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Green Transition Laws of the European Union: A New International Legal Tool to Sustain Global Economic Inequality and Developmental Injustice?

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2

Onur Uraz

Öz

This study examines the European Union’s Green Deal as an international legal instrument, analysing its potential hegemonic impact on developing and underdeveloped countries. While the Green Deal aims to promote environmental sustainability, its extraterritorial effects raise concerns about justice and the perpetuation of historical and economic inequalities. Framed within critical legal and postcolonial perspectives, the analysis highlights how the Green Deal’s ambitious standards and regulatory frameworks impose disproportionate burdens on countries with limited institutional and financial capacities, perpetuating ‘climate colonialism’. The EU’s reliance on resource extraction from vulnerable regions underscores persistent global inequalities, while initiatives like the Common Ground Taxonomy demonstrate how environmental policies can reinforce economic dominance and marginalise smaller states. Despite its sustainability goals, the Green Deal risks exacerbating developmental injustices by privileging the interests of industrialised economies over equitable global cooperation. The study advocates for reforming the Green Deal through an equity-focused lens, emphasising financial and technological support, reparative mechanisms for historical injustices, and inclusive compliance timelines. By addressing these structural inequalities, the EU can transform its Green Deal into a fair and collaborative model of sustainability. Failure to adopt such reforms risks reducing it to a tool of economic hegemony rather than a framework for collective environmental progress.

Anahtar Kelimeler

European Union Green Deal International Law Critical Legal Studies Neo-Colonialism Green Transition

Kaynakça

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  • Biresselioğlu, Mehmet, Berfu Solak, and Zehra Funda Savaş. “Framing the Impacts of the European Green Deal: Reflections on the EU as a ‘Normative Power’ and Beyond.” Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 23 (July 30, 2023): 91–134. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1439839.
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  • Bryner, Nicholas. “The Green New Deal and Green Transitions.” Vermont Law Review 44, no. 4 (2020): 723–76.
  • Claar, Simone. “Green Colonialism in the European Green Deal: Continuities of Dependency and the Relationship of Forces between Europe and Africa.” Culture, Practice & Europeanization 7, no. 2 (2022): 262–74. https://doi.org/10.5771/2566-7742-2022-2-262.
  • Clarke, Robin. “Problems.” European Environment Agency, November 23, 2020. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/92-827-5122-8/page014.html.
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  • Durmaz, Günseli. “European Green Deal from a Neo-Gramscian Perspective: A Case of Green Trasformismo.” PhD Thesis, 2024. https://open.metu.edu.tr/handle/11511/109116.
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  • ———. “Regulation (EU) 2019/2088 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2019 on Sustainability‐Related Disclosures in the Financial Services Sector,” November 27, 2019. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/2088/oj/eng.
  • ———. “Regulation (EU) 2020/852 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2020 on the Establishment of a Framework to Facilitate Sustainable Investment, and Amending Regulation (EU) 2019/2088,” June 18, 2020. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2020/852/oj/eng.
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Avrupa Birliği'nin Yeşil Dönüşüm Hukuku: Global Ekonomik ve Gelişimsel Eşitsizliği Sürdürmek İçin Yeni Bir Uluslararası Hukuk Aracı Mı?

