12 (15 Oct 2001) +1 other reference
Var Toulon Le Pradet ⓘ Cap Garonne Mine	van den Berg (1987) +1 other reference
ⓘ La Gavaresse workings	Jean-Marie Claude collection
ⓘ North mine	Pascal Chollet collection
ⓘ Processing plant slag locality	Valérie Galéa-Clolus collection - EDX ... +2 other references

Germany
Baden-Württemberg Freiburg Region Ortenaukreis Gengenbach Gengenbach ⓘ Silberbrünnle Mine	[Wittern (1995)
ⓘ Slag dumps	Anneliese Schwarz collection (visually identified by Uwe Kolitsch) +1 other reference
Hornberg Niederwasser ⓘ Blessing quarry	Schrenk (2000)
Oberwolfach ⓘ Clara Mine	Walenta (1992)
Frohnbach valley ⓘ Wenzel Mine
Rottweil Schenkenzell Wittichen Burgfelsen ⓘ Johann Mine
Heubach Valley ⓘ Anton Mine
ⓘ Schmiedestollen dump	Walenta (1992)
Bavaria Upper Franconia Hof District Lichtenberg ⓘ Alt & Neu Bescheert Glück Mines	90. +1 other reference
Wunsiedel im Fichtelgebirge Weißenstadt Rudolfstein ⓘ Uranium deposit	Weiß (1990) +2 other references
Upper Palatinate Neustadt an der Waldnaab District Waidhaus Hagendorf ⓘ Hagendorf South Pegmatite	web.archive.org (2001)
Hesse Darmstadt Frankfurt ⓘ Heddernheim slag locality	Blessing et al. (1991)
Kassel Region Hersfeld-Rotenburg Nentershausen Süß Richelsdorf Smelter ⓘ Slag dumps	Schnorrer-Köhler (1991)
Lower Saxony Goslar District Clausthal-Zellerfeld Oberschulenberg ⓘ Schlackental slag locality	Ko Jansen
ⓘ Silberbach slag locality	"Lithothek" collection of the ...
Langelsheim Astfeld ⓘ Herzog Julius smelter slag locality	van den Berg et al. (1990)
Grane Reservoir ⓘ Ochsenhütte slag locality	van den Berg et al. (1990)
Lautenthal ⓘ Lautenthal smelter slag locality	van den Berg et al. (1990)
ⓘ Sandersloch slag locality	Luetcke (n.d.)
North Rhine-Westphalia Arnsberg Hochsauerlandkreis Bestwig ⓘ Ramsbeck	Wittern (2001)
Marsberg ⓘ Copper mines	Schnorrer-Köhler (1991)
Märkischer Kreis Iserlohn Letmathe Helmke quarry nature reserve ⓘ Genna zinc smelter slag locality	Bender et al. (1994) +1 other reference
Siegen-Wittgenstein Siegen Niederschelden ⓘ Alte Buntekuh Mine	Heinrich et al. (2011)
Cologne Aachen Eschweiler ⓘ Concordia smelter slag locality	Blaß et al. (1995)
Stolberg ⓘ Birkengang zinc smelter slag locality
ⓘ Münsterbusch zinc smelter slag locality	International Association of Collectors ... +1 other reference
Euskirchen Kall ⓘ Copper smelter slag locality	Blaß et al. (1995)
Rhineland-Palatinate Donnersbergkreis Nordpfälzer Land Niedermoschel ⓘ Seelberg Mine ?	Collection Hartmute Hensel
Stahlberg ⓘ Frischer Mut Mine (Frischemuth Mine)	Heidtke (2001)
Neuwied Unkel Rheinbreitbach ⓘ Virneberg Mine	Weiß (1990)
ⓘ Slag dumps	Habel (2006) +1 other reference
Rhein-Lahn-Kreis ⓘ Bad Ems-Nassau	Wittern (2001)
Lahnstein Friedrichssegen ⓘ Friedrichssegen Mine	Der Aufschluss Vol.55
Saarland Sankt Wendel Nonnweiler Kastel ⓘ Slag occurrence	Thomas Kleser Collection
Saxony-Anhalt Mansfeld-Südharz Eisleben ⓘ Karl-Liebknecht smelter (Krug smelter) slag locality	C.Auer (2019)
Helbra ⓘ August Bebel smelter (Koch smelter) slag locality	XRD analysis (T. Witzke)
Mansfeld ⓘ Freiesleben-Schächte I-III	Siemroth et al. (1999)
ⓘ Gottesbelohnung smelter	Knoll (2004)
ⓘ Lichtloch 25
ⓘ Lichtloch 26	Knoll (2004)
Saxony Erzgebirgskreis ⓘ Schneeberg	Lapis 30 (7/8)
Schleswig-Holstein Pinneberg Helgoland ⓘ North Coast (Felswatt; incl. Lange Anna)	Markus Gerstmann - Collection

