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Wavellite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Wavellite
Formula:
Al3(PO4)2(OH)3 ยท 5H2O
May contain some F replacing OH.
Colour:
Green to yellowish-green and yellow, greenish white, yellowish-brown, brown, brownish-black, blue, white and colourless; colourless in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Greasy, Pearly
Hardness:
3½ - 4
Specific Gravity:
2.36
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Member of:
Name:
Named by William Babington in 1805 in honour of Dr. William Wavell (20 December 1750, Newchurch, Isle of Wight, England, UK - 15 May 1829, Barnstaple, England, UK), a physician, botanist, historian, and naturalist in Harwood Parish, Devonshire, England, who discovered the mineral. Non-contemporary accounts suggest that Dr. Wavell discovered phosphate in the mineral, a constituent that was previously missed in analyses of hydrargilite. Dr. Wavell was educated in Edinburgh and was in medical partnership with Dr. William Curtis (1746, Alton, Hampshire, England, UK - 1825, Barnstaple, Devonshire, England, UK) on Gracechurch Street, Barnstaple. Dr. Curtis was also an energetic botanist and also a correspondent with many naturalists (Curtis and Hooker, 1827).
A secondary mineral found most often in aluminous, low-grade metamorphic rocks. Usually found as radiating "starburst" clusters of green to yellow-green fibrous crystals on fracture surfaces in the matrix, these may grade into globular aggregates; more rarely in chalcedony-like or opaline masses, or stalactic; very rare as good distinct crystals.
The OH analogue of fluorwavellite.
Note: Allanpringite is a monoclinic-pseudoorthorhombic Fe3+-analogue of wavellite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Wavellite.
The OH analogue of fluorwavellite.
Note: Allanpringite is a monoclinic-pseudoorthorhombic Fe3+-analogue of wavellite.
Visit gemdat.org for gemological information about Wavellite.Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
4250
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:4250:1
Similar Names
| Wavellite (of Dewey) | A synonym of Gibbsite |
IMA Classification of Wavellite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
Al3(PO4)2(OH)3ยท5H2O
Classification of Wavellite
8.DC.50
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
C : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 1:1 and < 2:1
8 : PHOSPHATES, ARSENATES, VANADATES
D : Phosphates, etc. with additional anions, with H2O
C : With only medium-sized cations, (OH, etc.):RO4 = 1:1 and < 2:1
Dana 7th ed.:
42.7.4.1
42.10.2.1
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
10 : A3(XO4)2Zq·xH2O
42 : HYDRATED PHOSPHATES, ETC.CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
10 : A3(XO4)2Zq·xH2O
19.7.8
19 : Phosphates
7 : Phosphates of Al alone
19 : Phosphates
7 : Phosphates of Al alone
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAโCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAโCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAโCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Wav | IMAโCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAโCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Wav | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185โ187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
Physical Properties of Wavellite
Vitreous, Greasy, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Green to yellowish-green and yellow, greenish white, yellowish-brown, brown, brownish-black, blue, white and colourless; colourless in transmitted light.
Comment:
Colouration may be zoned.
Streak:
White.
Hardness:
3½ - 4 on Mohs scale
Hardness Data:
Measured
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
Perfect on {110}, good on {101}, distinct on {010}.
Perfect on {110}, good on {101}, distinct on {010}.
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
2.36 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.37 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Wavellite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.518 - 1.535 nβ = 1.524 - 1.543 nγ = 1.544 - 1.561
2V:
Measured: 60° to 72°, Calculated: 60° to 70°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.026
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ยตm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ยตm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
None to Very Low
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v weak
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X= Greenish
Z= Yellowish
Z= Yellowish
Chemistry of Wavellite
Mindat Formula:
Al3(PO4)2(OH)3 ยท 5H2O
May contain some F replacing OH.
May contain some F replacing OH.
