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Todorokite

A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered

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Todorokite, etc.

Punta del Aguila, Playa Blanca, Yaiza, Lanzarote, Las Palmas Province, Canary Islands, Spain

Todorokite, etc.

Monti Pelati Nature Park, Bettolino, Baldissero Canavese, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy

Todorokite, etc.

Calvert County, Maryland, USA

Todorokite, etc.

Sterling Mine, Sterling Hill, Ogdensburg, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA

Todorokite, etc.

Punta del Aguila, Playa Blanca, Yaiza, Lanzarote, Las Palmas Province, Canary Islands, Spain

Todorokite, etc.

Monti Pelati Nature Park, Bettolino, Baldissero Canavese, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy

Todorokite, etc.

Calvert County, Maryland, USA

Todorokite, etc.

Sterling Mine, Sterling Hill, Ogdensburg, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA

Todorokite, etc.

Punta del Aguila, Playa Blanca, Yaiza, Lanzarote, Las Palmas Province, Canary Islands, Spain

Todorokite, etc.

Monti Pelati Nature Park, Bettolino, Baldissero Canavese, Metropolitan City of Turin, Piedmont, Italy

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About TodorokiteHide

Formula:

(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)_1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)₆O₁₂ · 3-4H₂O

Also given as (Ca,K,Na,Mg,Ba,Mn)(Mn,Mg,Al)₆O₁₂.3H₂O.

Colour:

Purplish gray, brown to black; brown in transmitted light

Lustre:

Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Greasy, Sub-Metallic

Hardness:

1½

Specific Gravity:

3.67

Crystal System:

Monoclinic

Name:

Named in 1934 by Toyofumi Yoshimura after its discovery locality, the Todoroki Mine, Hokkaido, Japan.

Type Locality:

ⓘ Todoroki mine, Yoichi District, Shiribeshi Subprefecture, Hokkaidō Prefecture, Japan

A relatively common Mn oxide that occurs in a variety of aggregate forms. Usually fibrous, either compact or isolated. Micaceous aggregates may be confused with ranciéite, fibrous forms with pyrolusite. Compare woodruffite.

As with birnessite, it may be a product of mineralization of fungal (e.g., Penicillium spp., Mucor spp., Rhizopus spp.) hyphae; as such is found in cave deposits and waters (vide Burford et al., 2003).

Unique IdentifiersHide

Mindat ID:

3988

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:3988:4

IMA Classification of TodorokiteHide

IMA status:

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

IMA Formula:

(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)_1-x(Mn⁴⁺,Mn³⁺,Mg,Al)₆O₁₂·3-4H₂O

First published:

1934

Type description reference:

Yoshimura, T. (1934) Todorokite, a new manganese mineral from the Todoroki Mine, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Series 4, Geology and mineralogy, 2 (4). 289-297

Classification of TodorokiteHide

Strunz-mindat (2026):

4.DK.10

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
D : Metal: Oxygen = 1:2 and similar
K : With large (+- medium-sized) cations; tunnel structures

Dana 8th ed.:

7.8.1.1

7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
8 : AB₃X₇

Hey's CIM Ref.:

7.4.19

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
4 : Oxides of Be, Mg and the alkaline earths

Mineral SymbolsHide

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol	Source	Reference for Standard
Tdr	IMA–CNMNC	Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Tdr	Warr (2020)	Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30

Physical Properties of TodorokiteHide

Lustre:

Sub-Vitreous, Resinous, Greasy, Sub-Metallic

Transparency:

Opaque

Colour:

Purplish gray, brown to black; brown in transmitted light

Streak:

Brown, black, lead-gray

Hardness:

1½ on Mohs scale

Tenacity:

Brittle

Cleavage:

Perfect
{100} and {010} perfect.

Fracture:

Splintery

Density:

3.67 g/cm³ (Measured) 3.65 g/cm³ (Calculated)

Optical Data of TodorokiteHide

Type:

Biaxial (-)

RI values:

n_α = 2.31 n_β = 2.35

Surface Relief:

Unknown

Optical Extinction:

Y=b, Z>X

Pleochroism:

Visible

Comments:

Pleochroic in brown.

Chemistry of TodorokiteHide

Mindat Formula:

(Na,Ca,K,Ba,Sr)_1-x(Mn,Mg,Al)₆O₁₂ · 3-4H₂O

Also given as (Ca,K,Na,Mg,Ba,Mn)(Mn,Mg,Al)₆O₁₂.3H₂O.

Elements listed:

Al, Ba, Ca, H, K, Mg, Mn, Na, O, Sr - search for minerals with similar chemistry

Common Impurities:

Ba,K,Na

Crystallography of TodorokiteHide

Crystal System:

Monoclinic

Class (H-M):

2/m - Prismatic

Space Group:

P2/c

Cell Parameters:

a = 9.75 Å, b = 2.84 Å, c = 9.59 Å
β = 90°

Ratio:

a:b:c = 3.433 : 1 : 3.377

Unit Cell V:

265.55 Å³ (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Spongy banded and/or reniform aggregates composed of minute lathlike to fibrous crystals. Crystals flattened {010} and elongated [001] with terminal edges inclined about 60° and 70° to [001].

Twinning:

Contact twins with c ^ ć about 60°.

Comment:

β may be variable; formerly given as orthorhombic or tetragonal

Crystal StructureHide

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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure

ID	Species	Reference	Year	Temp (K)
0002955	Todorokite	Post J E, Heaney P J, Hanson J C (2003) Synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of the structure and dehydration behavior of todorokite American Mineralogist 88 142-150	2003	293
0001190	Todorokite	Post J E, Bish D L (1988) Rietveld refinement of the todorokite structure American Mineralogist 73 861-869	1988	293
0001189	Todorokite	Post J E, Bish D L (1988) Rietveld refinement of the todorokite structure American Mineralogist 73 861-869	1988	293
0001188	Todorokite	Post J E, Bish D L (1988) Rietveld refinement of the todorokite structure American Mineralogist 73 861-869	1988	293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

data_global
_chemical_name_mineral 'Todorokite'
loop_
_publ_author_name
'Post J E'
'Heaney P J'
'Hanson J C'
_journal_name_full 'American Mineralogist'
_journal_volume 88 
_journal_year 2003
_journal_page_first 142
_journal_page_last 150
_publ_section_title
;
 Synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of the structure and dehydration
 behavior of todorokite
;
_database_code_amcsd 0002955
_chemical_formula_sum 'Mn6 O16.9 Mg.47 H9.8'
_cell_length_a 9.769
_cell_length_b 2.8512
_cell_length_c 9.560
_cell_angle_alpha 90
_cell_angle_beta 94.47
_cell_angle_gamma 90
_cell_volume 265.468
_exptl_crystal_density_diffrn      3.886
_symmetry_space_group_name_H-M 'P 1 2/m 1'
loop_
_space_group_symop_operation_xyz
  'x,y,z'
  'x,-y,z'
  '-x,y,-z'
  '-x,-y,-z'
loop_
_atom_site_label
_atom_site_fract_x
_atom_site_fract_y
_atom_site_fract_z
_atom_site_occupancy
_atom_site_U_iso_or_equiv
Mn1   0.50000   0.50000   0.00000   1.00000   0.02800
Mn2   0.76380   0.00000   0.00020   1.00000   0.02800
Mn3   0.00000   0.00000   0.50000   1.00000   0.02800
Mn4   0.97250   0.50000   0.76500   1.00000   0.02800
O1   0.14800   0.50000   0.08400   1.00000   0.04800
O2   0.41800   0.00000   0.09600   1.00000   0.04800
O3   0.66900   0.50000   0.10200   1.00000   0.04800
O4   0.91000   0.00000   0.15000   1.00000   0.04800
O5   0.90500   0.50000   0.39500   1.00000   0.04800
O6   0.89000   0.00000   0.65000   1.00000   0.04800
Wat1   0.42100   0.00000   0.39100   0.84000   0.04800
Wat2   0.65500   0.50000   0.37300   1.18000   0.04800
Wat3   0.62600   0.50000   0.67200   0.61000   0.04800
Mg   0.50000   0.50000   0.50000   0.47000   0.04800

X-Ray Powder DiffractionHide

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing	Intensity
9.65 Å	(100)
7.02 Å	(40)
4.82 Å	(70)
4.48 Å	(70)
3.20 Å	(10)
3.07 Å	(40)
2.75 Å	(10)
2.46 Å	(40)
2.42 Å	(10)
2.35 Å	(40)
2.28 Å	(10)
2.20 Å	(5)
2.13 Å	(10)
1.98 Å	(10)
1.91 Å	(5)
1.77 Å	(10)
1.67 Å	(10)
1.64 Å	(10)
1.54 Å	(10)
1.42 Å	(5)
1.406 Å	(5)

Locality:

Todoroki mine, Yoichi District, Shiribeshi Subprefecture, Hokkaidō Prefecture, Japan

Reference:

Comments:

JCPDS 18-1411 (Charco Redondo, Cuba). See also ICDD 19-83 and ICDD 21-553.

Geological EnvironmentHide

Paragenetic Mode(s):

Paragenetic Mode	Earliest Age (Ga)
Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics	<3.5-2.5
42 : Sea-floor Mn nodules
Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event	<2.4
47a : [Near-surface hydration of prior minerals]
47e : [Vanadates, chromates, manganates]
47h : [Near-surface oxidized, dehydrated minerals]
Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere	<0.6
49 : Oxic cellular biomineralization (see also #44)	<0.54

Geological Setting:

Common in ocean floor manganese nodules; found in manganese oxide deposits; late stage coating in granite pegmatite

Type Occurrence of TodorokiteHide

Type Locality:

ⓘ Todoroki mine, Yoichi District, Shiribeshi Subprefecture, Hokkaidō Prefecture, Japan

General Appearance of Type Material:

Very fine fibrous flakes, < 0.05 mm in length. The flakes are arranged in lamellar layers, in which the lamellae are vertical to the surface of the layer.