Greece
Attica East Attica Lavreotiki Agios Konstantinos (Kamariza) Kamariza Mines (Kamareza Mines) ⓘ Hilarion Mine	Gröbner et al. (2002)
ⓘ Jean Baptiste Mine
Mercati mines ⓘ Christiana Mine
ⓘ Christiana Mine No. 132	Lapis No.11 2001 p.13-21
Km 3 Kaminiza mines ⓘ Esperanza Mine
Lavreotiki Municipal Unit ⓘ Oxygono Cove slag locality (Oxygono Bay slag locality)	Collection Pascale & Daniel Journet
ⓘ Lavrion Slag Localities	Rewitzer et al. (1982) +1 other reference
Legrena Valley Megala Pefka Mines ⓘ Megala Pefka Mine No. 28 ("Sigia Mine")	62 +3 other references
Sounion Cato Sounio mines ⓘ Sounion Mine No. 19	Wendel et al. (1999) +1 other reference
Velatouri ⓘ Agios Nikolaos Cove slag locality	ko Jansen.
ⓘ Thorikos Bay slag locality	Gelaude et al. (1996)
South Aegean Milos Serifos Island Avissalos ⓘ Slag locality	Lefteris Rantos collection

Greenland
Kujalleq ⓘ Ilímaussaq complex	Petersen et al. (1993)

Hungary
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County Kazincbarcika District Rudabánya ⓘ Adolf Mine	Szakáll: Minerals of Rudabánya +1 other reference

Iran
Isfahan Province Nain County Anarak District ⓘ Talmessi Mine	Bariand et al. (1993)

Ireland
Munster Cork County Castletown-Bearhaven Copper Mines Allihies ⓘ Mountain Mine
Glandore ⓘ Glandore Mines (Aghatubrid Mine; Glendore Mine)	Dr Richard Unitt Collection
Mizen Peninsula ⓘ Dhurode Mine (Carrigacat Mine)	Found by George Ryback in 1976.
Schull Coosheen ⓘ Coosheen Mine (Cosheen Mine; Skull Bay Mine)	Dr Richard Unitt Collection
Waterford County ⓘ Bonmahon (Bunmahon)
Knockmahon ⓘ Bonhiva lode	Moreton (1991)
ⓘ Knockmahon Mine	Day (1999)
ⓘ Tankardstown mine (Knockmahon Mine)	Thorne (n.d.)
ⓘ Trawnamoe mine	Moreton (2005)

Isle of Man
Rushen Malew Langness ⓘ Langness copper mine	Adam Stephens Collection