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
F,Fe
Chemical Analysis
Oxide wt%:
| 1 | |
|---|---|
| H2O | 26.45 % |
| Al2O3 | 37.18 % |
| P2O5 | 32.00 % |
| SiO2 | 0.19 % |
| F | 2.09 % |
| Total: | 97.91 % |
Sample references:
| ID | Locality | Reference | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Cork County, Munster, Ireland | Specimens "of singular purity, and came from one of the localities in the county of Cork" |
Crystallography of Wavellite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.621 Å, b = 17.363 Å, c = 6.994 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.554 : 1 : 0.403
Unit Cell V:
1,168.34 ร
ยณ (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals rare, stout to long prismatic parallel to [001], with {110} striated parallel to [001]. Found as hemispherical or globular aggregates with an internal radial or stellate structure of fibrous crystals; as crusts and stalactic; more rarely in chalcedony-like opaline masses.
Twinning:
None reported
Comment:
Space Group: Pcmn (non-standard setting).
Crystallographic forms of Wavellite
Crystal Atlas:
Image Loading
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Wavellite no.4 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Wavellite no.5 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
Wavellite no.8 - {110} - Goldschmidt (1913-1926)
3d models and HTML5 code kindly provided by
www.smorf.nl.
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Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0010659 | Wavellite | Araki T, Zoltai T (1968) The crystal structure of wavellite Zeitschrift fur Kristallographie 127 21-33 |  | 1968 | Montgomery County, Arkansas, USA | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 8.67 ร | (100) |
| 8.42 ร | (100) |
| 5.65 ร | (50) |
| 4.81 ร | (30) |
| 3.42 ร | (40) |
| 3.22 ร | (60) |
| 2.57 ร | (30) |
| 2.11 ร | (20) |
Geological Environment
Geological Setting:
A secondary mineral of aluminous low-grade metamorphic rocks, in phosphate and limonitic deposits; more rarely as a late-forming hydrothermal vein mineral.
Type Occurrence of Wavellite
Synonyms of Wavellite
Other Language Names for Wavellite
Dutch:Wavelliet
French:Wavellite
Alumine phosphatรฉe
Alumine phosphatรฉe
Italian:Wavellite
Japanese:้ๆ็ณ
Polish:Wavellit
Russian:ะะฐะฒะตะปะปะธั
Simplified Chinese:้ถๆ็ณ
Slovak:Wavellit
Traditional Chinese:้ๆ็ณ
Ukrainian:ะะฐะฒะตะปัั
Varieties of Wavellite
| Gelfischerite | A gel-like form of fischerite (= wavellite). |
Relationship of Wavellite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Wavellite Group:
| Allanpringite | Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3 ยท 5H2O | Mon. 2/m : P21/m |
| Fluorwavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH)2F ยท 5H2O | Orth. mmm(2/m2/m2/m) |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 423 photos of Wavellite associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 196 photos of Wavellite associated with Variscite | AlPO4 ยท 2H2O |
| 117 photos of Wavellite associated with Turquoise | CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8 ยท 4H2O |
| 78 photos of Wavellite associated with Vauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 6H2O |
| 72 photos of Wavellite associated with Cacoxenite | Fe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 ยท 75H2O |
| 64 photos of Wavellite associated with Paravauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 58 photos of Wavellite associated with Strengite | FePO4 ยท 2H2O |
| 42 photos of Wavellite associated with Fluellite | Al2(PO4)F2(OH) ยท 7H2O |
| 40 photos of Wavellite associated with Crandallite | CaAl3(PO4)(PO3OH)(OH)6 |
| 40 photos of Wavellite associated with Sigloite | Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 ยท 7H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 8.DC. | Ferroberaunite | Fe2+Fe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5 ยท 6H2O |
| 8.DC. | Cรฉsarferreiraite | Fe2+ Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC. | Ferrivauxite | Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 ยท 5H2O |
| 8.DC. | Ianbruceite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) ยท 3H2O |
| 8.DC.05 | Nissonite | Cu2Mg2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 5H2O |