Reference:

Synonyms of TodorokiteHide

Delatorreite

Other Language Names for TodorokiteHide

Dutch:Todorokiet

German:Todorokit

Italian:Todorokite

Japanese:轟石

Russian:Тодорокит

Simplified Chinese:钙锰矿
钡镁锰矿

Spanish:Todorokita

Traditional Chinese:鈣錳礦
鋇鎂錳礦

Common AssociatesHide

Associations Based on Photo Data:

59 photos of Todorokite associated with Birnessite	(Na,Ca)_0.5(Mn⁴⁺,Mn³⁺)₂O₄ · 1.5H₂O
53 photos of Todorokite associated with Romanèchite	(Ba,H₂O)₂(Mn⁴⁺,Mn³⁺)₅O₁₀
52 photos of Todorokite associated with Calcite	CaCO₃
28 photos of Todorokite associated with Pyrolusite	Mn⁴⁺O₂
26 photos of Todorokite associated with Quartz	SiO₂
22 photos of Todorokite associated with Colemanite	Ca[B₃O₄(OH)₃] · H₂O
17 photos of Todorokite associated with Nsutite	(Mn⁴⁺,Mn²⁺)(O,OH)₂
16 photos of Todorokite associated with Fluorapatite	Ca₅(PO₄)₃F
15 photos of Todorokite associated with Opal	SiO₂ · nH₂O
13 photos of Todorokite associated with Aragonite	CaCO₃

Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping Hide

4.DK.K	Thalliomelane	Tl(Mn⁴⁺_7.5Cu²⁺_0.5)O₁₆	Tet. 4/m : I4/m
4.DK.	Ferrihollandite	Ba(Mn⁴⁺₆Fe³⁺₂)O₁₆	Mon. 2/m
4.DK.	Ferricoronadite	Pb(Mn⁴⁺₆Fe³⁺₂)O₁₆	Tet. 4/m : I4/m
4.DK.	Kopernikite	K(Ti⁴⁺₇Cr³⁺)O₁₆	Tet. 4/m : I4/m
4.DK.05a	Manjiroite	Na(Mn⁴⁺₇Mn³⁺)O₁₆	Tet. 4/m : I4/m
4.DK.05b	Mannardite	Ba(Ti⁴⁺₆V³⁺₂)O₁₆	Tet. 4/m : I4₁/a
4.DK.05b	Redledgeite	Ba(Ti⁴⁺₆Cr³⁺₂)O₁₆	Tet.
4.DK.05	Akaganeite	(Fe³⁺,Ni²⁺)₈(OH,O)₁₆Cl_1.25 · nH₂O	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
4.DK.05a	Coronadite	Pb(Mn⁴⁺₆Mn³⁺₂)O₁₆	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
4.DK.05a	Hollandite	Ba(Mn⁴⁺₆Mn³⁺₂)O₁₆	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
4.DK.05a	Cryptomelane	K(Mn⁴⁺₇Mn³⁺)O₁₆	Mon. 2/m : B2/m
4.DK.05a	Strontiomelane	Sr(Mn⁴⁺₆Mn³⁺₂)O₁₆	Mon. 2/m : P2₁/c
4.DK.05b	Henrymeyerite	Ba(Ti⁴⁺₇Fe²⁺)O₁₆	Tet. 4/m : I4/m
4.DK.05b	Priderite	K(Ti⁴⁺₇Fe³⁺)O₁₆	Tet. 4/m : I4/m
4.DK.10	Romanèchite	(Ba,H₂O)₂(Mn⁴⁺,Mn³⁺)₅O₁₀	Mon. 2/m

Fluorescence of TodorokiteHide

In UV light:

Not fluorescent in ultraviolet

Other InformationHide

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Internet Links for TodorokiteHide

mindat.org URL:

https://www.mindat.org/min-3988.html
Please feel free to link to this page.

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External Links:

Look for Todorokite on Webmineral

Look for Todorokite on Wikipedia

Look for Todorokite on Mineralien Atlas

Raman and XRD data at RRUFF project

References and PDF downloads at RRUFF project

American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database

Handbook of Mineralogy page PDF

Mineral Dealers:

Buy from D. Joyce minerals

References for TodorokiteHide

Reference List:

Foshag, W.F. (1935) New mineral names. American Mineralogist: 20: 678-678.

Levinson, A. A. (1960) Second occurrence of todorokite. American Mineralogist, 45 (7-8) 802-807

Frondel, C., Marvin, U. B., Ito, J. (1960) New occurrences of todorokite. American Mineralogist, 45 (11-12) 1167-1173

Radtke, Arthur S., Taylor, Charles M., Hewett, D. F. (1967) Aurorite, argentian todorokite, and hydrous silver-bearing lead manganese oxide. Economic Geology, 62 (2) 186-206 doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.62.2.186

Fleischer, Michael, Burns, Roger G., Cabri, Louis J., Chao, George Y., Hogarth, D. D., Pabst, Adolf (1979) New Mineral Names. American Mineralogist, 64 (11-12) 1329-1334

Burns, Roger G., Burns, Virginia Mee, Stockman, Harlan W. (1983) A review of the todorokite-buserite problem: implications to the mineralogy of marine manganese nodules. American Mineralogist, 68 (9-10) 972-980

MIURA, Hiroyuki, HARIYA, Yu (1984) Todorokite with Long Spacing and Structure of Manganese Dioxide Minerals. Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Japan, 16 (4) 301-308 doi:10.2465/gkk1952.16.301

Golden, D. C. (1987) Transformation of Birnessite to Buserite, Todorokite, and Manganite under Mild Hydrothermal Treatment. Clays and Clay Minerals, 35 (4) 271-280 doi:10.1346/ccmn.1987.0350404

Post, Jeffrey E., Bish, David L. (1988) Rietveld refinement of the todorokite structure. American Mineralogist, 73 (7-8) 861-869

Frankel, R. B. (2003) Biologically Induced Mineralization by Bacteria. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry, 54 (1). 95-114 doi:10.2113/0540095

Post, Jeffrey E., Heaney, Peter J., Hanson, Jonathan (2003) Synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of the structure and dehydration behavior of todorokite. American Mineralogist, 88 (1) 142-150 doi:10.2138/am-2003-0117

BURFORD, EUAN P., KIERANS, MARTIN, GADD, GEOFFREY M. (2003) Geomycology: fungi in mineral substrata. Mycologist, 17 (3). 98-107 doi:10.1017/s0269915x03003112

(2005) Todorokite. Handbook of Mineralogy. Mineralogical Society of America

Vafeas, Nicholas Andrew, Viljoen, K.S., Blignaut, Lauren Cher (2018) Characterization of Fibrous Cryptomelane From the Todorokite-Cryptomelane Mineral Assemblage At the Sebilo Mine, Northern Cape Province, South Africa. The Canadian Mineralogist, 56 (1) 65-76 doi:10.3749/canmin.1700043

Chubarov, Victor M. (2023) New Approach for Direct Determination of Manganese Valence State in Ferromanganese Nodules by X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. Minerals, 13 (10). 1329 doi:10.3390/min13101329

Vermeersch, Eva, Košek, Filip, De Grave, Johan, Jehlička, Jan, Vandenabeele, Peter, Rousaki, Anastasia (2023) Identification of tunnel structures in manganese oxide minerals using micro‐Raman spectroscopy. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 54 (11) 1201-1212 doi:10.1002/jrs.6536

Localities for TodorokiteHide

Showing 591 localities.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the

symbol to view information about a locality. The

symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.

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Locality ListHide

- This locality has map coordinates listed.

- This locality has estimated coordinates. ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence. ? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.

- Good crystals or important locality for species.

- World class for species or very significant. (TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species. (FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties). ~~Struck out~~ - Mineral was erroneously reported from this locality. Faded * - Never found at this locality but inferred to have existed at some point in the past (e.g. from pseudomorphs).

All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.


Andaman Sea
ⓘ West Sewell Ridge	Varghese et al. (2026)

Argentina
Catamarca Province Sierra de Ancasti El Portezuelo ⓘ El Portezuelo Granite	Colombo et al. (2011)
Jujuy Province Susques Department Sijes ⓘ Esperanza deposit ?	Helvaci et al. (2000) +1 other reference
Mendoza Province Malargüe Department Agua Escondida District Ethel mining group ⓘ Ethel mine	...
Salta Province Los Andes department San Antonio de los Cobres ⓘ Taron Project	Trueman et al. (2020)

Atlantic Ocean
ⓘ Blake Plateau	Kim (1982) +1 other reference
Mid-Atlantic Ridge complex ⓘ Irinovskoe hydrothermal field	Melekestseva et al. (2022)
ⓘ Pui des Folles seamount	Sergienko et al. (2024)
ⓘ Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse hydrothermal field (TAG)	Milinovic +6 other references

Australia
Australian Capital Territory Paddy's River District ⓘ Paddy's River Mine	McQueen +2 other references
New South Wales Argyle Co. ⓘ Bungonia deposit	Munro-Smith (2006)
Brisbane Co. ⓘ Bunnan	Crocoite.com
Merriwa ⓘ Krui Valley quarry	England (2002)
Buckland Co. Ardglen ⓘ Ardglen Quarry (State Rail Quarry)	England et al. (1988)
ⓘ Borambil	England (1996)
Pottinger Co. Tambar Springs ⓘ Glendowda Station	Keith F Compton collection
Robinson Co. Cobar ⓘ New Cobar Mine (Cobar gold mine; Jubilee)	Gilligan et al. (1995)
Vernon Co. ⓘ Rowleys Creek Manganese prospect	Gilligan et al. (1992)
Northern Territory East Arnhem Region Groote Eylandt ⓘ GEMCO Mine	GEMCO (Groote Eylandt Mining Company Operation)
Queensland Cloncurry Shire Cloncurry ⓘ Magpie prospect (Magpie Mine)	Con Constantinides collection
South Australia Goyder Regional Council Burra ⓘ Burra Burra Copper Mine	Noble et al. (1983)
Pastoral Unincorporated Area Angorigina ⓘ Eregunda Mine
ⓘ Blinman	Daniel Hummer Collection
Western Australia East Pilbara Shire ⓘ Woodie Woodie Manganese Mine	Jones et al. (2013)
Kalgoorlie-Boulder Shire Ora Banda Goldfield ⓘ Cawse Ni Mine	www.tngltd.com.au (n.d.)
Moora Shire ⓘ Jingemia Cave	Bridge et al. (1978)
Yalgoo Shire Golden Grove Mine ⓘ Scuddles deposit	Le Gleuher M. (2008)