Italy
Calabria Catanzaro Province Catanzaro Molino Mastricarro ⓘ Fiumarella baryte mine (Fiumarella baryte deposit; Mastricarro baryte mine)	Bloise et al. (2019)
Campania Metropolitan City of Naples ⓘ Mount Vesuvius	Russo et al. (2004) +1 other reference
Ottaviano ⓘ Vesuvius fumaroles on eastern crater rim	Russo et al. (2014)
ⓘ Vesuvius fumaroles	Russo et al. (2004) +1 other reference
Liguria Genoa Genoa Varenna Valley ⓘ Carpenara slag locality	Rivista Mineralogica Italiana (Avril/Juin)
Ne ⓘ Cassagna Mine	Redazionale (2005)
ⓘ Molinello Mine	415. +1 other reference
ⓘ Monte Bianco copper mine	Pagano et al. (2001)
Reppia ⓘ Case Soprane	Turconi (1984) +1 other reference
ⓘ Gambatesa Mine	Pipino (1984)
ⓘ Monte Copello-Reppia mine	Camarda et al. (2013) +1 other reference
Statale ⓘ Scrava Mine (Statale Mine)	Marchesini M. (1999)
La Spezia Province Rocchetta di Vara ⓘ Monte Nero Mine	probed by Balestra C.
Piedmont Vercelli Province Scopello ⓘ Scopello Village slag locality	Luigi Chiappino data
Sardinia Nuoro Province Gadoni ⓘ Funtana Raminosa Mine	Stara et al. (1999)
South Sardinia Province Domusnovas ⓘ Is Murvonis Mine	Stara et al. (1996)
ⓘ Perda Niedda Mine	- (n.d.)
ⓘ Sa Duchessa Mine	- (n.d.)
Fluminimaggiore ⓘ Tiny-Arenas Mine	A. Del Caldo +2 other references
ⓘ Furtei	Fernando Caboni et al. (2024)
ⓘ Furtei mine	Fernando Caboni et al. (2024)
Gonnosfanadiga Fenugu Sibiri Mine ⓘ Pira Inferida	Caboni et al. (2018)
Guspini ⓘ Montevecchio Mines	Preite et al. (2007)
Narcao ⓘ Rosas Mine Complex (Rosas Mine)	Lecca et al. (2024)
ⓘ Truba Niedda Mine (Trubba Niedda Mine)	www.associazionemineralogicasarda.it (n.d.)
Villacidro ⓘ Canale Serci Mine (Monti Mannu Mine)	Stara et al. (1996)
Villaputzu ⓘ Baccu Locci Mine	Collection Antonio Gamboni
Tuscany Grosseto Province Massa Marittima Prata ⓘ Cretaio	Bardi et al. (2017) +1 other reference
Valpiana - Castello della Marsiliana area slag sites ⓘ Bottricoli slag locality	"Lithothek der Münchener Micromounter" ...
ⓘ Marsiliana slag locality	Jansen et al. (1998)
Livorno Province Campiglia Marittima ⓘ Madonna di Fucinaia (Madonna della Fucinaia) slag heaps	International Association of Collectors of Slag Minerals (2) +1 other reference
ⓘ Rocca San Silvestro slag locality	Gianni Porcellini collection +1 other reference
ⓘ Temperino Mine	- (n.d.)
Capoliveri Cape Calamita Mine ⓘ Vallone stope	W. Strohschneider (1975)
Castagneto Carducci ⓘ Podere del Cancellino (Podere dei Cancellini) slag locality	Jansen et al. (1998)
Livorno ⓘ Botro del Diavolo	Marco Bonifazi find & collection +1 other reference
Piombino ⓘ Baratti slag locality	Franzini et al. (1992) +2 other references
Suvereto ⓘ Suvereto slag locality	Luigi Chiappino data
Massa-Carrara Province ⓘ Carrara	Orlandi et al. (1994) +1 other reference
Colonnata quarrying basin Colonnata ⓘ Gioia quarries	Orlandi et al. (1989) +2 other references
ⓘ Massa	Orlandi et al. (2009)
Casette ⓘ Gioia quarries (Gioia-Casette quarries; Gioia-Casette quarrying basin)	Orlandi et al. (1989) +1 other reference
Veneto Metropolitan City of Venice Venice ⓘ Fusina slag locality	A. Perugini collection

