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Essential Oil Composition of Oleaster (Elaeagnus Angustifolia L.) Flowers and Comparative Assessment of Metabolic and Antioxidant Potential of Flower and Leaf Extracts

Year 2025, Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 402 - 409, 15.10.2025

Fatih Tonguç , Ümit Erdoğan , Sercan Önder , Muhammet Tonguç

https://doi.org/10.17474/artvinofd.1685920

Abstract

The oleaster tree (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) has different uses and is cultivated for fruit production, afforestation, landscape, as well as for food and medicinal purposes. The present study was conducted to identify volatile compounds of flowers and assess total phenolic, flavonoid, carotenoid and chlorophyll content of flowers and leaves and their antioxidant potentials. Oil yield of flowers was low (0.1%), 15 compounds were identified in flower oils, and the main volatile compounds were ethyl-cinnamate (93.87%) and ethyl phenylacetate (1.76%). The others were belong to six chemical class and accounted for less than 5% of oil. Total phenolic content of flowers was higher than that of leaves, but total flavonoid, carotenoid and chlorophyll content was higher in leaves. However, the antioxidant capacity measured by CUPRAC (67.49 vs 53.25 µmoL TE-1) and the radical scavenging activity measured by DPPH (22.30 vs 7.57 µmoL TE-1) were higher in flower extracts than the leaf extracts. These results suggest that oleaster flowers are a good source of ethyl-cinnamate and phenolic compounds.