| 8.DC.07 | Euchroite | Cu2(AsO4)(OH) ยท 3H2O |
| 8.DC.10 | Legrandite | Zn2(AsO4)(OH) ยท H2O |
| 8.DC.12 | Strashimirite | Cu8(AsO4)4(OH)4 ยท 5H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Earlshannonite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Kunatite | CuFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | 'UM2006-27-PO:FeHZn' | ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | 'UKI-2006-(PO:AlCuFeH)' | Fe2+Al3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Cobaltarthurite | CoFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Arthurite | CuFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Ojuelaite | ZnFe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Whitmoreite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.15 | Bendadaite | Fe2+Fe3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.17 | Kleemanite | ZnAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 3H2O |
| 8.DC.20 | Magnesiobermanite | MgMn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.20 | Bermanite | Mn2+Mn3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.20 | Coralloite | Mn2+Mn3+2(AsO4)2(OH)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.22 | Kovdorskite | Mg2(PO4)(OH) ยท 3H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Zincostrunzite | ZnFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 6.5H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Metavauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Metavivianite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 6H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Ferristrunzite | Fe3+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)3 ยท 5H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Strunzite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 6H2O |
| 8.DC.25 | Ferrostrunzite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 6H2O |
| 8.DC.27 | Beraunite | Fe3+6(PO4)4O(OH)4 ยท 6H2O |
| 8.DC.27 | Tvrdรฝite | Fe2+Fe3+2Al3(PO4)4(OH)5(H2O)4 ยท 2H2O |
| 8.DC.27 | Zincoberaunite | ZnFe3+5(PO4)4(OH)5 ยท 6H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Maghrebite | MgAl2(AsO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Ferrolaueite | Fe2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Ushkovite | MgFe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Laueite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Paravauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Sigloite | Fe3+Al2(PO4)2(OH)3 ยท 7H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Nordgauite | MnAl2(PO4)2(F,OH)2 ยท 5H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Kayrobertsonite | [MnAl2(PO4)2(OH)2(H2O)4] ยท 2H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Kummerite | Mn2+Fe3+Al(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Mangangordonite | Mn2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Stewartite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Gordonite | MgAl2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Kastningite | (Mn2+,Fe2+,Mg)Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.30 | Pseudolaueite | Mn2+Fe3+2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 8H2O |
| 8.DC.32 | Kamarizaite | Fe3+3(AsO4)2(OH)3 ยท 3H2O |
| 8.DC.32 | Tinticite | Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3 ยท 3H2O |
| 8.DC.35 | Vauxite | Fe2+Al2(PO4)2(OH)2 ยท 6H2O |
| 8.DC.37 | Vantasselite | Al4(PO4)3(OH)3 ยท 9H2O |
| 8.DC.40 | Cacoxenite | Fe3+24AlO6(PO4)17(OH)12 ยท 75H2O |
| 8.DC.45 | Souzalite | Mg3Al4(PO4)4(OH)6 ยท 2H2O |
| 8.DC.45 | Gormanite | (Fe2+,Mg)3(Al,Fe3+)4(PO4)4(OH)6 ยท 2H2O |
| 8.DC.47 | Kingite | Al3(PO4)2F2(OH) ยท 7H2O |
| 8.DC.50 | Allanpringite | Fe3+3(PO4)2(OH)3 ยท 5H2O |
| 8.DC.50 | Fluorwavellite | Al3(PO4)2(OH)2F ยท 5H2O |
| 8.DC.52 | Kribergite | Al5(PO4)3(SO4)(OH)4 ยท 4H2O |
| 8.DC.55 | Mapimite | Zn2Fe3+3(AsO4)3(OH)4 ยท 10H2O |
| 8.DC.57 | Ogdensburgite | Ca2Fe3+4(Zn,Mn2+)(AsO4)4(OH)6 ยท 6H2O |
| 8.DC.60 | Cloncurryite | Cu0.5(VO)0.5Al2(PO4)2F2 ยท 5H2O |
| 8.DC.60 | Nevadaite | (Cu2+,Al,V3+)6Al8(PO4)8F8(OH)2 ยท 22H2O |
| 8.DC.62 | Kenngottite | Mn2+3Fe3+4(PO4)4(OH)6(H2O)2 |
| 8.DC.67 | Molinelloite | Cu(H2O)(OH)V4+O(V5+O4) |
| 8.DC.70 | Whitecapsite | H16Fe2+5Fe3+14Sb3+6(AsO4)18O16 ยท 120H2O |