Japan
Fukui Prefecture Obama City ⓘ Uchitomi mine	Go ITO
Kagoshima Prefecture Satsumasendai City Koshiki Archipelago ⓘ Futago Island (Futagojima)	Masutomi Museum specimen (Kyoto) +1 other reference

Morocco
Drâa-Tafilalet Region Zagora Province Agdz Cercle Bou Skour mining district ⓘ Agoulzi Mine	Favreau (2026)
ⓘ Agoulzi slag locality	Favreau (n.d.) +1 other reference
Tansifte Caïdat Ightem ⓘ Ightem Mine	Favreau et al. (2006)
Zagora Cercle Tinzouline Caïdat Bleida Mines ⓘ Bleida Mine	Christophe Boutry collection

Namibia
Oshikoto Region Tsumeb ⓘ Tsumeb Mine (Ongopolo Mine)	Gebhard (1991)

New Zealand
Manawatu-Whanganui Region Tararua District Maharahara ⓘ Maharahara copper mine	Railton et al. (1990)
Nelson Region Aniseed Valley ⓘ Champion Copper Mine	Essence of Microscope
Waikato Region Thames-Coromandel District Coromandel Peninsula Colville ⓘ Paritu	Paritu

Norway
Nordland Narvik ⓘ Hundholmen	Husdal (2023)
ⓘ Stetind pegmatite	Husdal (2021)

Portugal
Beja Almodôvar Santa Cruz Barrigão Mine ⓘ Cerro do Monte do Gato	Pedro Alves analytical data and ...
Mértola Corte do Pinto ⓘ São Domingos Mine	Pedro Alves analytical data and ...
São Pedro de Solis e São Sebastião dos Carros ⓘ Ventosa (Ferrarias) Mine	Pedro Alves analytical data and ...
Odemira São Luís ⓘ Herdade dos Pendões Mine	Alves et al. (2017)
ⓘ Torgal Mine	Alves (n.d.)
Castelo Branco Vila Velha de Ródão Vila Velha de Ródão ⓘ Ingadanais Mines
Sitio do Cobre Mine ⓘ Slag dumps	Rui P. Nunes and Martins da Pedra ...
Faro Alcoutim Martim Longo ⓘ Daroeira Mine	Alves (n.d.)

Russia
Altai Krai Rubtsovsky District ⓘ Rubtsovsk Mine	Pekov et al. (2011)
Kamchatka Krai Milkovsky District Tolbachik Volcanic field Mountain 1004 ⓘ Western paleo-fumarole field	Pekov et al. (2025) +1 other reference
Tuva Todzhinsky District Ak-Sug ore cluster ⓘ Aksug Cu-Mo deposit	Abrosimova et al. (2015)
Zabaykalsky Krai Nerchinsky District Adun-Cholon Range ⓘ Sherlova Gora	Kasatkin et al. (2014)

South Africa
Northern Cape ⓘ Namakwa District Municipality	Prior (1889) +1 other reference
Khâi-Ma Local Municipality ⓘ Aggeneys	Cairncross et al. (1995)
Okiep Copper District Concordia ⓘ Concordia Mine	Bannister et al. (1950)

Spain
Andalusia Almería Cuevas del Almanzora Sierra Almagrera ⓘ Golosina mine	Pesudo Verde Collection
Jaroso Ravine ⓘ Rescatada mine	Valladares et al. (2021)
ⓘ República Romana mine	Georges FAVREAU collection & EDX ...
Huércal-Overa Cuesta Alta Cerro Minado Mines ⓘ La Cena del Depósito concession	in Spanish version (Revista de Minerales) +1 other reference
Níjar ⓘ Rodalquilar	A. Arribas et al. (2005)
Cerro de los Guardias ⓘ Sol Mine	Christiane & Jean-Robert Eytier ...
ⓘ María Josefa Mine	G. Leal et al. (2005)
Pechina Baños de Alhamilla ⓘ Mina Casualidad	Rewitzer et al. (2020)
Castile-La Mancha Ciudad Real Brazatortas Exposición mine ⓘ Slag locality	Sainz de Baranda Graf (2025)
Catalonia Girona Camprodon Rocabruna ⓘ Les Ferreres mine	Garrido et al. (2013)
Extremadura Badajoz Oliva de Mérida ⓘ Novísimo San Fernando mine (Traslasierra mine)	Calvo Rebollar et al. (2022)