Keywords

Essential oil Secondary metabolites Silverberry Essential oil components

References

  • Abdelgaleil SA, Abbassy MA, Belal AS, Abdel Rasoul MA (2008) Bioactivity of two major constituents isolated from the essential oil of Artemisia judaica L. Bioresource Technology, 99:5947-5950.
  • Abizov EA, Tolkachev ON, Mal’Tsev SD, Abizova EV (2008) Composition of biologically active substances isolated from the fruits of Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) introduced in the European part of Russia. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 42:696-698.
  • Amini MH, Ahmady A, Zhakfar AM, Sediqi MN, Babak G (2019) Preliminary phytochemical profile, in vitro antioxidant and sun protective activities of Alhagi pseudalhagi and Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 31:1-13.
  • Apak R, Güçlü K, Özyürek M, Karademir SE (2004) Novel total antioxidant capacity index for dietary polyphenols and vitamins C and E, using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: CUPRAC method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52:7970-7981.
  • Apak R, Güçlü K, Demirata B, Özyürek M, Çelik SE, Bektaşoğlu B, Berker KI, Özyurt D (2007) Comparative evaluation of various total antioxidant capacity assays applied to phenolic compounds with the CUPRAC assay. Molecules, 12:1496-1547.
  • Asadiar LS, Rahmani F, Siami A (2013) Assessment of genetic diversity in the Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) based on ISSR genetic markers. Revista Ciencia Agronomica, 44:310-316.
  • Babushok VI, Linstrom PJ, Zenkevich IG (2011) Retention indices for frequently reported compounds of plant essential oils. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 40: 043101.
  • Bener M, Şen FB, Önem AN, Bekdeşer B, Çelik SE, Lalikoglu M, Aşçı YS, Capanoglu E, Apa R (2022) Microwave-assisted extraction of antioxidant compounds from by-products of Turkish hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) using natural deep eutectic solvents: modeling, optimization and phenolic characterization. Food Chemistry, 385:132633.
  • Bucur L, Stanciu G, Istudor V (2007) The GC-MS analysis of Elaeagnus angustfolia L. flowers essential oil. Revista De Chimie-Bucharest-Original Edition, 58:1027-1029.
  • Choi IH, Park JY, Shin SC, Park IK (2006) Nematicidal activity of medicinal plant extracts and two cinnamates isolated from Kaempferia galanga L. (Proh Hom) against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Nematology, 8:359-365.
  • Darvishzadeh P, Orsat V (2022) Microwave-assisted extraction of antioxidant compounds from Russian olive leaves and flowers: optimization, HPLC characterization and comparison with other methods. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 27:100368.
  • DeCant JP (2008) Russian olive, Elaeagnus angustifolia, alters patterns in soil nitrogen pools along the Rio Grande River, New Mexico, USA. Wetlands, 28:896-904.
  • Elmi F, Dehghan G, Beigzadeh B (2017) Qualitative and quantitative changes of essential composition in the flowers of some populations of Elaeagnus angustifolia. Future Natural Products, 3:1-6.
  • Erbaş S, Erdoğan Ü, Mutlucan M (2023) The scent compounds of immortelle ecotypes (Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don.) grown in Türkiye and its new products (absolute and concrete). South African Journal of Botany, 158:301-311.
  • Fakı R, Canbay HS, Gürsoy O, Yılmaz Y (2022) Antioxidant activity, physico-chemical and fatty acid composition of oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) varieties naturally grown in Western Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Akademik Gıda, 20:329-335.
  • Farzaei MH, Bahramsoltani R, Abbasabadi Z, Rahimi R (2015) A comprehensive review on phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 67:1467-1480.
  • Folin O, Ciocalteu V (1927) On tyrosine and tryptophane determinations in proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 73:627-650.
  • Hamidpour R, Hamidpour S, Hamidpour M, Shahlari M, Sohraby M, Shahlari N, Hamidpour R (2017) Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.): from a variety of traditional medicinal applications to its novel roles as active antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic and analgesic agent. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 7:24-29.
  • Hamidpour R, Hamidpour S, Doostmohamadi P (2019) Chemistry, pharmacology and medicinal property of Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.). Cancer Science & Research, 6:1-7.
  • Incilay G (2014) Volatile composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of different parts from Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 17:1187-1202.
  • Ishaq S, Rathore HA, Sabir SM, Maroof MS (2015) Antioxidant properties of Elaeagnus umbellata berry solvent extracts against lipid peroxidation in mice brain and liver tissues. Food Science and Biotechnology, 24:673-679.
  • Karkar B, Şahin S (2022) Determination of phenolic compounds profiles and antioxidant properties of oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) grown in Turkey. European Food Research and Technology, 248:219-241.
  • Katz GL, Shafroth PB (2003) Biology, ecology and management of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Russian olive) in western North America. Wetlands, 23:763-777.
  • Khamzina A, Lamers JP, Vlek PL (2009) Nitrogen fixation by Elaeagnus angustifolia in the reclamation of degraded croplands of Central Asia. Tree Physiology, 29:799-808.
  • Mojarrab M, Delazar A, Esnaashari S, Afshar FH (2013) Chemical composition and general toxicity of essential oils extracted from the aerial parts of Artemisia armeniaca Lam. and A. incana (L.) druce growing in Iran. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8:65-69.
  • Nikbakht MR, Esnaashari S, Afshar FH (2013) Chemical composition and general toxicity of essential oil extracted from the stalks and flowers of Rheum ribes L. growing in Iran. Journal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2:165-170.
  • Okmen G, Turkcan O (2013) The antibacterial activity of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. against mastitis pathogens and antioxidant capacity of the leaf methanolic extracts. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 12:491-496.
  • Önder D, Erdoğan Ü, Önder S (2023) Comparison of biochemical and antioxidantactivities of ultrasonic-assisted extraction with different solvents in olive leaf. BiotechStudies, 32:31-40.
  • Özdemir FGG (2023) İğde (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) yaprak ekstraktının kök ur nematoduna karşı kullanımı. ÇOMU Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 11:300-305.
  • Qiao HJ, Yang JT, Yang X, Zhao LB, Li TH (2011) GC-MS analysis of chemical composition of volatile oil from flowers of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Food Science, 32:233-235.
  • Saboonchian F, Jamei R, Sarghein SH (2014) Phenolic and flavonoid content of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (leaf and flower). Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 4:231-238.
  • Sakanaka S, Tachibana Y, Okada Y (2005) Preparation and antioxidant properties of extracts of Japanese persimmon leaf tea (kakinoha-cha). Food Chemistry, 89:569-575.
  • Sevindik E, Özbent S, Sofyalioğlu E (2023) Genetic relationship analysis of some Elaeagnus angustifolia L. populations grown in Izmir, Türkiye, using SCoT markers. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 65:1185-1190.
  • Sevindik M, Krupodorova T, Sevindik E, Koçer O, Uysal I, Ünal O (2025) Elaeagnus angustifolia L.: a comprehensive review of its biological activities, phenolic and chemical constituents, and applications. Applied Fruit Science, 67:70.
  • Siddhuraju P, Becker K (2007) The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of processed cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) seed extracts. Food Chemistry, 101:10-19.
  • Simsek M, Sufer Ö (2021) Physical, bioactive and textural properties of oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) fruit from different locations in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 9:723-727.
  • Telci I, Bayram E, Yılmaz G, Avcı B (2006) Variability in essential oil composition of Turkish basils (Ocimum basilicum L.). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 34:489-497.
  • Torbati M, AsnaashSevindikari S, Afshar FH (2016) Essential oil from flowers and leaves of Elaeagnus angustifolia (Elaeagnaceae): composition, radical scavenging and general toxicity activities. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 6:163-169.
  • Zare A, Khorshidi J, Vafaee Y (2023) Natural biochemical and morphological diversity of oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) genotypes from the west of Iran: applicable for conservation, domestication, and breeding. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 70:2575-2592.
  • Zhang Z, Huang R (2013) Analysis of malondialdehyde, chlorophyll proline, soluble sugar, and glutathione content in Arabidopsis seedling. Bio-Protocol, 3:e817.
  • Zhaolin L, Ning C, Dunyuan X, Haiquan L, Yaozu C (1989) Study on chemical constituents of volatile oil of fresh flowers of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities, 10:804-808.