Austria
Burgenland Oberpullendorf District Markt Sankt Martin Pauliberg ⓘ Basalt quarry	U. Kolitsch et al. (2009) +1 other reference
Oberwart District Badersdorf ⓘ Holler quarry	Götzinger et al. (2009)
Carinthia Hermagor District Hermagor-Pressegger See ⓘ Poludnig Mn deposit	Niedermayr (1997) +1 other reference
Sankt Veit an der Glan District Friesach Olsa ⓘ Marble quarry (Bürgergilt quarry; Bürgergilde quarry)	European Journal of Mineralogy 17 (1)
Hüttenberg ⓘ Hüttenberger Erzberg	Niedermayr et al. (1995)
ⓘ Albert adit	NHM Vienna collection
Liebenfels Grassendorf ⓘ Fe deposit	Niedermayr et al. (2001)
Villach-Land District Bad Bleiberg ⓘ Stefanie Mine	Martin Rich collection
Stockenboi Ried ⓘ Riednock (Aichach; "Schlund") mining district	BRANDSTÄTTER et al. (2008) +1 other reference
Villach Heiligengeist ⓘ Franz Josef Mine
Wolfsberg District Bad Sankt Leonhard im Lavanttal ⓘ Loben	Taucher (1995)
Frantschach-Sankt Gertraud Brandrücken ⓘ Spodumene prospect	Postl et al. (1989) +1 other reference
ⓘ Wölch	matrixx 4
Lower Austria Horn District Röhrenbach Winkl ⓘ Marble quarries (incl. Renz Quarry; Bundesheer Quarry)	Kolitsch et al. (2012)
Krems-Land District ⓘ Maria Laach am Jauerling	Exel (1993)
Mühldorf Amstall ⓘ Turquoise ditch (Weinberg Forest)	Goldmann et al. (2008)
ⓘ Weinberg Middle ?	Goldmann et al. (2008)
ⓘ Trandorf	Uwe Kolitsch (PXRD-analysis of small black-brown globular aggregates with a radiating internal structure) +1 other reference
Melk District Klein-Pöchlarn Ebersdorf ⓘ Gneiss quarry	Löffler et al. (2019)
Persenbeug-Gottsdorf Loja ⓘ Quarry I	Löffler et al. (2011)
ⓘ Quarry II	Erwin Löffler collection (PXRD-analysed by Uwe Kolitsch)
ⓘ Quarry IV - middle & northern area	Löffler et al. (2011)
Raxendorf Pölla ⓘ Malaschofsky quarry (Raxendorf quarry)	Niedermayr et al. (1992)
Neunkirchen District Payerbach ⓘ Grillenberg	Ertl (2002)
Waidhofen an der Thaya District Raabs an der Thaya Eibenstein an der Thaya ⓘ Hengl quarry	Kolitsch et al. (2017)
Zwettl District Kottes-Purk Bernhards ⓘ Schmoll quarry	Kolitsch et al. (2009)
Salzburg Hallein District Abtenau ⓘ Strubberg mines (incl. Sattelberg; Strubbergsattel; Unterberg)	Strasser (1989)
Zell am See District Dienten am Hochkönig Bürgl Alp (Bürgel Alp) ⓘ Forestry road cut	Strasser (1989)
Lend ⓘ Oberlend	Exel (1993)
Maria Alm am Steinernen Meer Filzensattel ⓘ Talc schist outcrop	Strasser (1989)
ⓘ Krallergraben	Strasser (1989)
Rauris Grieswies - Krumlkeeskopf area Grieswies-Schafkar ⓘ Erfurt way	Neschen (n.d.)
ⓘ Grieswies-Schwarzkogel	Walter (2009)
ⓘ Kaiserer quarry (Deisl quarry)	Strasser (1989)
ⓘ Lohning quarry (Lohninger quarry)	Strasser (1989)
Styria Bruck-Mürzzuschlag District Breitenau am Hochlantsch Hochlantsch ⓘ Breitenau Mine	Kolitsch et al. (2012)
Sankt Barbara im Mürztal Veitsch Kleinveitsch Kaiblinggraben ⓘ Friedlkogel (Friedelkogel; Heinzlkogel)	Bojar (2006)
Spital am Semmering Steinhaus am Semmering Fröschnitz valley (Fröschnitz) Hasen valley ⓘ Arzberg am Semmering mines	Tomazic et al. (2012)
Tragöß-Sankt Katharein Oberort (Tragöß-Oberort) ⓘ Haringgraben gypsum mine	G.Gesselbauer (2011)
Graz-Umgebung District Gratkorn Kanzelkogel ⓘ Dennig quarry	Postl (1992)
Übelbach Guggenbach Notberg ⓘ Upper Topenauer adit	Auer (2023)
Leibnitz District Oberhaag Lieschengraben ⓘ Aldrian quarry (Hofstatt quarry)	Taucher et al. (1992)
Leoben District Eisenerz ⓘ Styrian Erzberg	C.Auer (2021)
Kammern im Liesingtal ⓘ Rahm quarry	Taucher (1993)
Leoben Galgenberg ⓘ Railway tunnel	Taucher (1994)
Sankt Peter-Freienstein ⓘ Brandberg	Weninger (1976) +2 other references
Südoststeiermark District Bad Gleichenberg Wilhelmsdorf ⓘ Stradner Kogel	Postl et al. (1996)
Feldbach Mühldorf bei Feldbach ⓘ Steinberg	Postl et al. (1996)
Klöch ⓘ Basalt quarry	Moser et al. (1986) +1 other reference
Weiz District Rettenegg Prinzkogel (Prinzenkogel) Prinzkogel mines Southern District ⓘ Kaltenegg	Taucher (1996) +1 other reference
Tyrol Innsbruck-Land District Navis ⓘ Unterweg	Brandstätter et al. (2015)
Pfons ⓘ Mislkopf (Mieslkopf)	Kolitsch et al. (2017)
Kitzbühel District Fieberbrunn Weißenstein Magnesite mine ⓘ Bürgl mine (Bürglkopf mine)	Kolitsch (2021)
Kufstein District Brixlegg ⓘ Maukenötz mining district (Mauken)	Kolitsch et al. (2010)
Wildschönau Thierbach ⓘ Grassbergjöchl	Poeverlein et al. (2010)
Upper Austria Kirchdorf an der Krems District Spital am Pyhrn Bosruck Mt A9 motorway tunnel (Bosruck tunnel) ⓘ Eastern tunnel	WALLENTA (1985)

Belgium
Wallonia Liège ⓘ Lienne valley	Hatert et al. (2014)
Visé ⓘ Richelle	Jockin (en collaboration avec l'université de Liège)
Luxembourg Nassogne ⓘ Masbourg	Blondieau et al. (2017)
Vielsalm Bihain ⓘ Ottré	Hatert et al. (2002)

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Tuzla Canton Lukavac ⓘ Vijenac limestone quarry	Bevandić et al. (2018)
Republika Srpska Prijedor Ljubija Ljubija ore field ⓘ Omarska mine	ArcelorMittal

Brazil
Ceará ⓘ Lagoa do Riacho Mn deposit	Santos et al. (2021) +1 other reference
Minas Gerais Conselheiro Lafaiete ⓘ Morro da Mina mine	acd.ufrj.br (2002)
Espírito Santo ⓘ Formiga	Rezende et al. (2021)
Governador Valadares Golconda mining district ⓘ Faria claim	Menezes (n.d.)
Ouro Preto Antônio Pereira ⓘ Conta História mine	Dr. Günter Grundmann collection
Pará Parauapebas ⓘ Azul Mn Mine	Vale SA

Bulgaria
Pazardzhik Province Panagyurishte Municipality ⓘ Toplika ore occurrence	Chavdarova et al. (2022)
Sofia City Province Stolichna Municipality Kremikovtsi ⓘ Kremikovtsi mine	Vassileva et al. (2007)

Burkina Faso
Sahel Region Oudalan Province ⓘ Tambao Mine	Sattran et al. (2002)

Canada
Québec Montérégie La Vallée-du-Richelieu RCM Mont Saint-Hilaire ⓘ Poudrette quarry (De-Mix quarry; Demix quarry; Uni-Mix quarry; Carrière Mont Saint-Hilaire; MSH)	Horvath et al. unpublished
Lajemmerais RCM Varennes & St-Amable ⓘ Saint-Amable sill	Horváth et al. (1998)
ⓘ Demix-Varennes quarry	Horváth et al. (1998)

Chile
Antofagasta Antofagasta Province Taltal Guanaco Mine ⓘ Dumbo pit	biblioserver.sernageomin.cl (n.d.)
Atacama Copiapó Province Tierra Amarilla Pampa Larga mining district ⓘ Veta Negra Mine	XRD by Gerhard Möhn
Tarapacá Iquique Province Iquique ⓘ Torrecillas mine	samples analysed by Anthony Kampf +1 other reference