Turkey
Kirklareli Province Demirköy District ⓘ Sivriler ?	Erik Vercammen collection

UK
England ⓘ Cornwall	Semmons (1885) +1 other reference
Calstock Gunnislake Clitters United Mines ⓘ Gunnislake Clitters Mine	Collection Richard De Nul
ⓘ Old Gunnislake Mine	Golley et al. (1995)
ⓘ East Gunnislake Mine (in part: South Bedford and East Gunnislake Mine)	Richard de Nul collection
Camborne Beacon ⓘ South Tolcarne Mine	Golley et al. (1995)
Killivose ⓘ Wheal Pendarves	Barstow et al. (1982) +1 other reference
Troon Grenville United Mines ⓘ South Condurrow Mine (Marshall's Shaft)	P Haas (collected 2008)
Carharrack ⓘ Ting Tang Mine	Bruce et al. (1998)
Wheal Damsel United Mines ⓘ Wheal Damsel	Dana 6: 919. +2 other references
Carlyon Carlyon Bay ⓘ Crinnis Mine (Great Crinnis Mine; Carlyon Consolidated Mine)	P
Carn Brea Carnkie Basset Mines ⓘ Wheal Basset
ⓘ South Wheal Basset	Martin Stolworthy Collection
Pool ⓘ Carn Brea Mine	Lapis 11 (2)
ⓘ Wheal Druid	Haas (n.d.)
Crantock ⓘ The Gannel Smelter slag locality	BMS Newsletter 79 (http://britishmicromountsociety.homestead.com/Gannell-Smelter.html)
Gwennap ⓘ Carharrack Mine	Hall (1868) +1 other reference
ⓘ Wheal Jewel	Steve Rust collection
ⓘ Wheal Unity	Dana 7: II:573. +3 other references
Gwinear-Gwithian Reawla ⓘ Relistian Mine (Relistien Mine; Relistian Consols)	G. Curtis specimen
Upton Towans ⓘ Boiling Well Mine	Diederik Visser List
Kea Bissoe ⓘ Carnon valley alluvials	Adam Stephens Collection
Linkinhorne Minions ⓘ Phoenix United Mine
ⓘ Wheal Phoenix	Ex-S Rust collection
Sharptor ⓘ Sharptor Mine (West Sharptor Mine)	Steve Rust collection
Upton Cross ⓘ Marke Valley Mine	Semmons (1885) +3 other references
Marazion ⓘ Tolvadden Mine	De Bondt (n.d.)
Padstow Gunver Head ⓘ Southern Merop Island	Schlomann et al. (1998)
Perranuthnoe Charlotte United Mines ⓘ Wheal Charlotte	Collection Richard De Nul
Perranzabuloe Perranporth ⓘ Cligga Head	collected by Richard de Nul
ⓘ Cligga Mine	Wolfe et al. (2008)
Perran St George and Droskyn Mines ⓘ Perran St George Mine (Perran Great St George Mine; Great St George Mine; Perran St George United Mine)	collected by Michael Merry
St Agnes West Wheal Kitty group ⓘ Wheal Friendly (West Wheal Pink)
St Cleer Craddock Moor ⓘ Craddock Moor Mine	Collection Richard De Nul
Crow's Nest ⓘ West Caradon Mine	Golley et al. (1995)
ⓘ Gonamena Mine	B Day Collection
St Day Busveal ⓘ Cathedral Mine	Robin Selley and Roger Eslick (2004)
ⓘ Wheal Gorland	Miers (1894) +2 other references
ⓘ Wheal Muttrall	Embrey et al. (1987)
St Hilary ⓘ Croft Gothal Mine
ⓘ Penberthy Croft Mine	Golley et al. (1995) +1 other reference
St Ives Carbis Bay Providence Mines ⓘ Wheal Providence (TL)	Rashleigh (1802) +2 other references
St Just Botallack ⓘ Botallack Mine	Collins (1871) +1 other reference
ⓘ Wheal Cock	Rocks & Min.: 60 (1)
ⓘ Wheal Hazard	Richard de Nul collection
ⓘ Wheal Hen	Golley et al. (1995)
ⓘ Loe Warren Zawn	Elton et al. (1995)
ⓘ West Wheal Owles (Cargodna Mine)	Visual Identification (J.Ralph 2009)