İğde (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) Çiçeklerinin Uçucu Yağ Bileşimi ve Çiçek ve Yaprak Ekstraktlarının Metabolik ve Antioksidan Potansiyelinin Karşılaştırılması

Year 2025, Volume: 26 Issue: 2, 402 - 409, 15.10.2025

Fatih Tonguç , Ümit Erdoğan , Sercan Önder , Muhammet Tonguç

https://doi.org/10.17474/artvinofd.1685920

Abstract

İğde ağacı (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) farklı kullanım alanlarına sahiptir ve meyve üretimi, ağaçlandırma, peyzaj ve bunlara ilave olarak gıda ve ilaç sanayisinde de kullanılmaktadır. Mevcut çalışma iğde çiçeklerinin uçucu bileşenlerini, çiçek ve yaprakların toplam fenolik, flavonoid, karotenoid ve klorofil içeriği ile antioksidan potansiyellerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. İğde çiçeklerinin uçucu yağ verimi düşük (%0.1) bulunurken, yağda toplam 15 uçucu bileşik tespit edilmiş ve ana uçucu bileşenlerin etil-sinnamat (%93.87) ve etil fenilasetat (%1.76) olduğu belirlenmiştir. Diğer bileşikler altı kimyasal sınıfa ait olup uçucu yağın %5'inden azını oluşturmaktadır. Çiçeklerdeki toplam fenolik madde içeriği yapraklara göre daha yüksek olurken; flavonoid, karotenoid ve klorofil içerikleri ise yapraklarda daha yüksek olmuştur. Bununla birlikte, CUPRAC yöntemi ile ölçülen antioksidan kapasite (67.49-53.25 µmoL TE-1) ve DPPH yöntemi ile ölçülen radikal temizleme aktivitesi (22.30 - 7.57 µmoL TE-1) çiçeklerde yapraklardakine göre daha yüksek çıkmıştır. Elde edilen bu sonuçlar iğde çiçeklerinin etil-sinnamat ve toplam fenolik bileşen içeriği bakımından iyi bir kaynak olabileceğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

