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Paravauxite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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04333880017271925721882.jpg
Paravauxite, etc.

Siglo Veinte Mine, Llallagua, Rafael Bustillo Province, PotosĂ­, Bolivia
05200710017271925759307.jpg
Paravauxite

Siglo Veinte Mine, Llallagua, Rafael Bustillo Province, PotosĂ­, Bolivia
04461840017271925799201.jpg
Paravauxite

Siglo Veinte Mine, Llallagua, Rafael Bustillo Province, PotosĂ­, Bolivia
04333880017271925721882.jpg
Paravauxite, etc.

Siglo Veinte Mine, Llallagua, Rafael Bustillo Province, PotosĂ­, Bolivia
05200710017271925759307.jpg
Paravauxite

Siglo Veinte Mine, Llallagua, Rafael Bustillo Province, PotosĂ­, Bolivia
04461840017271925799201.jpg
Paravauxite

Siglo Veinte Mine, Llallagua, Rafael Bustillo Province, PotosĂ­, Bolivia
04333880017271925721882.jpg
Paravauxite, etc.

Siglo Veinte Mine, Llallagua, Rafael Bustillo Province, PotosĂ­, Bolivia
05200710017271925759307.jpg
Paravauxite

Siglo Veinte Mine, Llallagua, Rafael Bustillo Province, PotosĂ­, Bolivia
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About ParavauxiteHide

Formula:
Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O
Colour:
Pale greenish white to colorless; colorless in transmitted light. also gray-white or Light brown.
Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy, Pearly
Hardness:
3
Specific Gravity:
2.36
Crystal System:
Triclinic
Name:
Named in 1922 by Samuel George Gordon from the Greek παρα for "near" and its chemical relationship to Vauxite, a lower hydrate.
Dimorph of:
Metavauxite
Isostructural with:
Gordonite, Laueite, Montgomeryite
The triclinic dimorph of Metavauxite.

A rare mineral in hydrothermal tin veins and in complex granitic pegmatites.


Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:
3118
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3118:5

Classification of ParavauxiteHide

05521570017685316117551.jpg
Laueite structure archetype

In paravauxite, the M1 site is occupied by Fe2+ and the M2 and M3 sites are occupied by Al3+. The X site is a phosphate group.

IMA Classification of ParavauxiteHide

IMA status:
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2·8H2O
Strunz-mindat (2026):
8.DC.30

8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
C : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 1:1 and < 2:1
Dana 8th ed.:
42.11.14.2

42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
11 : (AB)3(XO4)2Zq·xH2O
Hey's CIM Ref.:
19.14.25

19 : Phosphates
14 : Phosphates of Fe and other metals

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

SymbolSourceReference for Standard
PvxIMA–CNMNCWarr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43

Physical Properties of ParavauxiteHide

Lustre:
Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Waxy, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Pearly on cleavages
Colour:
Pale greenish white to colorless; colorless in transmitted light. also gray-white or Light brown.
Streak:
White
Hardness:
3 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {010}, perfect.
Fracture:
Conchoidal
Density:
2.36 g/cm3 (Measured)    2.37 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Optical Data of ParavauxiteHide

Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.552 - 1.554 nβ = 1.558 - 1.559 nγ = 1.572 - 1.573
2V:
Measured: 72° , Calculated: 74°
Birefringence:
0.020
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.019 - 0.020
Based on recorded range of RI values above.

Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.

Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ”m thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.

Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.

Surface Relief:
Low (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).

This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure - the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are isogyres.

Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
weak to distinct
Optical Extinction:
X (61°,56°), Y (180°, 55°), Z -61°, 54°)
Pleochroism:
Non-pleochroic

Chemistry of ParavauxiteHide

Mindat Formula:
Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O
Element Weights:
Element% weight
O60.263 %
P12.963 %
Fe11.686 %
Al11.292 %
H3.797 %

Calculated from ideal end-member formula.
O
P
Fe
Al
H
Elements listed:
Al, Fe, H, O, P - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Crystallography of ParavauxiteHide

Crystal System:
Triclinic
Class (H-M):
1 - Pinacoidal
Space Group:
P1
Setting:
P1
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.233 Å, b = 10.541 Å, c = 6.962 Å
α = 106.9°, β = 110.8°, γ = 72.1°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.496 : 1 : 0.66
Unit Cell V:
334.43 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
1
Morphology:
Short prismatic [001], thick tabular {010}. Numerous forms ay be exhibited. Forms subparallel to radial aggregates.