ⓘ Wheal Edward	Golley et al. (1995)
Kenidjack Valley Boswedden Mine (incl. Wheal Praze; Wheal Williams; Yankee Boy Mine) ⓘ Wheal Call (Wheal Cole; Wheal Coal)	P Haas
ⓘ Wheal Castle	De Bondt (n.d.)
Pendeen ⓘ Geevor Mine	Golley et al. (1995)
ⓘ Pendeen Consols	P Haas
Trewellard ⓘ Levant Mine	Golley et al. (1995)
St Stephen-in-Brannel Downderry ⓘ St Austell Consols (incl. Wheal Hawkins)	Andrew Hodgson collection.
Treverbyn Stenalees ⓘ Gunheath China Clay Pit ?	Golley et al. (1995)
County Durham Healeyfield ⓘ Castleside Smelting Mill slag locality	Norman Wilson collection
Cumbria Allerdale Above Derwent ⓘ Stoneycroft Smelter slag locality
Caldbeck ⓘ Driggith Mine	Green et al. (2006) +1 other reference
ⓘ Old Sandbed Mine	Green et al. (2006) +1 other reference
Potts Gill ⓘ Old Potts Gill Mine ?	Kingsbury (MS1) +1 other reference
Roughton Gill ⓘ Higher Roughton Gill (Balliway Rigg)	Green et al. (2008)
ⓘ Silver Gill	Green et al. (2005) +2 other references
ⓘ Caldbeck Fells Mining Region ?	Stanley et al. (1991)
Eden Mungrisdale ⓘ Saddleback Old Mine	Briscoe et al. (2008) +1 other reference
Devon North Devon North Molton ⓘ Bampfylde Mine (Prince Regent Mine; Poltimore Mine; North Molton copper mine)	Ex-S Rust collection
Leicestershire Hinckley and Bosworth Stanton under Bardon Cliffe Hill Quarry ⓘ New Cliffe Hill Quarry	Hubbard et al. (2005)
Somerset Somerset West and Taunton Luxborough ⓘ Kennisham Hill Mine	Steve Rust collection
Scotland Argyll and Bute Lochgilphead ⓘ Castletown mine	Starkey et al. (1998)
Dumfries and Galloway Auchencairn Rascarrel Bay ⓘ Rascarrel Mine	Render (n.d.)
ⓘ Colvend Mine	Moreton et al. (1992)
ⓘ Dalbeattie	Braithwaite et al. (1990)
ⓘ Caulkerbush	Anthony (1997)
ⓘ Criffel granodiorite	Miller et al. (1966) +1 other reference
ⓘ Marbruie Cove	Day (1999)
ⓘ Sandyhills Bay (Southwick Cliffs)	Anthony (1997)
ⓘ Toors Hill	Render (n.d.)
Needle's Eye ⓘ Needle's Eye Mine	R. S. W. Braithwaite and J. R. Knight (1990) +1 other reference
Highland Eilean á Chèo Isle of Skye Minginish Cuillin Hills ⓘ Sgurr nan Cearcall	Wolfe (1998) +1 other reference
Scottish Borders Duns Hoardweel farm ⓘ Hoardweel Mine	Jane Currie
Wales Ceredigion Ceulanymaesmawr Tal-y-bont ⓘ Eaglebrook Mine
ⓘ Esgair Hir & Esgair Fraith mines (Cambrian Mine; Cardigan Consolidated Mine; Welsh Potosi Mine; Kylon Potosi Mine)	Ex-S Rust collection
Llangynfelyn Tre'r-ddol ⓘ Lodge Park Trial	Mason et al. (1996)
Trefeirig Bontgoch ⓘ Lletty Evanhen Mine (Vaughan Mine)	S. Rust collection
Goginan ⓘ Gwaith Yr Afon mine (West Cwmsymlog Mine; Cwm Daren Mine; River Mine; Taliesan Mine)	S.Rust Collection
Ysgubor-y-coed Ynystudor ⓘ Loveden Mine	Day (1999)
Gwynedd Beddgelert ⓘ Britannia Mine	Pollard et al. (1989)
Neath Port Talbot Mines Royal and Crown copper works ⓘ Waste tips and slag locality	Dave Evans
Neath ⓘ Neath Abbey Copper Smelter	S. Rust collection
Powys Llangynog ⓘ Llangynog Mine	S. Rust collection
Llanidloes ⓘ Geufron Mine	S.Rust Collection