China
Fujian Sanming Datian County ⓘ Jianai Mine	Bin Yu (2005)
Guangdong Meizhou ⓘ Mei Co.	Fengjun Ma (1986)
Yunfu Luoding Co. ⓘ Xinrong Mn-Ag deposit	Guicheng Huang et al. (2001) +1 other reference
Guangxi Chongzuo Daxin Co. ⓘ Xialei Mine (Daxin Mine)	Dairong Yan et al. (2006)
Fangchenggang Fangcheng District Qinzhou-Fangcheng Mn ore field ⓘ Tanying Mn deposit	Yinsheng Lang et al. (2007)
Laibin Xingbin District ⓘ Bayi Mine	Su Haifeng et al. (2008)
Qinzhou Qinbei District Qinzhou-Fangcheng Mn ore field ⓘ Dadong Mn deposit	Yinsheng Lang et al. (2007)
ⓘ Liaolian Mn deposit	Yinsheng Lang et al. (2007)
ⓘ Pingyunling Mine	Guilin Institute of Metallurgical Geology et al. (1976)
ⓘ Tianyan Mn deposit	Yinsheng Lang et al. (2007)
ⓘ Tunbi Mn deposit	Yinsheng Lang et al. (2007)
Hubei Huanggang Luotian Co. Hejiawan ⓘ Hejiawan Mn deposit	Jingqu Yao (1992)
ⓘ Xiaojiawan Mn deposit	Jingqu Yao (1992)
Wuhan Huangpi District ⓘ Tuanshangou Mine	Jingqu Yao (1992)
Inner Mongolia Ulanqab City (Wulanchabu Prefecture) Zhuozi County ⓘ Liqingdi Pb-Zn-Ag deposit	Wang Chen et al. (2006)
Shaanxi Hanzhong Mian County ⓘ Hougou-Dapingshan Mn deposit	Zhongtang Yang et al. (2009)
Ningqiang County ⓘ Lijiaying Mn deposit	Yeh et al. (1999)
Shanxi Datong Lingqiu County ⓘ Donggou Mine	Shaozhi Zhou (1999)
ⓘ Mapo-Shanshenmiao Mn-Ag deposit	Qingrong Zheng et al. (2012)
Xinjiang Kezilesu Autonomous Prefecture (Kizilsu Autonomous Prefecture; Qizilsu Autonomous Prefecture) Aketao Co. (Akto Co.; Aqto Co.) ⓘ Zhuwuluke Mn deposit	Li et al. (2022)
Wuqia Co. (Ulugqat Co.; Ulughchat Co.) ⓘ Malkantu deposit	Zhao et al. (2025)
Turpan Shanshan Co. ⓘ Kanggu'er Au deposit (Kanggur Au deposit; Kangur Au deposit; Kanggul Au deposit; Kanggur Tag Au deposit; Kanggu'ertage Au deposit)	Zhaoxin Han et al. (2004) +1 other reference
Yunnan Dali Heqing County ⓘ Heqing Mn deposit	Yuchun Yang (1990)
Honghe Jianshui County ⓘ Baixian Mine	Hanzhu Wang and Zengfu Xiao (1988)
Wenshan Malipo County ⓘ Sanbao Mn–Ag (Zn-Pb) deposit	Du +6 other references

Costa Rica
San José Province Puriscal Canton Candelarita District ⓘ Pedernal Road cuts	Micro Probe Volume VII Number 7 Spring ... +1 other reference

Croatia
ⓘ Jakuba Pit (Pomo Pit)	Dolenec (2003)
Zadar County ⓘ Dugi Otok	Lugović et al. (2008)

Cuba
Granma Province Santa Rita ⓘ Charco Redondo Mine	Shen et al. (1992)
Holguín Province ⓘ Los Chivos	Acta Geológica Hispánica et al. (1-4)
Santiago de Cuba Province ⓘ Firmeza District	www.minsocam.org 45:1174-1184 +1 other reference
ⓘ La Margarita Manganese Deposit	Acta Geológica Hispánica et al. (1-4)
ⓘ Montenegro Mine	Levinson (1960)

Cyprus
Larnaca District Athienou ⓘ Avhellero (Avdellero)	Prüfer (2010)

Czech Republic
Moravian-Silesian Region Frýdek-Místek District Kunčice pod Ondřejníkem ⓘ Unnamed quarry	Matýsek D. (Outer Western Carpathians)
Řepiště ⓘ Zaryje	Matýsek D (2021)
ⓘ Rychaltice	Matýsek et al. (2021)
Olomouc Region Jeseník District Javorník Zálesí ⓘ Zálesí uranium deposit	Sejkora et al. (2007)
Plzeň Region Tachov District Chodová Planá ⓘ Michalovy Hory	Pauliš P. Nejzajímavější ...
Vysočina Region Žďár nad Sázavou District Zvole ⓘ Marble quarries	Jirásek J. (2026)
Zlín Region Uherské Hradiště District Komňa ⓘ Bučník Hill Quarry	Jirásek et al. (2018)
Nezdenice ⓘ U Kyselky Quarry	Jirásek et al. (2018)

Egypt
Giza Governorate Black Desert ⓘ El Bahariya Depression	Salama et al. (2012)
South Sinai Governorate Um Bogma area ⓘ Um Bogma Formation	Afify et al. (2022)

France
Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes Cantal Saint-Flour Molèdes ⓘ Fournial Mine	Blondieau et al. (2025)
Puy-de-Dôme Clermont-Ferrand Saint-Jean-des-Ollières ⓘ Busséol quarry (Bussiole quarry; Pic de la Garde quarry)	Boisson et al. (2025)
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté Haute-Saône Lure Esmoulières Saphoz ⓘ La Corveraine workings	Wittern et al. (1997)
ⓘ Le Couvent workings	Perseil (1975)
ⓘ Les Rans workings (Forêt des Mottes)	Perseil (1975)
French Polynesia Society Islands Windward Islands Tahiti Island Hitiaa O Te Ra Papenoo ⓘ Papeno'o Valley	Coureau et al. (2024)
Grand Est Bas-Rhin Sélestat-Erstein ⓘ Triembach-au-Val	Kolitsch (1997)
Vosges Saint-Dié-des-Vosges Lusse ⓘ Notre-Dame de Forux Mine	Wittern et al. (1997)
New Caledonia Northern Province Houaïlou ⓘ Poro Mine	Berger et al. (2011) +1 other reference
Occitanie Ariège ⓘ Las Cabesses	Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ...
Haute-Garonne Saint-Gaudens Bagnères-de-Luchon Peyresourde ⓘ Source de Balestas	Bull. Soc. Franç. Minéralo. ...
Boutx ⓘ Tuc Usclat	Inventaire minéralogique de la France ...
Hautes-Pyrénées ⓘ Aure Valley	De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002)
Bagnères-de-Bigorre Vielle-Aure ⓘ Coustou Mine	De Ascenção Guedes et al. (2002)
Pyrénées-Orientales Prades Corneilla-de-Conflent Plateau d'Ambulla (Las Ambollas) ⓘ Manganese Ore Fields	Berbain et al. (2005)
Tarn Castres Fontrieu Fumade ⓘ Phosphate occurrence	Kampf et al. 2011 +1 other reference
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Alpes-Maritimes Grasse Arrondissement ⓘ Biot	"Les minéralisations associées au volcanisme andésitique de Biot-Villeneuve Loubet (Alpes Maritimes)

Germany
Baden-Württemberg Freiburg Region Emmendingen Sasbach am Kaiserstuhl ⓘ Limberg Quarries
Sexau Eberbächle ⓘ Caroline Mine	Walenta (1992)
Lörrach Malsburg-Marzell ⓘ Malsburg	70. +1 other reference
Ortenaukreis Haslach im Kinzigtal Haslach im Kinzigtal ⓘ Baberast mining district	Walenta (1992)
Oberwolfach ⓘ Clara Mine	Walenta (1992)
Waldshut Dachsberg Urberg ⓘ Gottesehre Mine	Walenta (1992)
Waldshut-Tiengen Detzeln ⓘ Porphyry quarry	Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference
Karlsruhe Region Karlsruhe Bruchsal Rollenberg railway tunnel ⓘ Main cut	Weiß (1990)
Bavaria Lower Franconia Aschaffenburg District Haibach Dörrmorsbach ⓘ Stahl quarry	Lorenz (1998) +1 other reference
Hösbach Feldkahl ⓘ Hufgard quarry	Aufschluss 50 (1999)
Sailauf Hartkoppe ⓘ Fuchs Quarry	Lorenz (1991) +1 other reference
Upper Franconia Wunsiedel im Fichtelgebirge Arzberg ⓘ Arzberg iron mines	Hanneberg et al. (2009) +1 other reference
Upper Palatinate Amberg-Sulzbach District Auerbach in der Oberpfalz Nitzlbuch (Nitzelbuch) ⓘ Maffei Mine (Nitzelbuch Mine)	Weiß (1990)
ⓘ Sulzbach-Rosenberg	Schmeltzer (1977)
Hesse Darmstadt Bergstraße Abtsteinach Mackenheim ⓘ Amphibolite quarry	Nickel et al. (1985)
Odenwaldkreis Reichelsheim ⓘ Bockenrod	Petitjean et al. (2007)
Wetteraukreis Ortenberg ⓘ Gaulsberg quarry
Giessen Region Limburg-Weilburg Weinbach ⓘ Bangertsheck Mine	Legner et al. (2022)
ⓘ Mark Mine	Blaß et al. (2010)
Kassel Region Hersfeld-Rotenburg Nentershausen Süß Richelsdorf Smelter ⓘ Ore dumps	Weiß (1990)
ⓘ Richelsdorf mining district	Schnorrer-Köhler (1988)
Lower Saxony Goslar District Bad Harzburg Radau valley ⓘ Gabbro Quarry	Schnorrer-Köhler (1991)
Clausthal-Zellerfeld Oberschulenberg ⓘ Glücksrad Mine	Wittern et al. (1986)
Harz (Landkreis Goslar) Hütschen valley ⓘ Glückauf Mine
Göttingen District Bad Grund Bergstadt Bad Grund Iberg ⓘ Winterberg Quarry	Schnorrer et al. (2002) +1 other reference
Gittelde ⓘ Ernst August Stollen	Kaufhold et al. (2026)
Harz (Landkreis Göttingen) ⓘ Wolkenhügel Mine ?	Schnorrer (1995) +1 other reference
North Rhine-Westphalia Arnsberg Hagen ⓘ Donnerkuhle quarry	Neutkens et al. (2008)
Hochsauerlandkreis Bestwig ⓘ Ramsbeck	Wittern (2001)
Siegen-Wittgenstein Burbach ⓘ Schöne Aussicht Mine	Henrich et al. (2019)
Kreuztal Ferndorf ⓘ Wildermann Mine	Der Aufschluss 2000 (2)
Siegen Eiserfeld ⓘ Eisenzecher Zug mine	Wittern (2001)
Niederschelden ⓘ Alte Buntekuh Mine	Heinrich et al. (2011)
Rhineland-Palatinate Bad Dürkheim Deidesheim Forst an der Weinstraße ⓘ Pechsteinkopf	Hartmut Hensel collection
Bernkastel-Wittlich Bernkastel-Kues Neumagen-Dhron ⓘ Fuchsberg quarry	Kleser (2006)
Westerwaldkreis Wirges Dernbach ⓘ Schöne Aussicht Mine	O Dziallas collection
Saarland Merzig-Wadern Wadern Krettnich ⓘ Manganese mine (incl. Johann Shaft; Jakob Adit)	Luetcke (n.d.)
Saxony-Anhalt Harz Oberharz am Brocken Tanne ⓘ Giepenbach Mine (Gertrud Mine)	Gröbner et al. (2011)
Saxony Erzgebirgskreis Annaberg-Buchholz Kleinrückerswalde ⓘ Uranus Mine	SEM-EDS and XRD by Joy Desor and ...
Görlitz District Görlitz ⓘ Goldgrube mine	Witzke et al. (2006) +1 other reference
Zwickau District ⓘ Callenberg	Paul (1995)
ⓘ Callenberg North open cut No. 2	Witzke (2018)
Schleswig-Holstein Schleswig-Flensburg Handewitt ⓘ Hüllerup	Wittern (2001)
Thuringia Ilm District Geratal ⓘ Arlesberg	Hans-Jürgen Haas collection
Saalfeld-Rudolstadt District Unterwellenborn ⓘ Kamsdorf	Marcus Voigt Collection