Crystal StructureHide

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IDSpeciesReferenceLinkYearLocalityPressure (GPa)Temp (K)
0020472ParavauxiteGatta G D, Vignola P, Meven M (2014) On the complex H-bonding network in paravauxite, Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2*8H2O: A single-crystal neutron diffraction study Mineralogical Magazine 78 841-8502014Siglo Veinte mine, Potosi Department, Bolivia0293
0014737ParavauxiteBaur W H (1969) The crystal structure of paravauxite, Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2(OH2)6*2H2O Neues Jahrbuch fur Mineralogie, Monatshefte 1969 430-43319690293
CIF Raw Data - click here to close

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Loading XRD data...
Data Set:
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
d-spacingIntensity
9.82 Å(100)
6.38 Å(90)
4.91 Å(40)
4.20 Å(90)
3.18 Å(80)
2.85 Å(60)
2.58 Å(50)
Comments:
Handbook of Mineralogy, v. 4, p. 441.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):
Paragenetic ModeEarliest Age (Ga)
Near-surface Processes
22 : Hydration and low-? subsurface aqueous alteration (see also #23)
Geological Setting:
Hydrothermal tin veins and pegmatites

Type Occurrence of ParavauxiteHide

Type Locality:
ⓘ Siglo Veinte Mine, Llallagua, Rafael Bustillo Province, Potosí, Bolivia
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
U.S. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., USA: #112735, #136012, #R5467.
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Hydrothermal tin veins
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
ChildreniteCrandalliteMetavauxiteQuartzSigloite
VauxiteWavellite

Other Language Names for ParavauxiteHide

Relationship of Paravauxite to other SpeciesHide

Member of:
Laueite Group > Laueite Supergroup
Other Members of Laueite Group:
CuretoniteBa(Al,Ti)(PO4)(OH,O)FMon. 2/m : P21/c
FerrolaueiteFe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
GordoniteMgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
Kastningite(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
KummeriteMn2+Fe3+Al(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
LaueiteMn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
MangangordoniteMn2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
SigloiteFe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 7H2OTric. 1 : P1
StewartiteMn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
UshkoviteMgFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:
642 photos of Paravauxite associated with VauxiteFe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2O
399 photos of Paravauxite associated with SigloiteFe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 7H2O
329 photos of Paravauxite associated with ChildreniteFe2+Al(PO4)(OH)2 · H2O
196 photos of Paravauxite associated with MetavauxiteFe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2O
64 photos of Paravauxite associated with WavelliteAl3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2O
42 photos of Paravauxite associated with QuartzSiO2
21 photos of Paravauxite associated with VivianiteFe2+Fe2+2(PO4)2 · 8H2O
20 photos of Paravauxite associated with PyriteFeS2
18 photos of Paravauxite associated with FranckeiteFe2+(Pb,Sn2+)6Sn4+2Sb2S14
8 photos of Paravauxite associated with GreenockiteCdS