| 8.DC.75 | Heimite | PbCu2(AsO4)(OH)3 ยท 2H2O |
| 8.DC.80 | Lednevite | Cu[PO3(OH)] ยท H2O |
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Wavellite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-4250.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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References for Wavellite
Reference List:
Davy, Humphrey (1805) VII. An account of some analytical experiments on a mineral production from Devonshire, consisting principally of alumine and water. Philosophical Transactions Of The Royal Society Of London, 95. 155-162 doi:10.1098/rstl.1805.0009
Gregor, W. (1805) XXIII. Experiments on a mineral substance formerly supposed to be zeolite; with some remarks on two species of uran-glimmer. Philosophical Transactions Of The Royal Society Of London, 95. 331-348 doi:10.1098/rstl.1805.0025
Carnot, Adolphe (1894) Sur la composition chimique des wavellites et des turquoises. Comptes rendus de lโAcadรฉmie des sciences de Paris, 118 (14-26) 995-998
Ungemach, Henri (1912) Sur la wavellite. Bulletin de Minรฉralogie, 35 (6) 536-538 doi:10.3406/bulmi.1912.3533
Wherry, Edgar T. (1918) Notes on mimetite, thaumasite, and wavellite. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 54 (2240) 373-381 doi:10.5479/si.00963801.54-2240.373
Laubmann, Heinrich (1923) Geognost. Jahreshefte, Geol. Landes. Mรผnchen: 35: 193 (as Weinschenkite).
Shannon, Earl V. (1923) Mineralogic notes on pucherite, pyrite, trichalcite, and wavellite. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 62 (2455) 1-10 doi:10.5479/si.00963801.62-2455.1
Buttenbach (1929) Sociรฉtรฉ gรฉologique de Belgique, Ann., Publ. Congo Belge: 51: C117 (as Bialite).
Palache, Charles; Berman, Harry; Frondel, Clifford (1951) The System of Mineralogy (7th ed.) Vol. 2 - Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. John Wiley and Sons.pages 906 (as Bialite), 962-964 (as Wavellite).
Fischer, E. (1954) รber die Selbstรคndigkeit des Minerals Fischerit. Heidelberger Beitrรคge zur Mineralogie und Petrographie, 4 (6). 522-525 doi:10.1007/bf01129858(as Fischerit)
Foster, Margaret D., Schaller, Waldemar T. (1966) Cause of colors in wavellite from Dug Hill, Arkansas. American Mineralogist, 51 (3-4) 422-428
Araki, Takaharu, Zoltai, Tibor (1968) The crystal structure of wavellite. Zeitschrift fรผr Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 127 (1) 21-33 doi:10.1524/zkri.1968.127.1-4.21
Localities for Wavellite
Showing 459 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
โ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Argentina | |
| R. Fernรกndez (1987) |
Australia | |
| Trueman (1965) | |
| Maggie Wilson |
| McIlveen (1975) |
| Hosking (1995) |
| Day et al. (1996) |
| Peter Elliott |
| Murray (1973) |
| Harrowfield et al. (1981) +1 other reference |
| Francis et al. (self published) | |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
| Francis (2010) |
| Pilkington et al. (1982) +1 other reference |
| SA Geodata Database - Mineral Deposit ... |
| Francis et al. (self published) |
| Brian Beyer via John Toma (IDs at SA Museum?) +1 other reference |
| Pilkington et al. (1979) |
| Hosking (1995) |
| Peter Elliott |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill & Baker | |
| M Latham colln |
| M Latham colln |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| James Melville's Collection | |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill +1 other reference |
| GHF Ulrich (1870) |
| |
| Birch et al. (1993) | |
| |
| Birch et al. (1993) |
| Birch et al. (1993) |
| Birch et al. (1993) |
| Museum Victoria Mineralogy Collection +1 other reference |
| Henry et al. (1988) +1 other reference |
| |
Belgium | |
| Malaise (1913) +1 other reference |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Dejonghe et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Mรฉlon et al. (1976) | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Dumont (1832) +1 other reference |
| Cesร ro (1898) +2 other references |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Corin (1927) +1 other reference | |
| Blondieau (2005) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) | |
| Dejonghe et al. (1993) | |
| Jockin (en collaboration avec l'universitรฉ de Liรจge) |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Michel Blondieau. +1 other reference | |