Esansiyel yağ İğde İkincil metabolitler Uçucu yağ bileşenleri

References

  • Abdelgaleil SA, Abbassy MA, Belal AS, Abdel Rasoul MA (2008) Bioactivity of two major constituents isolated from the essential oil of Artemisia judaica L. Bioresource Technology, 99:5947-5950.
  • Abizov EA, Tolkachev ON, Mal’Tsev SD, Abizova EV (2008) Composition of biologically active substances isolated from the fruits of Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) introduced in the European part of Russia. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 42:696-698.
  • Amini MH, Ahmady A, Zhakfar AM, Sediqi MN, Babak G (2019) Preliminary phytochemical profile, in vitro antioxidant and sun protective activities of Alhagi pseudalhagi and Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 31:1-13.
  • Apak R, Güçlü K, Özyürek M, Karademir SE (2004) Novel total antioxidant capacity index for dietary polyphenols and vitamins C and E, using their cupric ion reducing capability in the presence of neocuproine: CUPRAC method. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52:7970-7981.
  • Apak R, Güçlü K, Demirata B, Özyürek M, Çelik SE, Bektaşoğlu B, Berker KI, Özyurt D (2007) Comparative evaluation of various total antioxidant capacity assays applied to phenolic compounds with the CUPRAC assay. Molecules, 12:1496-1547.
  • Asadiar LS, Rahmani F, Siami A (2013) Assessment of genetic diversity in the Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) based on ISSR genetic markers. Revista Ciencia Agronomica, 44:310-316.
  • Babushok VI, Linstrom PJ, Zenkevich IG (2011) Retention indices for frequently reported compounds of plant essential oils. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 40: 043101.
  • Bener M, Şen FB, Önem AN, Bekdeşer B, Çelik SE, Lalikoglu M, Aşçı YS, Capanoglu E, Apa R (2022) Microwave-assisted extraction of antioxidant compounds from by-products of Turkish hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) using natural deep eutectic solvents: modeling, optimization and phenolic characterization. Food Chemistry, 385:132633.
  • Bucur L, Stanciu G, Istudor V (2007) The GC-MS analysis of Elaeagnus angustfolia L. flowers essential oil. Revista De Chimie-Bucharest-Original Edition, 58:1027-1029.
  • Choi IH, Park JY, Shin SC, Park IK (2006) Nematicidal activity of medicinal plant extracts and two cinnamates isolated from Kaempferia galanga L. (Proh Hom) against the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Nematology, 8:359-365.
  • Darvishzadeh P, Orsat V (2022) Microwave-assisted extraction of antioxidant compounds from Russian olive leaves and flowers: optimization, HPLC characterization and comparison with other methods. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 27:100368.
  • DeCant JP (2008) Russian olive, Elaeagnus angustifolia, alters patterns in soil nitrogen pools along the Rio Grande River, New Mexico, USA. Wetlands, 28:896-904.
  • Elmi F, Dehghan G, Beigzadeh B (2017) Qualitative and quantitative changes of essential composition in the flowers of some populations of Elaeagnus angustifolia. Future Natural Products, 3:1-6.
  • Erbaş S, Erdoğan Ü, Mutlucan M (2023) The scent compounds of immortelle ecotypes (Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don.) grown in Türkiye and its new products (absolute and concrete). South African Journal of Botany, 158:301-311.
  • Fakı R, Canbay HS, Gürsoy O, Yılmaz Y (2022) Antioxidant activity, physico-chemical and fatty acid composition of oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) varieties naturally grown in Western Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Akademik Gıda, 20:329-335.
  • Farzaei MH, Bahramsoltani R, Abbasabadi Z, Rahimi R (2015) A comprehensive review on phytochemical and pharmacological aspects of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 67:1467-1480.
  • Folin O, Ciocalteu V (1927) On tyrosine and tryptophane determinations in proteins. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 73:627-650.
  • Hamidpour R, Hamidpour S, Hamidpour M, Shahlari M, Sohraby M, Shahlari N, Hamidpour R (2017) Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.): from a variety of traditional medicinal applications to its novel roles as active antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic and analgesic agent. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 7:24-29.
  • Hamidpour R, Hamidpour S, Doostmohamadi P (2019) Chemistry, pharmacology and medicinal property of Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.). Cancer Science & Research, 6:1-7.
  • Incilay G (2014) Volatile composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of different parts from Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 17:1187-1202.