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat GroupingHide

8.DC.FerroberauniteFe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5 · 6H2OMon. 2/m : B2/b
8.DC.CésarferreiraiteFe2+ Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.FerrivauxiteFe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.IanbruceiteZn2(AsO4)(OH) · 3H2OMon. 2/m : P21/c
8.DC.05NissoniteCu2Mg2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 5H2OMon. 2/m : B2/b
8.DC.07EuchroiteCu2(AsO4)(OH) · 3H2OOrth. 222 : P212121
8.DC.10LegranditeZn2(AsO4)(OH) · H2OMon. 2/m : P21/c
8.DC.12StrashimiriteCu8(AsO4)4(OH)4 · 5H2OMon.
8.DC.15EarlshannoniteMn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/c
8.DC.15KunatiteCuFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/c
8.DC.15'UM2006-27-PO:FeHZn'ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon.
8.DC.15'UKI-2006-(PO:AlCuFeH)'Fe2+Al3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2O
8.DC.15CobaltarthuriteCoFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/c
8.DC.15ArthuriteCuFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/c
8.DC.15OjuelaiteZnFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/c
8.DC.15WhitmoreiteFe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/c
8.DC.15BendadaiteFe2+Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P21/c
8.DC.17KleemaniteZnAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 3H2OMon.
8.DC.20MagnesiobermaniteMgMn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2 : P21
8.DC.20BermaniteMn2+Mn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OMon. 2/m : P2/b
8.DC.20CoralloiteMn2+Mn3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 4H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.22KovdorskiteMg2(PO4)(OH) · 3H2OMon. 2/m : P21/c
8.DC.25ZincostrunziteZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6.5H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.25MetavauxiteFe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P21/c
8.DC.25MetavivianiteFe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.25FerristrunziteFe3+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2OTric.
8.DC.25StrunziteMn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.25FerrostrunziteFe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2OTric.
8.DC.27BerauniteFe3+6(PO4)4O(OH)4 · 6H2OMon. m : Bb
8.DC.27TvrdĂœiteFe2+Fe3+2Al3(PO4)4(OH)5(H2O)4 · 2H2OMon. 2/m : B2/b
8.DC.27ZincoberauniteZnFe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5 · 6H2OMon. 2/m : B2/b
8.DC.30MaghrebiteMgAl2(AsO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30FerrolaueiteFe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30UshkoviteMgFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30LaueiteMn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30SigloiteFe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 · 7H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30NordgauiteMnAl2(PO4)2(F,OH)2 · 5H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30Kayrobertsonite[MnAl2(PO4)2(OH)2(H2O)4] · 2H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30KummeriteMn2+Fe3+Al(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30MangangordoniteMn2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30StewartiteMn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30GordoniteMgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30Kastningite(Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.30PseudolaueiteMn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 8H2OMon. 2/m : P21/c
8.DC.32KamarizaiteFe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)3 · 3H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.32TinticiteFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 3H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.35VauxiteFe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 · 6H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.37VantasseliteAl4(PO4)3(OH)3 · 9H2OOrth.
8.DC.40CacoxeniteFe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 · 75H2OHex. 6/m : P63/m
8.DC.45SouzaliteMg3Al4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2OTric. 1
8.DC.45Gormanite(Fe2+,Mg)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 · 2H2OTric.
8.DC.47KingiteAl3(PO4)2F2(OH) · 7H2OTric.
8.DC.50AllanpringiteFe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2OMon. 2/m : P21/m
8.DC.50FluorwavelliteAl3(PO4)2(OH)2F · 5H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
8.DC.50WavelliteAl3(PO4)2(OH)3 · 5H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
8.DC.52KribergiteAl5(PO4)3(SO4)(OH)4 · 4H2OTric. 1 : P1
8.DC.55MapimiteZn2Fe3+3(AsO4)3(OH)4 · 10H2OMon. m : Bm
8.DC.57OgdensburgiteCa2Fe3+4(Zn,Mn2+)(AsO4)4(OH)6 · 6H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) : Cmmm
8.DC.60CloncurryiteCu0.5(VO)0.5Al2(PO4)2F2 · 5H2OMon. 2/m : P21/c
8.DC.60Nevadaite(Cu2+,Al,V3+)6Al8(PO4)8F8(OH)2 · 22H2OOrth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m)
8.DC.62KenngottiteMn2+3Fe3+4(PO4)4(OH)6(H2O)2 Mon. 2/m : P2/b
8.DC.67MolinelloiteCu(H2O)(OH)V4+O(V5+O4)Tric. 1 : P1
8.DC.70WhitecapsiteH16Fe2+5Fe3+14Sb3+6(AsO4)18O16 · 120H2OHex. 6/m : P63/m
8.DC.75HeimitePbCu2(AsO4)(OH)3 · 2H2OMon. 2/m : P21/c
8.DC.80LedneviteCu[PO3(OH)] · H2OMon. 2/m : P21/c