USA
Arizona Cochise County ⓘ Bisbee	Holden (1922) +3 other references
Calumet and Arizona group of claims ⓘ Junction Mine	Dana 7: II: 573. +5 other references
ⓘ Cole Mine	Graeme (1993) +1 other reference
Hendricks Gulch ⓘ Southwest Mine	Graeme (1993) +1 other reference
ⓘ Lowell Mine	Holden (1922)
Queen Hill ⓘ Copper Queen Mine	Ransome (1904a) +2 other references
ⓘ Czar Mine	Dana 7: II:573. +8 other references
ⓘ Shattuck Mine	Hibbs et al. (2006)
Chiricahua Mountains California Mining District (Chiricahua Mining District) ⓘ Hilltop Mine	Luetcke (n.d.)
Tombstone Mining District ⓘ Gallagher Vanadium & Rare Minerals Corp Mine	Rob Bowell
Tombstone ⓘ Toughnut Mine	Butler et al. (1938b) +4 other references
ⓘ Warren Mining District	Anthony et al. (1995)
Pima County Ajo Mining District Little Ajo Mountains Ajo ⓘ New Cornelia Mine	Thomas et al. (1983) +1 other reference
Sierrita Mountains Pima Mining District San Xavier Mission complex Mineral Hill Mineral Hill Mines (Azurite group; Old Azurite Mine; Copper Glance Mine) ⓘ Daisy Mine (Daisy shaft)	Williams (1961) +1 other reference
Pinal County Bunker Hill Mining District (Copper Creek Mining District) Copper Creek (Copper Creek Canyon) ⓘ Childs-Adwinkle Mine (Childs and Altwilkle Mine; Childs-Aldwinkle Mine)	Raman analyzed at the University of ...
Mammoth Mining District Tiger St. Anthony deposit ⓘ Mammoth-Saint Anthony Mine	Anthony et al. (1995) +1 other reference
Yavapai County Eureka Mining District Bagdad ⓘ Bagdad Mine	Robert A. Jenkins
California Inyo County Inyo Mts (Inyo Range) Russ Mining District Reward ⓘ Reward Mine	Collected by and in the collection of ...
Madera County Daulton Mining District Daulton Iron Mountain (2) Buchanan Mine (Johnson group; Johnston) Buchanan Mine area ⓘ Unnamed Cu occurrence (1)	Murdoch (1966)
Mono County Bodie Hills Masonic Mining District New York Hill ⓘ Serita Mine	MarekC pers. coll. 2017-2018
San Bernardino County Ord Mining District Ord Mountains Ord Mountain Ord Mountain Mine (Ord Mountain Mine System; Ord Mine; Ord Mountain deposits; Osborn; Rio Vista claim; Brilliant claim; Josephine claim; Belgium claim; Copper Junction claim) ⓘ England claim	Housley et al. (1999)
Silver Lake Mining District Soda Mountains Zzyzx ⓘ Blue Bell Mine	Thorne (n.d.)
ⓘ B-Site	Thorne (n.d.)
Michigan Keweenaw County Allouez Township Ahmeek ⓘ Kingston Mine	Allan Blaske collection