Ghana
Western Region Tarkwa ⓘ Nsuta Mine (Insuta Mine; Nsuta-Gaywin Manganese concession; Nsuta-Wassaw)	Mücke et al. (1999)

Greece
Attica East Attica Lavreotiki Agios Konstantinos (Kamariza) Mercati mines ⓘ Christiana Mine	Kolitsch et al. (2014)
ⓘ Lavrion Mining District	Vourlakos (1992)
Plaka Plaka Mines ⓘ Plaka Mine No. 80	Schusser et al. (2022)
Sounion Cato Sounio mines ⓘ Barbara Mine	Möckel (2000)
Marathon ⓘ Varnavas	Stouraiti et al. (2022) +1 other reference
Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Drama Kato Nevrokopi ⓘ Kato Nevrokopi village	Miltiadis Nimfopoulos (1988) +1 other reference
ⓘ Mavro Xylo Mine	Soulamidis et al. (2024)
Kavala Kavala ⓘ Palea Kavala deposit	Fornadel et al. (2011)
Peloponnese Argolis Nafplio ⓘ Lykotroupi	Φωτιάδης (2010)
Corinthia Corinth ⓘ Angelokastro	Φωτιάδης (2010)
South Aegean Andros ⓘ Vitali Mine	Reinecke (1982)
Milos Milos Island ⓘ Cape Vani	Kilias +7 other references
Syros-Ermoupoli Syros Gria Spilia ⓘ Palos Hill	Altherr et al. (2013)

Greenland
Kujalleq Igaliku Narsaarsuup Qaava ⓘ Nanna pegmatite	McDonald et al. (2001) +1 other reference
ⓘ Ilímaussaq complex	Sørensen (2001) +1 other reference

Hungary
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County Edelény District Szőlősardó ⓘ Telekesi Valley	Sándor et al. (2005)
Gönc District ⓘ Telkibánya	Sándor Szakáll +1 other reference
Miskolc District ⓘ Bükkszentkereszt	Zajzon N et al. (20014)
Komárom-Esztergom County Tardos ⓘ Bánya Hill	Sándor et al. (2005)
Veszprém County Ajka District Úrkút Csárda Hill ⓘ Úrkút Mine	Szakáll & Jánosi (1996)
Veszprém District Eplény ⓘ Eplény Mine	Koch (1985)
ⓘ Hárskút	Sándor et al. (2005)

India
Maharashtra Konkan Division Salsette Island Mumbai Suburban District Malad ⓘ Malad Quarry	Analysis by Dr. George Rossman of the ...
Telangana Adilabad District ⓘ Adilabad Manganese Mines	Rao +1 other reference

Indian Ocean
ⓘ Central Indian Ocean Basin	Nayak et al. (2011)
ⓘ Rodrigues triple junction	Herzig et al. (1988)

Indonesia
Gorontalo Province ⓘ Pani prospect	Econ Geol (1990)
West Java Province Bogor Regency ⓘ Gunung Pongkor Mine	Milési et al. (1999)

Iran
Isfahan Province Ardestan County ⓘ Band-e-Cherk ferromanganese occurrence	Shahin et al. (2023)
Markazi Province Arak County ⓘ Shamsabad Fe-Mn deposit	Marouti et al. (2021) +1 other reference
Sistan and Baluchestan Province Zahedan County Dehoo ⓘ Dehoo manganese deposit	Lotfi et al. (2017)

Italy
Abruzzo L'Aquila Province Carsoli Pietrasecca ⓘ Grotta del Cervo	Bernardini et al. (2021)
Aosta Valley Nus Saint-Barthélemy ⓘ Varenche Mine	Barresi et al. (2005)
Saint-Marcel Servette-Chuc mining complex ⓘ Praborna Mine	Piccoli et al. (2007)
Calabria Cosenza Province Mormanno ⓘ Monte Cerviero mines (Mormanno mines)	Sinisi et al. (2018)
Serra d'Aiello ⓘ Serra d'Aiello manganese deposit	doi.org (n.d.) +2 other references
Emilia-Romagna Modena Province Palagano ⓘ Cinghi ophiolites (incl. Cinghio del Corvo)	Bartoli et al. (2008)
ⓘ Dragone Valley mines	Bartoli et al. (2008)
Parma Province Berceto Ghiare ⓘ Mulino sul Manubiola	Adorni (1993)
ⓘ Rio Varbore	Orlandi et al. (1988) +1 other reference
Neviano degli Arduini Paderna ⓘ Podere della Casa	Adorni et al. (2010)
Tizzano Val Parma ⓘ Pietta	Adorni et al. (2010)
Varano de' Melegari Dordia ⓘ Rio Dordia	Adorni et al. (2010)
Varsi Lamberti ⓘ Rocca Predellara Quarry (Tosca Quarry)	Adorni F. et al. (2005)
Reggio Emilia Province Villa Minozzo ⓘ Case Zobbi	I minerali di varie ofioliti attorno a Villa Minozzo (RE)
Liguria Genoa Genoa Varenna Valley ⓘ Case Scotti	Antofilli et al. (1983)
Ne ⓘ Molinello Mine	Joan Rosell. RosellMinerals
Reppia ⓘ Gambatesa Mine ?	Pipino (1984)
La Spezia Province Borghetto di Vara ⓘ Cerchiara Mine	Bracco et al. (2003)
Luni ⓘ Nicola mine	Juan González Collection
Lombardy Varese Province ⓘ Cuasso al Monte	Pezzotta et al. (1999)
Cavagnano ⓘ Subalpina Quarry (Mantegazza Quarry; Gebel Quarry; Bianchi Quarry)	Guastoni et al. (2004)
Marche Macerata Province ⓘ Poggio San Vicino	P. Mattias- M. Guerra (2008)
Molise Campobasso Province Bojano Civita Superiore ⓘ Monte Crocella Mine ?	Boni et al. (1977)
Campochiaro ⓘ I Canaloni Mine ?	Boni et al. (1977)
San Massimo ⓘ Colle del Monaco ?	Boni et al. (1977)
ⓘ Selva Piana ?	Boni et al. (1977)
San Polo Matese ⓘ Noce Santella Mine ?	Boni et al. (1976) +1 other reference
Piedmont Cuneo Province Montaldo di Mondovì Borgata Oberti ⓘ Montaldo Mine (Montaldo di Mondovì Mine)	Armellino et al. (2019)
Valdieri San Lorenzo ⓘ Lausetto Mine	Simone Ferrero collection. +2 other references
Metropolitan City of Turin Balangero ⓘ Poggio San Vittore asbestos mine	Piccoli et al. (2007)
Baldissero Canavese Bettolino ⓘ Monti Pelati Nature Park	Ferraris (1971) +2 other references
Brosso Cavallaria Mount ⓘ Cavallaria Quarries (Frent Quarries; Alpetta; Piani and Rio Freddo Quarries)	Barresi et al. (2)
Caselette ⓘ Calvo Mt. magnesite quarries (Caselette magnesite quarries)	Giovanni Scapin Collection
Ceres ⓘ Vernetto Superiore (Croce di Chiaves)	Ambrino et al. (2010)
Cesana Torinese ⓘ Roccia Rossa	Brizio et al. (2010)
Salbertrand ⓘ Case Berge	Ambrino (Piero)
Usseglio ⓘ Punta Corna - Torre di Ovarda Mines	Piccoli et al. (2007)
Viù Col San Giovanni ⓘ Punta Gensane	Deidda et al. (2012)
Verbano-Cusio-Ossola Province Baveno Oltrefiume Mount Camoscio ⓘ Locatelli quarry	Grill (1935)
ⓘ Seula mine	Orlandi et al. (1988)
Formazza Valley Formazza La Frua ⓘ Toce Waterfall ?	//doi.org/10.57635/MICRO.2025.23.15
Omegna Agrano ⓘ Giacomini Quarry (Diverio Quarry; Bottigetto Quarry)	Orlandi et al. (1988) +1 other reference
Sardinia Sassari Province Sassari ⓘ Argentiera Mine (Argentiera della Nurra Mine)	Ara D. et al. (2013)
South Sardinia Province Carbonia Barbusi ⓘ Sa Corona 'e sa Craba	Baldoni et al. (2013) +1 other reference
Carloforte ⓘ Capo Becco mine	Guerin et al. (1982)
Portoscuso ⓘ Road SP 108	Samples collected by Luigi Chiappino ... +1 other reference
Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Trento Province Roncegno Terme ⓘ Cinquevalli Mine	Bortolozzi et al. (2013)
Tuscany Grosseto Province Massa Marittima Prata ⓘ Cretaio	Bardi et al. (2017)
Livorno Province Campiglia Marittima ⓘ Lanzi Mine (Cava del Piombo; Buca del Piombo)	Orlandi et al. (1988)
ⓘ Campigliese (Campiglia Mountains; Campiglia Ridge)	Orlandi et al. (1988)
Livorno ⓘ Antignano	Ciampalini et al. (2010) +1 other reference
Porto Azzurro ⓘ Cape Bianco Mine	P. Roegner - (raggi X, EDS)
Lucca Province Pescaglia Villa a Roggio ⓘ Pedogna Quarry	Luigi Matei photo
ⓘ Vagli Sotto	Biagioni C. (Alpi Apuane, Lucca)
ⓘ Castagnola	Biagioni C. (Alpi Apuane, Lucca)
Massa-Carrara Province ⓘ Carrara	Orlandi et al. (1988) +1 other reference
Colonnata quarrying basin ⓘ Calagio quarries (Calagio Quarry; Olmo Quarry)	Orlandi et al. (1988)
Monte Brugiana north slope ⓘ Fossa Combratta marble quarry (Brugiana North Quarry; Monte Brugiana North Quarry)	Orlandi et al. (2009)
ⓘ Massa	Orlandi et al. (2009)
Madielle quarrying basin ⓘ Monte Carchio quarries (Guerra Quarries; Carchietto Quarry)	Orlandi et al. (2000) +1 other reference
ⓘ Monte Brugiana Quarry (Brugiana South-West Quarry; Monte Brugiana South-West Quarry)	Orlandi et al. (2009)
Montignoso ⓘ Monte Carchio quarries (Carchio Quarries)	Orlandi et al. (2000) +1 other reference
Metropolitan City of Florence Firenzuola Piancaldoli ⓘ Sasso della Mantesca	Pedroni (1995) +1 other reference
Pisa Province ⓘ Monte Pisano (Monti Pisani)	Libvrna N°6 - october 2022
Tyrrhenian Sea Southern Tyrrhenian Sea Aeolian Arc seamounts ⓘ Enarete Seamount	Eckhardt et al. (1997)
ⓘ Lametini Seamounts (Lamentino 1 and 2 Seamounts)	Rossi et al. (1980)
ⓘ Palinuro Seamount	Eckhardt et al. (1997)
Veneto Verona Province Negrar di Valpolicella Montecchio Vajo Siresol ⓘ Siresol Mine	Boscardin (2014)
Vicenza Province Torrebelvicino Mercanti Valley Monte Trisa Mines ⓘ Gallery no. 2	Pegoraro S. (2014)