| Daltry et al. (1994) +1 other reference | |
| Fransolet (1987) | |
| de Rauw (1910) +1 other reference | |
| Hatert et al. (2002) |
| Michot (1953) +3 other references | |
| Blondieau (2005) | |
| Fournier (1897) +2 other references |
| Van Tassel (1985) +1 other reference | |
Bolivia | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Alfredo Petrov | |
| Smith et al. (2001) +2 other references |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) | |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Salomon Rivas y Federico Ahlfeld (1998) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Herzenberg collection |
| Wilson (2001) | |
| Smith et al. (2001) |
| Salomon Rivas and Federico Ahlfeld: Los Minerales de Bolivia y sus Parajes (Santa Cruz, 1998) |
Brazil | |
| Sioeira et al. (1982) |
| Frost et al. (2013) |
| Sergio Varvello collection |
| 531 p +6 other references |
| Rev. Esc. Minas vol.57 no.4 Ouro Preto ... |
| Walter et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
Bulgaria | |
| Kunov et al. (2001) +1 other reference |
Burundi | |
| Fransolet et al. (1990) |
China | |
| Huatian Wang et al. (1990) |
| Liu et al. (2022) | |
| Huatian Wang et al. (1990) |
| Huatian Wang et al. (1990) | |
| Baogui Zhang et al. (1990) |
| Damao Wu and Yansong Tan (1981) |
| Huatian Wang et al. (1990) |
| Rengui Wu and Dagan Yu (2000) |
Czech Republic | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Pauliลก +5 other references | |
| Vtฤlenskรฝ J. (1959) |
| ฤernรฝ et al. (2018) | |
| ฤernรฝ P. et al. (2015) |
| Vtฤlenskรฝ J. (1959) | |
| Vtฤlenskรฝ J. (1959) |
| |
| Petr Pauliลก (2000) +1 other reference |
| Sejkora et al. (2006) +1 other reference |
| Pauliลก +1 other reference |
| Kruลฅa (1949) |
| Janouลก (1995) +4 other references |
| Label by Augustus Krantz in Berlin (1837-50) | |
| Sejkora et al. (2011) |
| Houzar (1998) |
| Grambliฤka (n.d.) |
| Grambliฤka (n.d.) |
| Grambliฤka (n.d.) |
DR Congo | |
| Collection Arliguie M (old label) +1 other reference |
| Nasraoui et al. (1999) |
| Mills et al. (2010) |
Egypt | |
| USGS Open-File Report 02โ156โA |
Finland | |
| Mรคkelรค (1969) |
France | |
| Nicolas et al. (1963) |
| G. Aubert : "Les coupoles granitiques de Montebras et d'Echassiรจres (Massif Central Franรงais) | |
| Nicolas et al. (1963) |
| Y. Vessely collection | |
| Gert Schรถneborn collection (Uwe Kolitsch SXRD-analysis) |
| Aubert (1969) | |
| Le Roch (2009) |
| Pierre Le Roch |
| Germain et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
| Des Cloizeaux (1871) +2 other references |
| Pascale & Daniel Journet |
| Jean-Marie LAURENT collection |
| GAYRAUD (2010) +2 other references |
| Lukas (1978) +2 other references |
| Ref: Boisson J.M. |
Germany | |
| Weiร (1990) |
| 58. +1 other reference |
| Leon Hupperichs collection +1 other reference |
| Mรผller (1984) |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (n.d.) |
| Dana 7:II:772 |
| Neschen (n.d.) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| von Voith (1836) | |
| Dill et al. (2009) |
| Dill et al. (2008) +1 other reference | |
| Dill (2009) +1 other reference |
| Dill et al. (2013) | |
| web.archive.org (2001) +1 other reference | |
| Kastning et al. (1996) +2 other references | |
| Pรถllmann et al. (2005) |
| Meier (2005) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| in the collection of Christof Schรคfer |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Weiร (1990) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +2 other references |
| Weiร (1990) |
| in the collection of Joachim Esche |
| Mรผller et al. (2012) |
| Blaร (2002) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Blaร et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Weiร (1990) | |
| Pawlowski (1991) |
| Stieglitz et al. (1987) +1 other reference |
| www.mineralienatlas.de (2016) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| Grรถbner et al. (2011) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| M Adelt collection +1 other reference |
| Wittern (2001) | |
| M Adelt collection |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
| 86. +2 other references |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Wittern: "Mineralfundorte in ... |