Fluorescence of ParavauxiteHide

In UV light:
Not fluorescent in UV

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for ParavauxiteHide

References for ParavauxiteHide

Reference List:
Gordon, S. G. (1922) Preliminary notes on vauxite and paravauxite. Science, 56 (1437) 50 doi:10.1126/science.56.1437.50
(1922) Proceedings of societies, notes and news, and abstracts. American Mineralogist, 7 (6) 108
Gordon (1923) Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia: 75: 261.
Gordon, Samuel G. (1944) The mineralogy of the tin mines of Cerro de Llallagua, Bolivia. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 96. 279-359p.345
Palache, Charles; Berman, Harry; Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons.pp.972-973
Hurlbut, Cornelius S., Honea, Russell (1962) Sigloite, a new mineral from Llallagua, Bolivia. American Mineralogist, 47 (1-2) 1-8
Baur, W. H. (1969) The crystal structure of paravauxite, Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2(OH2)6‱2H2O. Neues Jahrbuch fĂŒr Mineralogie - Monatshefte, 1969. 430-433
Anthony, John Williams, Bideaux, Richard A., Bladh, Kenneth W., Nichols, Monte C. (2000) Handbook of Mineralogy Vol. 4 - Arsenates, phosphates, vanadates. Mineral Data Publishing, Tucson, Arizona.p.441
(2005) Paravauxite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America
Frost, Ray L., Scholz, Ricardo, LĂłpes, AndrĂ©s, Xi, Yunfei, Gobac, Ćœeljka Ćœigovečki, Horta, Laura Frota Campos (2013) Raman and infrared spectroscopic characterization of the phosphate mineral paravauxite Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2⋅8H2O. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 116. 491-496 doi:10.1016/j.saa.2013.07.048

Localities for ParavauxiteHide

Showing 23 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.
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Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed. - This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality. - Good crystals or important locality for species. - World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). Struck out - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Australia
 
  • South Australia
    • Pastoral Unincorporated Area
      • Iron Knob
Francis (2010)
Bolivia (TL)
 
  • PotosĂ­
    • Rafael Bustillo Province
      • Llallagua
- (1922) +2 other references
Brazil
 
  • Minas Gerais
    • Conselheiro Pena
      • Barra do CuietĂ©
sample of Luigi Chiappino analysed by ...
    • GalilĂ©ia
      • Sapucaia do Norte
Sergio Varvello collection (ID by Daniel Atencio)
Europe
 
Berbain et al. (2012)
France
 
  • Occitanie
    • PyrĂ©nĂ©es-Orientales
      • CĂ©ret
        • Collioure
Berbain et al. (2012)
Germany
 
  • Bavaria
    • Upper Palatinate
      • Neustadt an der Waldnaab District
        • Waidhaus
          • Hagendorf
web.archive.org (2001) +1 other reference
Kastning et al. (1996) +2 other references
  • Saxony
    • Görlitz District
      • Neißeaue
Witzke et al. (2013)
      • Quitzdorf am See
        • Horscha
86. +1 other reference
Greece
 
  • Eastern Macedonia and Thrace
    • Kavala
      • Kavala
Fornadel et al. (2011)
Portugal
 
  • Guarda
    • Sabugal
      • Bendada
Schnorrer-Köhler et al. (1991)
Russia
 
  • Kamchatka Krai
    • Ust-Bolsheretsky District
Rychagov et al. (2017, November)
Spain
 
  • Galicia
    • Pontevedra
      • Gondomar
        • Vincios
          • Galiñeiro Complex
Calvo Rebollar (2015)
Sweden
 
  • Norrbotten County
    • Kiruna
      • Svappavaara
Nysten et al. (2020) +1 other reference
USA
 
  • New Hampshire
    • Cheshire County
      • Walpole
P. Cristofono et al. (2011)
    • Grafton County
      • Groton
Rocks & Min. 80:251
Nashua Mineralogical Society Disp. Cat. ... +1 other reference
NIZAMOFF et al. (2004)
Journal of Pegmatology vol. 1 +2 other references
      • Orange
Thompson et al. (2022)
  • North Carolina
    • Cleveland County
      • Kings Mountain
Confirmed +2 other references
    • Gaston County
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To cite: Ralph, J., Von Bargen, D., Martynov, P., Zhang, J., Que, X., Prabhu, A., Morrison, S. M., Li, W., Chen, W., & Ma, X. (2025). Mindat.org: The open access mineralogy database to accelerate data-intensive geoscience research. American Mineralogist, 110(6), 833–844. doi:10.2138/am-2024-9486.
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