Ontonagon County Rockland ⓘ Minesota Mine	Heinrich et al. (2004)
White Pine ⓘ White Pine Mine	Travis Olds collection
Montana Granite County Philipsburg Mining District (Flint Creek Mining District) ⓘ Black Pine Mine	Collection of J.Dagenais
Nevada Churchill County Cottonwood Canyon Bolivia ⓘ Lovelock Mine	Castor et al. (2004)
Esmeralda County ⓘ Candelaria Mining District (Columbus Mining District)	Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999.
Coaldale Mining District ⓘ Unnamed prospect (2)	Castor et al. (2004)
Rock Hill Mining District ⓘ Broken Toe Mine	Castor et al. (2004)
Weepah Mining District ⓘ 3 Metals Mine	Castor et al. (2004)
Humboldt County Iron Point Mining District Valmy ⓘ Silver Coin Mine	Thorne (n.d.)
Lincoln County Delamar Mining District ⓘ April Fool Mine	Marek Chorazewicz (2024)
Mineral County Candelaria Mining District Candelaria Silver Mine ⓘ Mount Diablo pit	Paul M. Adams Collection
Fitting Mining District Luning Rhyolite Pass ⓘ Unnamed prospect [2]	The Minerals of Rhyolite Pass
Pershing County Antelope Mining District ⓘ Majuba Hill Mine	Jensen (1993)
ⓘ Copper Stope	Martin Jensen unpublished analysis and ...
Antelope Springs Mining District ⓘ Culver Antimony Mine (OJ1 Lode)	Dan Evanich field collected samples. ...
New Jersey Sussex County Ogdensburg Sterling Hill ⓘ Sterling Mine	Peters et al. (1983) +1 other reference
New Mexico Socorro County Hansonburg District Bingham Blanchard Mine ⓘ Sunshine No. 3 Adit	Jerry Cone Collection
Utah East Tintic Mountains Tintic Mining District Mammoth ⓘ Grand Central Mine	Bannister et al. (1950) +1 other reference
ⓘ Mammoth Mine	Thorne (n.d.)
North Star Mine (Star Consolidated Mine) ⓘ Upper dumps	MarekC (2018)
Juab County Eureka ⓘ Centennial Eureka Mine	Roberts et al. (1997)
Tooele County Gold Hill Mining District (Clifton Mining District) Gold Hill ⓘ Gold Hill Mine	Kokinos et al. (1993)
ⓘ 150 foot level	Kokinos et al. (1993) +1 other reference
ⓘ 30 foot level	Thorne (n.d.)
ⓘ 300 foot level	Thorne (n.d.)
ⓘ South pit	Kokinos et al. (1993)
ⓘ Gold Hill Standard Mine	Jake Slagle
Pole Star Copper Company Mine Group ⓘ Pole Star Mine	Thorne (n.d.)
Ophir Mining District Jacob City ⓘ Hidden Treasure Mine	Collected by and in the collection of ...

Uzbekistan
Navoiy Kokpatas village ⓘ Kokpatas Au-W deposit	Mineraly Uzbekistana (Minerals of the Uzbekistan)

Connellite

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