| Leithner (2008) |
| Grรถbner et al. (2006) | |
| |
| Kasiske et al. (2003) | |
| Witzke et al. (1998) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Witzke et al. (1998) | |
| Howard Heitner specimen (previous owner obtained in trade from East Germany pre-1989) | |
| Witzke et al. (2001) |
Guinea | |
| Feret (1997) |
Hungary | |
| Koch (1985) |
| Szakรกll et al. (1996) |
| Szakรกll: 100 Hungarian Mineral Loc. |
Ireland | |
| Church (1873) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Green et al. (2007) |
| Moreton et al. (1995) |
| ... |
| Rutley (1902) |
| Moreton et al. (2005) | |
| Rutley (1902) | |
| Ryback et al. (1988) |
| Greg et al. (1858) |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Italy | |
| I minerali del Museo Archeominerario ... +3 other references |
| Di Domenico et al. (1993) +2 other references | |
| Zambonini (1902) +1 other reference | |
| Olmi F. |
| Bortolozzi (n.d.) |
| Luigi Chiappino data +1 other reference |
| I. Campostrini personal comunication |
| Ciriotti et al. (2011) |
Japan | |
| Kojiro (2001) |
| Ito (1975) |
| Matsubara (1988) |
| - (n.d.) |
| Takashi Yamada et al. (1999) |
| - (n.d.) |
Kazakhstan | |
| According Trest KazGeologiya reports |
| Ankinovich et al. (1997) |
Liberia | |
| a reconnaissance report. USGS Bulletin ... +1 other reference |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
| Morteani et al. (2006) |
Mali | |
| Gineste (2012) |
Mexico | |
| Panczner (1987) |
| Observed at the mine geology office by ... |
New Zealand | |
| Hector et al. (1865) |
Norway | |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Ljรธstad et al. (2023) |
Philippines | |
| PXRD by John Attard |
| Brighton Alfred collection |
Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Szeลฤg (2007) |
| Eligiusz Szeลฤg collection |
| Siuda (2014) |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
| Personally collected by Zajฤ c Piotr in ... |
| J. Witkowski | |
Portugal | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Alves (n.d.) |
| Ko Jansen collection | |
| Pedro Alves analytical data and ... |
| Hugo Lobo Collection |
| |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data +2 other references |
| Schnorrer-Kรถhler (1991) |
| Alves (n.d.) | |
| Identified in Rebentรฃo Mine |
| |
Romania | |
| Onac et al. (1995) |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Rฤdulescu Dan |
| Larsen (1917) +2 other references |
Russia | |
| ... |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| |
Rwanda | |
| Lefรจvre et al. (http://www.minsocam.org/msa/special/pig/PIG_articles/Elba%20Abstracts%2012%20Lefevre.pdf) +1 other reference |
| Bertossa (1968) +1 other reference |
Senegal | |
| Keegan et al. (1979) +1 other reference |
| www.uoguelph.ca (2003) |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) |
Slovakia | |
| Ozdรญn D. & Bukovina J. (PO4) |
| Ozdรญn D. & Bukovina J. (PO4) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Kodฤra et al. (1986) |
South Africa | |
| Econ Geol (1989) |
Spain | |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| www.foro-minerales.com (n.d.) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Bareche (2005) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2015) |
Sri Lanka | |
| Jayawardena (1976) +3 other references |
Sudan | |
| Abdelmajid et al. (2014) |
Sweden | |
| Bjรคllerud (1989) +1 other reference |
Uganda | |
| von Knorring et al. (1979) |
UK | |
| Weiss et al. (2007) |
| Day (1999) |
| Hey et al. (1938) +1 other reference |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Hall (1868) |
| Phillips (1823) +4 other references |
| Hall (1868) |
| Hall (1868) +1 other reference |
| Elton et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| Barstow (1982) +1 other reference | |
| Young (1988) +1 other reference |
| Mason (1976) | |
| Alysson Rowan collection |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| P +1 other reference |
| Day (1999) |
| |
| Tom Cotterell collection. | |
USA | |
| Barwood et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 58:57-62. +1 other reference | |
| Henry Barwood |
| Hollabaugh et al. (1989) | |
| Barwood et al. (1978) |
| Barwood et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Barwood et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Cook et al. (1982) | |