Japan
Akita Prefecture Odate ⓘ Nagaki mine	- (n.d.)
Aomori Prefecture Nishitsugaru District ⓘ Iwasaki mine	- (n.d.)
ⓘ Minamimata mine	- (n.d.)
Shimokita District Higashidori ⓘ Oippe mine	- (n.d.)
Ehime Prefecture Seiyo City Nomura ⓘ Nomura mine (Nomura-Maruno mine)	Nakagawa et al. (2009)
Gunma Prefecture Tone District Katashina ⓘ Kurumazawa	Yamada (2005)
Hokkaidō Prefecture Okhotsk Subprefecture Kitami City ⓘ Kokuriki mine	Azami et al. (2025)
Shiribeshi Subprefecture Yoichi District ⓘ Kokko mine (Kokkou mine)	- (n.d.)
ⓘ Todoroki mine (TL)	Introduction to Japanese Minerals (Geological Survey of Japan, 1970)
Iwate Prefecture Karumai ⓘ Ehira mine (Hokushin mine)	- (n.d.)
ⓘ Meiho mine (Otori mine)	- (n.d.)
ⓘ Toryu mine	- (n.d.)
Kunohe-gun Karumai ⓘ Tachikawa mine	- (n.d.)
Kuzumaki ⓘ Fujikura mine	- (n.d.)
ⓘ Sakamachiya mine	- (n.d.)
ⓘ Toyaba mine	- (n.d.)
ⓘ Takahata mine	- (n.d.)
Nagano Prefecture Kamiina District ⓘ Hamayokokawa mine (Hamayokogawa mine)	- (n.d.)
Okayama Prefecture Maniwa City Teragohchi ⓘ Ohnagusa mine (Onagusa)	H. Momoi (1964)
Saitama Prefecture Chichibu City Ohtaki-mura Nakatsugawa ⓘ Chichibu mining district ?	- (n.d.)
Shizuoka Prefecture Kamo district Matsuzaki ⓘ Ikeshiro mine	Petrov (n.d.)
Shimoda City Rendaiji ⓘ Kawazu mine (Rendaiji mine; Rendaizi mine)	- (unpublished species lists maintained by local collectors) +1 other reference
Tochigi Prefecture Kanuma City ⓘ Kaso Mine	Akira Kato (undated manuscript)
Tokyo Metropolis Hachijō Subprefecture ⓘ Aogashima Island	Okayama (1991)

Jordan
Tafilah Governorate ⓘ Wadi Dana	Qatar Univ. Sci. J. 21:101-117.

Kazakhstan
Ulytau Region Karazhal ⓘ Ushkatyn deposits (Ushkatan)	Evseev (1995)
Zhayrem (Zhairem) ⓘ Ushkatyn No. 3 deposit (Ushkatyn-III deposit)	Frank Dzubeck

Luxembourg
Canton Wiltz Goesdorf ⓘ Goesdorf antimony mine	Philippo et al. (2007)

Malaysia
Kedah Kubang Pasu District ⓘ Sintok Mine	Adnan et al. (2024)

Mexico
Baja California Sur Mulegé Municipality ⓘ Bahía Concepcio´n	Canet et al. (2005) +1 other reference
Lucifer (San Lucifer) ⓘ Lucifer Mine (San Lucifer Mine)	Del Rio Salas (2011)
Santa Rosalía ⓘ Boleo District	Conly et al. (2011)
Chihuahua Aldama Municipality ⓘ Las Choyas	Cross (2006)
Aquiles Serdán Municipality Santa Eulalia Mining District East Camp ⓘ San Antonio Mine	Megaw (1990)
Saucillo Municipality Naica ⓘ Naica Mine	Querol +1 other reference
Hidalgo Molango Municipality ⓘ Naopa Mine	Minera Autlan
Michoacan Coalcomám Municipality ⓘ La Hueca Mine (Sapo Negro)	Ref.: Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas et al. (2000)
ⓘ Nuevo León	Daniel Hummer Collection
Puebla Zacatlán Municipality ⓘ San Miguel Tenango	J. Arturo Gomez-Caballero et al. (2010)

Mongolia
Dornogovi Province Argatay ⓘ Hukh Tag Mn deposit	Kuleshov (2003)

Morocco
Drâa-Tafilalet Region Zagora Province Agdz Cercle Tansifte Caïdat ⓘ Tachgagalt Mine	FAVREAU G. & DIETRICH J.E. (2006)

Namibia
Erongo Region Karibib Constituency ⓘ Lattice quartz occurrence ('Gitterquarz-Fundstelle')	Schnaitmann et al. (2009)
Khomas Region Windhoek Rural Aris ⓘ Aris Quarries	Uwe Kolitsch (single-crystal X-ray diffraction) +2 other references
Kunene Region Khorixas Mesopotamia copper valley ⓘ Mesopotamia 504 Farm	Niedermayr (2001)

Nazca Plate
ⓘ Cocos-Nazca Spreading Center	Zawadzki et al. (2022)

New Zealand
Canterbury Region Christchurch City Banks Peninsula Lyttelton ⓘ Gollans Bay Quarry	Thornton (Ed.)
Otago Region Clutha District ⓘ Akatore Creek	Read et al. (1971)
Waikato Region Thames-Coromandel District Coromandel peninsula ⓘ Kopu-Hikuai road (Waynes Wonder)	Ko Jansen

North Macedonia
Kavadarci Municipality Ržanovo ⓘ Allchar	Djordjevic et al. (2021)

Norway
Innlandet Lillehammer ⓘ Fåberg	Morad (1985) +1 other reference
ⓘ Nordland	Onac et al. (1995)
Vestfold Larvik Commune Tvedalen ⓘ Tuften	Larsen et al. (2010)
ⓘ Vevja Quarry	Larsen et al. (1992)

Pacific Ocean
ⓘ Clarion-Clipperton zone	Uspenskaya et al. (1987)
Clipperton Island (Ile de Clipperton; Ile de la Passion) USA-4 ⓘ KCON claim	Burns et al. (1978)
ⓘ IOM claim area	Skowronek et al. (2021) +1 other reference
ⓘ Western region	Fan et al. (2024)
ⓘ Intermontane Basin	Deng et al. (2024)
ⓘ Magellan Seamounts	Xu et al. (2024)
ⓘ Govorov Guyot	Peretyazhko et al. (2025)
ⓘ Jiaxie Guyot	Deng et al. (2024)
ⓘ Kocebu Guyot	Peretyazhko et al. (2025)
ⓘ OSM-XX	Park et al. (2024)
ⓘ Pako Guyot	Deng et al. (2022)
ⓘ Skornyakova Guyot	Ren et al. (2026)
Marcus-Wake ridge ⓘ YJC Seamount	Fengyou Chu et al. (2006)
Sea of Japan ⓘ Belyaevsky Rise	Volokhina et al. (2020) +2 other references
ⓘ Daini-Nishi-Yamato Seamount	Azami et al. (2024)
Sea of Okhotsk ⓘ Unnamed manganese nodule site	Glasby et al. (2006)
South California Borderland ⓘ Adam Seamount	Hein et al. (2010)
ⓘ Ben Seamount	Hein et al. (2010)
ⓘ Flint Seamount	Hein et al. (2010)
ⓘ Hoss Seamount	Hein et al. (2010)
ⓘ Little Joe Seamount	Hein et al. (2010)
ⓘ San Marcos Seamount	Hein et al. (2010)

Papua New Guinea
Bismarck Sea Manus Basin ⓘ PACMANUS hydrothermal field	Zhigang Zeng et al. (12)

Poland
Lesser Poland Voivodeship Kraków County Gmina Krzeszowice ⓘ Zalas quarry	Gołębiowska et al. (2010) +2 other references
Tatra County Chochołowska Valley ⓘ Huciska Glade	Jach et al. (2005)
Lower Silesian Voivodeship Ząbkowice Śląskie County Gmina Ząbkowice Śląskie Szklary ⓘ Szklary nickel deposit	Pieczka et al. (2001)

Portugal
Beja Mértola Mértola ⓘ Serrinho da Azinheira Mine	Alves (n.d.)

Red Sea
ⓘ Atlantis II Deep	Sediment-Hosted Mineral Deposits: ...