  • Ishaq S, Rathore HA, Sabir SM, Maroof MS (2015) Antioxidant properties of Elaeagnus umbellata berry solvent extracts against lipid peroxidation in mice brain and liver tissues. Food Science and Biotechnology, 24:673-679.
  • Karkar B, Şahin S (2022) Determination of phenolic compounds profiles and antioxidant properties of oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) grown in Turkey. European Food Research and Technology, 248:219-241.
  • Katz GL, Shafroth PB (2003) Biology, ecology and management of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Russian olive) in western North America. Wetlands, 23:763-777.
  • Khamzina A, Lamers JP, Vlek PL (2009) Nitrogen fixation by Elaeagnus angustifolia in the reclamation of degraded croplands of Central Asia. Tree Physiology, 29:799-808.
  • Mojarrab M, Delazar A, Esnaashari S, Afshar FH (2013) Chemical composition and general toxicity of essential oils extracted from the aerial parts of Artemisia armeniaca Lam. and A. incana (L.) druce growing in Iran. Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8:65-69.
  • Nikbakht MR, Esnaashari S, Afshar FH (2013) Chemical composition and general toxicity of essential oil extracted from the stalks and flowers of Rheum ribes L. growing in Iran. Journal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2:165-170.
  • Okmen G, Turkcan O (2013) The antibacterial activity of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. against mastitis pathogens and antioxidant capacity of the leaf methanolic extracts. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 12:491-496.
  • Önder D, Erdoğan Ü, Önder S (2023) Comparison of biochemical and antioxidantactivities of ultrasonic-assisted extraction with different solvents in olive leaf. BiotechStudies, 32:31-40.
  • Özdemir FGG (2023) İğde (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) yaprak ekstraktının kök ur nematoduna karşı kullanımı. ÇOMU Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 11:300-305.
  • Qiao HJ, Yang JT, Yang X, Zhao LB, Li TH (2011) GC-MS analysis of chemical composition of volatile oil from flowers of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Food Science, 32:233-235.
  • Saboonchian F, Jamei R, Sarghein SH (2014) Phenolic and flavonoid content of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (leaf and flower). Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine, 4:231-238.
  • Sakanaka S, Tachibana Y, Okada Y (2005) Preparation and antioxidant properties of extracts of Japanese persimmon leaf tea (kakinoha-cha). Food Chemistry, 89:569-575.
  • Sevindik E, Özbent S, Sofyalioğlu E (2023) Genetic relationship analysis of some Elaeagnus angustifolia L. populations grown in Izmir, Türkiye, using SCoT markers. Erwerbs-Obstbau, 65:1185-1190.
  • Sevindik M, Krupodorova T, Sevindik E, Koçer O, Uysal I, Ünal O (2025) Elaeagnus angustifolia L.: a comprehensive review of its biological activities, phenolic and chemical constituents, and applications. Applied Fruit Science, 67:70.
  • Siddhuraju P, Becker K (2007) The antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of processed cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) seed extracts. Food Chemistry, 101:10-19.
  • Simsek M, Sufer Ö (2021) Physical, bioactive and textural properties of oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) fruit from different locations in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 9:723-727.
  • Telci I, Bayram E, Yılmaz G, Avcı B (2006) Variability in essential oil composition of Turkish basils (Ocimum basilicum L.). Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 34:489-497.
  • Torbati M, AsnaashSevindikari S, Afshar FH (2016) Essential oil from flowers and leaves of Elaeagnus angustifolia (Elaeagnaceae): composition, radical scavenging and general toxicity activities. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 6:163-169.
  • Zare A, Khorshidi J, Vafaee Y (2023) Natural biochemical and morphological diversity of oleaster (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) genotypes from the west of Iran: applicable for conservation, domestication, and breeding. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 70:2575-2592.
  • Zhang Z, Huang R (2013) Analysis of malondialdehyde, chlorophyll proline, soluble sugar, and glutathione content in Arabidopsis seedling. Bio-Protocol, 3:e817.
  • Zhaolin L, Ning C, Dunyuan X, Haiquan L, Yaozu C (1989) Study on chemical constituents of volatile oil of fresh flowers of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities, 10:804-808.
There are 41 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Botany (Other), Forestry Sciences (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Fatih Tonguç 0000-0002-0820-4820