| Rob Bowell |
| Luetcke (n.d.) | |
| Favreau (n.d.) |
| Peterson (1947) +4 other references |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Roe et al. (1980) +1 other reference |
| Mason (1976) | |
| Am Min 51:222-228: +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.:63:107. +1 other reference | |
| Arthur E. Smith (2008) | |
| Arthur E. Smith (2008) | |
| Arthur E. Smith (2008) |
| Smith (1988) |
| Howard +1 other reference |
| R&M 70:3 pp 154-170 | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Howard (2007) | |
| Smith (1988) |
| Rocks & Min.: 56:190. |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:298. | |
| Collection of Alex Earl | |
| Erroneous photos | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63: 113. +2 other references |
| Mr. Charles Calkins per dealer label. | |
| Rocks & Min.:63:118. |
| Smith (1988) | |
| Rocks & Min.: 63:120. |
| Smith (1988) |
| Lavinsky (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
| Cook (2011) |
| Murdoch (1966) +3 other references |
| Rocks & Min.: 17:204. |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Carnein et al. (2005) |
| Carnein et al. (2005) | |
| Carnein et al. (2005) | |
| Carnein et al. (2005) | |
| ... | |
| Blanchard (1972) |
| rruff.geo.arizona.edu (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Altschuler et al. (1956) +1 other reference | |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) | |
| Marc V. Hurst (2012) |
| Am Min 53:2096-2101 | |
| Rocks & Min.: 64:187. |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Barwood (1999) +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 21:347 +1 other reference |
| Cook (1978) |
| Kampf et al. (2013) |
| USGS National Geochemical Database ... |
| Weed (1912) |
| Guilbert and Zeihen 1964 +1 other reference | |
| Rick Dalrymple Collection | |
| - (2005) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Newmont Mining Corporation |
| NBMG Bull 64 Geology and Mineral ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Jensen et al. (1995) |
| Barrick Gold Corporation | |
| Dr. William S. Wise presentation to ... |
| Rocks & Minerals. Nov. 1999. |
| Walstrom (n.d.) |
| collected by and in the collection of ... +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Collection of Kelly Starnes 1990 |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Howard et al. (2000) +3 other references |
| Smith (2005) |
| Freeport-McMoRan |
| Jerry Cone Collection | |
| Jahns et al. (1977) |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 5088 |
| Jason B. Smith collection |
| Dana 6:843. +1 other reference |
| www.mindat.org/mesg-11-168140.html |
| - (1977) |
| R&M 72:4 pp 252-264 |
| Mason (1976) | |
| Gordon (1922) |
| Personal Observation |
| U.S. Geological Survey/ U.s. Department ... |
| Genth (1875) +2 other references |
| Am Min 51:423 +2 other references |
| |
| The Mineralogy of Pennsylvania +1 other reference |
| Mark R. Heintzelman Reference collection | |
| Steve Stuart collection- Don Smoley ID |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Gordon (1922) |
| Min. Col. PA +2 other references |
| K. Cabaniss & L.E. Kearns (2011) |
| Genth (1875) |
| Miller (1971) |
| Rocks & Minerals 54:4 pp173-175 |
| Paris (2011) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Specimen from William A. Henderson |
| R&M 72:4 pp 268-270 | |
| Paris (2011) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Paris (2011) |
| Smith (1991) |
| Rocks & Min. | |
| |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Liferovich et al. (1998) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
| Morrill et al. (1957) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.:60:167. |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Kearns +1 other reference |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Rocks & Min.: 20:6 +1 other reference |
| Rocks & Min.: 57:20-22 & 60:168. |
| Chris Tucker Collection |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Klemic et al. (1972) +1 other reference |
Uzbekistan | |
| Mineraly Uzbekistana (Minerals of the Uzbekistan) |
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Beauvoir quarry, รchassiรจres, Vichy, Allier, Auvergne-Rhรดne-Alpes, France