Romania
Bihor County Pădurea Craiului Mountains Șuncuiuș clay mine ⓘ Peștera Vântului (Wind Cave)	Onac et al. (1997)
Bistrița-Năsăud County ⓘ Baia Lui Schneider Cave	Tudor Tamas et al. (2017)
Brașov County ⓘ Racoş (Racoşul de Jos)	Szakáll
ⓘ Basalt quarry	Szakáll et al. (2010)
Caraş-Severin County ⓘ Ocna de Fier	minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008)
Hunedoara County Boșorod ⓘ Cioclovina cave	Onac et al. (2002)

Russia
Altai Krai Krasnoshchyokovsky District ⓘ Murzinskoe gold deposit	webmineral.ru (2020) +1 other reference
Chelyabinsk Oblast Kusinsky District Magnitka ⓘ Akhtenskoe Fe deposit (Akhtenskoye)	Anthony et al. (1997)
Miass ⓘ Lake Maloye Miassovo	Palchik et al. (2014)
Satkinsky District ⓘ Bakal Fe deposit	Chukhrov et al. (1978)
Krasnoyarsk Krai Enisei Range (Yenisei Ridge; Enisei Ridge) ⓘ Olimpiada Mine	Silyanov et al. (2021)
Magadan Oblast Omsukchansky District Ducat ore field ⓘ Ducat Mine (Dukat Mine)	Filimonova et al. (2006) +1 other reference
Murmansk Oblast ⓘ Khibiny Massif	...
ⓘ Lovozero Massif	...
Lovozersky District Seidozero Lake Lepkhe-Nel'm Mt ⓘ Pegmatite No. 45	Semenov E.I. (1972)
ⓘ Pegmatite No. 47	Semenov E.I. (1972)
Orenburg Oblast Orsk Khalilovskii Mining District Khabarninskii massif ⓘ Akkermanovskoe deposit	Sharkov (2009)
Svetlinsky District Buruktal Mining District Buruktal massif ⓘ Buruktal Mine	Talovina et al. (2003)
Sakhalin Oblast Kuril Islands Kurilsky District Simushir Island ⓘ Unnamed ridge	Glasby et al. (2006)
ⓘ Obruchev Seamount	Glasby et al. (2006)
Sverdlovsk Oblast Serovsky District Turya river Tur'insk ⓘ Vorontsovskoe deposit (Vorontsovsk gold deposit; Vorontsovka deposit)	Kasatkin et al. (2021)

Slovakia
Banská Bystrica Region Banská Štiavnica District ⓘ Banská Štiavnica	Haber M. et al. (Terézia Vein, Banskà Stiavnica deposit, Slovak Republic)
ⓘ Terézia adit (Weiden mine)	Jeleň et al. (2006)
Žarnovica District Hodruša-Hámre Hodruša-Hámre mines ⓘ Schöpfer vein	Martin Števku-unpublished
Bratislava Region Malacky District Jablonové ⓘ Jablonové deposit	Šoltés S. et al. (Malé Karpáty Mts.)
Lozorno ⓘ Lozorno manganese occurrences	Šoltés S. et al. (Malé Karpáty Mts.)
Stupava ⓘ Borinka quarry	Šoltés S. et al. (Malé Karpáty Mts.)
ⓘ Stupava deposit	Šoltés S. et al. (Malé Karpáty Mts.)
Košice Region Gelnica District Smolník ⓘ Hekerová manganese deposit ?	Rojkovič (2001)
Rožňava District Čučma ⓘ Čierna baňa ?	Rojkovič (2001) +1 other reference
Nitra Region Levice District Devičany ⓘ Pod Skalou adit	Majzlan et al. (2025)
ⓘ Pukanec	Majzlan et al. (2025) +1 other reference
ⓘ Dorothea adit	Majzlan et al. (2025)
Prešov Region Stará Ľubovňa District Šarišské Jastrabie ⓘ Šarišské Jastrabie deposit	Rojkovič I. et al. (2003)
Trenčín Region Ilava District Bolešov ⓘ Bolešov manganese deposit	Rojkovič et al. (2003)
Horné Srnie ⓘ Horné Srnie quarries	Rojkovič et al. (2003)
Vršatské Podhradie ⓘ Vršatec	Rojkovič et al. (2003)
Nové Mesto nad Váhom District Bzince pod Javorinou ⓘ Bzince pod Javorinou manganese deposit	Rojkovič et al. (2003)
ⓘ Hrušové manganese deposit	Rojkovič et al. (2003)
Trnava Region Piešťany District ⓘ Chtelnica deposit	Rojkovič et al. (2003)

South Africa
Gauteng West Rand District Municipality Mogale City Local Municipality Magaliesburg ⓘ The Orient Manganese Mine	NSUTITE (BATTERY GRADE MANGANESE DIOXIDE) +1 other reference
Mpumalanga Ehlanzeni District Municipality Mbombela Local Municipality Mbombela ⓘ Mbobo Mkulu Cave	Martini (1997)
North West Dr Kenneth Kaunda District Municipality JB Marks Local Municipality Potchefstroom ⓘ Machavie gold mine	upetd.up.ac.za (2006)
Ventersdorp ⓘ Boons Cave	Martini et al. (1978)
Northern Cape John Taolo Gaetsewe District Municipality Joe Morolong Local Municipality ⓘ Annex Langdon	Pohl et al. (1991) +1 other reference
ⓘ Devon Mine	Pohl et al. (1991) +2 other references
Hotazel ⓘ Hotazel Mine	Pohl et al. (1991) +1 other reference
ⓘ Mamatwan Mine	Cairncross et al. (1995) +2 other references
ⓘ Adams Pit	Pohl et al. (1991) +1 other reference
N'Chwaning Mines ⓘ ~~N'Chwaning I Mine~~
ⓘ N'Chwaning II Mine	Pohl et al. (1991) +1 other reference
ⓘ Sebilo mine	Vafeas et al. (2018)
ⓘ Smartt Mine	Pohl et al. (1991) +1 other reference
Western Cape City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality Hout Bay ⓘ Manganese Mines	Cairncross et al. (1995)

South China Sea
West Philippine Sea ⓘ Central Rift Seamounts Group	Zhou et al. (2022)

South Korea
North Gyeongsang Province Bonghwa County ⓘ Dongnam mine	Choi et al. (2005)

Spain
Andalusia Granada Busquístar ⓘ El Conjuro Mines	Calvo Rebollar (2009)
Huelva Almonaster la Real ⓘ Soloviejo Mines	Jorge (2000) +1 other reference
Jaén Linares ⓘ Coto La Luz	Colectivo Arrayanes et al. (2008)
Aragon Huesca Estopiñán del Castillo ⓘ Teresa Mine	Mata-Perelló (1979)
Teruel Camañas ⓘ Inocencia and Júpiter mines	Calvo Rebollar (2018)
Ojos Negros ⓘ Ojos Negros iron mines	Calvo Rebollar (2018)
Balearic Islands Majorca Llucmajor ⓘ Cova del Pas de Vallgornera	Onac et al. (2014) +1 other reference
Canary Islands ⓘ Echo Seamount	Marino et al. (2019)
Las Palmas Province Lanzarote Haría ⓘ Famara cliff	Strasser et al. (2006)
Yaiza Playa Blanca ⓘ Punta del Aguila	Lapis 2001 et al. (reference via Ferdinando Giovine) +2 other references
ⓘ Unnamed zeolite occurrence	Van Opstal (2021)
ⓘ The Paps Seamount	Marino et al. (2019)
Castile-La Mancha Albacete Elche de la Sierra ⓘ Cerro Morote	Abad +3 other references
Ciudad Real ⓘ Campo de Calatrava volcanic field	A. Crespo & R. Lunar (1997)
Pozuelo de Calatrava ⓘ El Chorrillo mines	Calvo Rebollar (2009)
Catalonia Tarragona Priorat El Molar ⓘ Serrana Mine (Manganese Mine)	Mineralogistes de Catalunya
Murcia Cartagena Campos de Golf area Las Nogueras ravine ⓘ Marisol Mine	Joan Rosell - rosellminerals.com
Lorca Almendricos Sierra de Enmedio ⓘ Mina Mi Marujita	gr-mulhacen.foroactivo.com (2020)
Valencian Community Valencia Montserrat ⓘ Amparo mine	mti-minas-valencia.blogspot.com (2012)
Requena Campo Arcís ⓘ Virgen del Pilar Mine	Mata Perelló

Sweden
Jönköping County Jönköping Månsarp ⓘ Smålands Taberg	Swedish Nat.Musuem
Värmland County Filipstad Långban Ore District ⓘ Långban Mine	Strand et al. (2015)
ⓘ Garden dump	Strand et al. (2015)
ⓘ Kongress Dump	Strand et al. (2015)
Nordmark mining district ⓘ Taberg ore field (Nordmarks Taberg)
Persberg ore district Pajsberg ⓘ Harstigen Mine	Nysten (2004)

Switzerland
Grisons Albula Region Surses Tinizong (Tinzen) Err valley ⓘ Parsettens Alp	Perseil (1990)
ⓘ Falotta	Stalder et al. (1998)
Maloja Region Samedan Piz Corvatsch ⓘ Furtschellas deposit	Stalder et al. (1998)
Ticino Lugano Carona ⓘ Madonna d'Ongero	Stalder et al. (1998)
ⓘ Novaggio	Le Cristallier Suisse (7)
ⓘ Ponte Aranno	Vanini F. et al. (1998)
Valais Goms Binn Lärchultini ⓘ Gorb	Cuchet et al. (2019)
Leuk Turtmann-Unterems Turtmann Valley Pipjitälli ⓘ Pipji glacier	Ansermet (2012)
Sierre Anniviers Saint-Luc ⓘ Garboula Mine	Ansermet (2012)
Westlich Raron Steg-Hohtenn Mittal ⓘ Mittal-Hohtenn railway tunnel	Stalder et al. (1998)

Tonga
Southern Lau Basin ⓘ Valu Fa Ridge	Stackelberg et al. (1990)

Turkey
Burdur Province Burdur ⓘ Çamoluk deposits	TEKER et al. (2006)
Zonguldak Province Karadeniz Ereğli ⓘ Kepez Koy	USGS Prof Paper 550C ppC158-C161
ⓘ Soganliyürük	USGS Prof Paper 550C ppC158-C161