Ümit Erdoğan 0000-0002-6627-4472

Sercan Önder 0000-0002-8065-288X

Muhammet Tonguç 0000-0003-1292-2910

Publication Date October 15, 2025
Submission Date April 28, 2025
Acceptance Date July 26, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 26 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Tonguç, F., Erdoğan, Ü., Önder, S., Tonguç, M. (2025). Essential Oil Composition of Oleaster (Elaeagnus Angustifolia L.) Flowers and Comparative Assessment of Metabolic and Antioxidant Potential of Flower and Leaf Extracts. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(2), 402-409. https://doi.org/10.17474/artvinofd.1685920
AMA Tonguç F, Erdoğan Ü, Önder S, Tonguç M. Essential Oil Composition of Oleaster (Elaeagnus Angustifolia L.) Flowers and Comparative Assessment of Metabolic and Antioxidant Potential of Flower and Leaf Extracts. ACUJFF. October 2025;26(2):402-409. doi:10.17474/artvinofd.1685920
Chicago Tonguç, Fatih, Ümit Erdoğan, Sercan Önder, and Muhammet Tonguç. “Essential Oil Composition of Oleaster (Elaeagnus Angustifolia L.) Flowers and Comparative Assessment of Metabolic and Antioxidant Potential of Flower and Leaf Extracts”. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 26, no. 2 (October 2025): 402-9. https://doi.org/10.17474/artvinofd.1685920.
EndNote Tonguç F, Erdoğan Ü, Önder S, Tonguç M (October 1, 2025) Essential Oil Composition of Oleaster (Elaeagnus Angustifolia L.) Flowers and Comparative Assessment of Metabolic and Antioxidant Potential of Flower and Leaf Extracts. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 26 2 402–409.
IEEE F. Tonguç, Ü. Erdoğan, S. Önder, and M. Tonguç, “Essential Oil Composition of Oleaster (Elaeagnus Angustifolia L.) Flowers and Comparative Assessment of Metabolic and Antioxidant Potential of Flower and Leaf Extracts”, ACUJFF, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 402–409, 2025, doi: 10.17474/artvinofd.1685920.
ISNAD Tonguç, Fatih et al. “Essential Oil Composition of Oleaster (Elaeagnus Angustifolia L.) Flowers and Comparative Assessment of Metabolic and Antioxidant Potential of Flower and Leaf Extracts”. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi 26/2 (October2025), 402-409. https://doi.org/10.17474/artvinofd.1685920.
JAMA Tonguç F, Erdoğan Ü, Önder S, Tonguç M. Essential Oil Composition of Oleaster (Elaeagnus Angustifolia L.) Flowers and Comparative Assessment of Metabolic and Antioxidant Potential of Flower and Leaf Extracts. ACUJFF. 2025;26:402–409.
MLA Tonguç, Fatih et al. “Essential Oil Composition of Oleaster (Elaeagnus Angustifolia L.) Flowers and Comparative Assessment of Metabolic and Antioxidant Potential of Flower and Leaf Extracts”. Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 26, no. 2, 2025, pp. 402-9, doi:10.17474/artvinofd.1685920.
Vancouver Tonguç F, Erdoğan Ü, Önder S, Tonguç M. Essential Oil Composition of Oleaster (Elaeagnus Angustifolia L.) Flowers and Comparative Assessment of Metabolic and Antioxidant Potential of Flower and Leaf Extracts. ACUJFF. 2025;26(2):402-9.
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