UK
England Cornwall St Endellion Port Quin ⓘ Beach and Cliff exposures	Wolfe et al. (2008)
Scotland Argyll and Bute ⓘ Loch Fyne	Calvert et al. (1970)

Ukraine
Crimea ⓘ Kerch Peninsula	Geologiya SSSR (The geology of USSR) +1 other reference
Simferopol area Mramornoe Village area ⓘ Mramornoye marble-like limestone deposit	Alexander I. Tischenko (1996)

USA
Alaska Valdez-Cordova Census Area Copper River Mining District ⓘ Unnamed Occurrence (ARDF - CV065; south-central Hinchinbrook Island)	- (2008)
Yukon-Koyukuk Census Area Kaiyuh Mining District ⓘ Illinois Creek Mine	- (2008)
Arizona Cochise County Turquoise Mining District (Courtland-Gleeson Mining District) Courtland ⓘ Several unnamed prospects	Anthony et al. (1995)
ⓘ Unnamed prospect pit	Anthony et al. (1995)
Greenlee County Morenci ⓘ Morenci Mine	Merritt Stephen Enders (2000)
Pinal County Mineral Mountain Mining District Reymert Canyon ⓘ Reymert Mine	Wilson (1984) +1 other reference
Yuma County Kofa Mining District ⓘ King of Arizona Mine	Anthony et al. (1995)
ⓘ No. 2 vein	Anthony et al. (1995)
North Star Mine (Northstar Mine) ⓘ No. 2 vein	Anthony et al. (1995)
California Inyo County Amargosa Range Black Mountains ⓘ Monte Blanco	Bob Massey micromount collection
ⓘ Monte Blanco Mine	Bob Massey micromount collection
Furnace Creek Mining District (Furnace Creek Borate Mining District) Ryan ⓘ Corkscrew Canyon Mine
ⓘ Unnamed Nobleite locality [1]	Erd et al. (1961) +2 other references
Kern County Boron ⓘ Kramer Borate deposit	U.S. Borax
Los Angeles County Palos Verdes Peninsula ⓘ Palos Verdes Hills	Potter et al. (1979)
George Canyon (George F. Canyon) ⓘ Unspecified Mn occurrence	Mitchell et al. (1973) +2 other references
Marin County Sausalito ⓘ Sausalito Road Quarry	Milton et al. (1971) +2 other references
Mariposa County West Belt Hornitos Mining District Quartzburg ⓘ Unnamed Au property [55]	Petrov (n.d.)
San Benito County Goat Mountain ⓘ Clear Creek claim	Dunning et al. (2005)
San Diego County Mesa Grande Mining District Gem Hill ⓘ Himalaya Mine	Foord (1977) +1 other reference
Pala Mining District Pala Hiriart Mountain ⓘ White Queen Mine	minerals.gps.caltech.edu (1997)
Ramona Mining District Ramona Little Three Mine area ⓘ Little Three Mine	Foord et al. (1989)
ⓘ Rancho Penasquitos	Rob Lavinsky (ex. Chuck Houser specimen)
Trinity County Mad River Rock ⓘ Hale Creek Mine	Steve Pullman
Three Forks ⓘ Blue Jay Mine (Blue Jay claim; Blue Bird Mine; McKnight; McKnight)	Huebner +3 other references
Ventura County Thousand Oaks Newbury Park ⓘ Ventu Park Road	DeVito (1991)
Colorado Custer County Silver Cliff Mining District ⓘ Racine Boy Mine	Eckel et al. (1997)
ⓘ Ruby Cliff Quarry	Eckel et al. (1997)
ⓘ Silver Cliff Quarry ?	Eckel et al. (1997)
Park County ⓘ Harris Park	Eckel et al. (1997)
Connecticut Middlesex County Haddam ⓘ Jail Hill Road locality (Jail Hill Quarry) ?	Schooner (circa 1980s)
ⓘ Death Valley National Park	Mielke (n.d.)
Maine Androscoggin County Auburn West Mount Apatite Mining District ⓘ Pulsifer Quarry & Dionne extension	King et al. (1994)
Poland ⓘ Berry-Havey Quarry	King et al. (1994) +1 other reference
Cumberland County Baldwin West Baldwin ⓘ Estes Quarry	Gene Bearss
Oxford County Albany ⓘ Bumpus Quarry	Gene Foord +1 other reference
Buckfield ⓘ Larrivee prospect	King (n.d.)
Greenwood ⓘ Morgan Quarry (Morgan Pit; Upper Noyes Mountain Quarry; Upper Harvard Quarry)	Maine Pegmatite Workshop 2004
ⓘ Noyes Mountain Quarry (Harvard Quarry)	Kink
Uncle Tom Mountain ⓘ Emmons Quarry	Mineral News (1994) +1 other reference
Hebron Mount Rubellite ⓘ Mount Rubellite Quarries	King et al. (1994)
Newry ⓘ Crooker Gem Pegmatite Quarries	King et al. (1994) +1 other reference
ⓘ Dunton Gem Quarry	King et al. (1994) +1 other reference
ⓘ Rose Quartz crystal locality (Pegmatite 24)	King et al. (1994)
Paris ⓘ Ryerson Hill Quarries	Found and id'ed during ongoing study of ... +1 other reference
Peru ⓘ Perry Petalite prospect	Dionne et al. (2014)
Rumford ⓘ Black Mountain Quarry	King (n.d.)
ⓘ Lookout Quarry	King (n.d.)
Stoneham ⓘ Lord Hill Quarry (Lord Hill Mine)	King et al. (1994)
Maryland Calvert County ⓘ Calvert Cliffs	www.irocks.com (2020)
Carroll County Medford ⓘ Medford Quarry	Mr. Fred Parker
Michigan Baraga County Alberta ⓘ Taylor Mine	Travis Olds collection
Montana Beaverhead County Blacktail Range Area ⓘ Manganese Occurrence (Dillon)	- (2005)
Granite County Philipsburg Mining District (Flint Creek Mining District) ⓘ Algonquin Mine	Gobla (2012)
Durango & Moorlight Group (Durango & Moonlight Group) ⓘ Horton Mine (Imperial Mine; Midnight Mine; Silver Chief Mine; True Fissure Mine)	Prinz (1967) +1 other reference
ⓘ Philipsburg	AmMin 47:59 +1 other reference
ⓘ Phillipsburg Manganese Occurrence	H.A. Barrett and M.P.S. Krekeler (2011)
ⓘ Scratch Awl Mine	Gobla (2012)
Mineral County De Borgia ⓘ True Fissure Mine	American Mineralogist 47:59-66
Nevada Lander County McCoy Mining District ⓘ Cove mine (McCoy-Cove mine; McCoy mine)	Castor et al. (2004)
Lincoln County Pioche Mining District ⓘ Caselton mine (No. 2 mine of Consolidated Reduction Co.)	Whitman (2023)
Nye County Hot Creek Range ⓘ Tybo Mining District	Kleinhampl et al. (1984)
ⓘ Yucca Mountain	CONF-910435-37 +3 other references
Shoshone Mountains ⓘ Mule Canyon	Castor et al. (2004)
White Pine County White Pine Mining District Silver Belt Treasure Hill Summit area ⓘ Aurora mine	Castor et al. (2004)
ⓘ North Aurora mine	Castor et al. (2004)
ⓘ Ward Beecher mine	Castor et al. (2004)
New Hampshire Grafton County Groton ⓘ Palermo No. 1 Mine	Segeler et al. (1981)
New Jersey Somerset County Bernards Township ⓘ Millington Quarry	Maertens (2007)
Sussex County Franklin ⓘ Franklin Mine	Dunn (1995)
Ogdensburg Sterling Hill ⓘ Passaic pit (Marshall Mine; Passaic Mine)	Baum (2)
ⓘ Sterling Mine	Frondel et al. (1960) +2 other references
New Mexico Catron County Taylor Creek Mining District Sawmill Creek ⓘ Unnamed prospects	NMGS 37th Field Conference
Eddy County Carlsbad Caverns National Park ⓘ Lechuguilla Cave	Northrop et al. (1996) +1 other reference
Grant County ⓘ Central Mining District (Bayard District)	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ Chloride Flat Mining District [includes Silver City Mining District]	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ Georgetown Mining District	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ Grants Mining District	Northrop et al. (1996)
McKinley County ⓘ Doris No. 1 Mine	NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ...
Sierra County ⓘ Black Range	Maxwell et al. (1986)
ⓘ Chloride District (Apache District; Phillipsburg District; Black Range District)	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ Hermosa Mining District	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ Kingston Mining District	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ Lake Valley Mining District	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ Taylor Creek Tin Mining District (Black Range Tin District)	Northrop et al. (1996)
Socorro County ⓘ Council Rock Mining District	Northrop et al. (1996)
ⓘ North Magdalena Mining District	Northrop et al. (1996)
North Carolina Gaston County ⓘ LCA Mine	King (n.d.)
Northern Mariana Islands ⓘ West Rota Caldera	Leybourne et al. (2026)
Oregon Wheeler County Spray ⓘ Burnt Cabin Creek	- (n.d.)
Pennsylvania Chester County West Nottingham Township ⓘ Goat Hill Barrens ?	Hower et al. (2024)
Rhode Island Providence County Lincoln Lime Rock ⓘ Conklin Quarry ?	Michael W. Kieron collection
South Dakota Custer County Custer Mining District Fourmile ⓘ Tip Top Mine	Campbell et al. (1985)
Pringle Cicero Peak ⓘ White Elephant Mine	Moore et al. (1974)
Pennington County Hill City Mining District ⓘ Tin Queen Mine (White Blowout Mine)	Smith et al. (2000)
Keystone Mining District Keystone ⓘ Etta Mine	Seaman (1976)
Utah Piute County Mount Baldy-Ohio Mining District ⓘ Lucky Boy Mine	SEM-EDS analyzed by Travis Olds
Washington King County Buena Vista Mining District ⓘ Bear Basin Mines	Dr. Günter Grundmann collection

Vietnam
East Vietnam Sea ⓘ D6	Xuan et al. (2020)

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Todorokite

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