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2

Onur Uraz

Öz

Bu çalışma, Avrupa Birliği'nin Yeşil Mutabakatı'nı uluslararası bir hukuki araç olarak eleştirel bir şekilde incelemekte, gelişmekte olan ve az gelişmiş ülkeler üzerindeki potansiyel hegemonik etkisini analiz etmektedir. Yeşil Mutabakat çevresel sürdürülebilirliği teşvik etmeyi amaçlasa da, ülke dışı etkileri adalet ve tarihsel ve ekonomik eşitsizliklerin sürdürülmesi konusunda endişelere yol açmaktadır. Eleştirel hukuk okulu ve postkolonyal perspektiflerle çerçevelenen bu analiz, Yeşil Mutabakat’ın iddialı standartlarının ve düzenleyici çerçevelerinin, sınırlı kurumsal ve mali kapasiteye sahip ülkelere nasıl orantısız yükler getirebileceğini ve 'iklim sömürgeciliğini' yaratabileceğini tartışmaktadır. AB'nin gelişmemiş veya gelişmekte olan bölgelerden kaynak çıkarılmasına olan bağımlılığı, kalıcı küresel eşitsizliklerin altını çizerken, Ortak Zemin Taksonomisi gibi girişimler, çevre politikalarının ekonomik hakimiyeti nasıl güçlendirebileceğini ve küçük devletleri nasıl marjinalleştirebileceğini göstermektedir. Sürdürülebilirlik hedeflerine rağmen Yeşil Mutabakat, sanayileşmiş ekonomilerin çıkarlarını adil küresel işbirliğine tercih ederek kalkınmaya yönelik adaletsizlikleri artırma riski taşımaktadır. Bu çalışma, Yeşil Anlaşma'nın finansal ve teknolojik destek, tarihsel adaletsizliklere yönelik onarıcı mekanizmalar ve kapsayıcı uyum zaman çizelgelerini vurgulayan eşitlik odaklı bir mercekle yeniden düzenlenmesini savunmaktadır. AB, bu yapısal eşitsizlikleri ele alarak Yeşil Mutabakatını adil ve işbirliğine dayalı bir sürdürülebilirlik modeline dönüştürebilir. Bu tür reformların benimsenmemesi, anlaşmayı kolektif çevresel ilerleme için bir çerçeve olmaktan ziyade ekonomik ve hukuki bir hegemonya aracına indirgeme riski taşır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Avrupa Birliği Yeşil Mutabakatı Uluslararası Hukuk Eleştirel Hukuk Çalışmaları Takosonomi Yeşil Dönüşüm

Kaynakça

  • Albrecht, Peter, Kwesi Aning, Marie Ladekjær Gravesen, and Dzodzi Tsikata. “Green Exploitation Is Still Exploitation.” Danish Institute for International Studies, November 16, 2023. https://www.diis.dk/en/research/green-exploitation-is-still-exploitation.
  • “Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes.” Opened for signature March 22, 1989. UNEP. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/8385/-Basel%20Convention%20on%20the%20Control%20of%20Transboundary%20Movements%20of%20Hazardous%20Wastes%20-20113644.pdf?sequence=2&%3BisAllowed=.
  • Biresselioğlu, Mehmet, Berfu Solak, and Zehra Funda Savaş. “Framing the Impacts of the European Green Deal: Reflections on the EU as a ‘Normative Power’ and Beyond.” Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 23 (July 30, 2023): 91–134. https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1439839.
  • Bogojević, Sanja. “The European Green Deal, the Rush for Critical Raw Materials, and Colonialism.” Transnational Legal Theory 15, no. 4 (September 16, 2024): 600–615. https://doi.org/10.1080/20414005.2024.2399408.
  • Bryner, Nicholas. “The Green New Deal and Green Transitions.” Vermont Law Review 44, no. 4 (2020): 723–76.
  • Claar, Simone. “Green Colonialism in the European Green Deal: Continuities of Dependency and the Relationship of Forces between Europe and Africa.” Culture, Practice & Europeanization 7, no. 2 (2022): 262–74. https://doi.org/10.5771/2566-7742-2022-2-262.
  • Clarke, Robin. “Problems.” European Environment Agency, November 23, 2020. https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/92-827-5122-8/page014.html.
  • Directorate-General for Communication. “Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence.” European Commission, 2024. https://commission.europa.eu/business-economy-euro/doing-business-eu/sustainability-due-diligence-responsible-business/corporate-sustainability-due-diligence_en.
  • ———. “The European Green Deal.” European Commission, 2024. https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en.
  • Directorate-General for Financial Stability, “EU Taxonomy: Complementary Climate Delegated Act to Accelerate Decarbonisation.” European Commission, February 2, 2022. https://finance.ec.europa.eu/publications/eu-taxonomy-complementary-climate-delegated-act-accelerate-decarbonisation_en.
  • ———. “The European Green Bond Standard – Supporting the Transition.” European Commission. Accessed January 29, 2025. https://finance.ec.europa.eu/sustainable-finance/tools-and-standards/european-green-bond-standard-supporting-transition_en.
  • Directorate-General for Taxation and Customs Union. “Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism.” European Commission, November 4, 2024. https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism_en.
  • Durmaz, Günseli. “European Green Deal from a Neo-Gramscian Perspective: A Case of Green Trasformismo.” PhD Thesis, 2024. https://open.metu.edu.tr/handle/11511/109116.
  • European Commission. “Directive on Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence - Frequently Asked Questions.” European Commission, July 25, 2024. https://commission.europa.eu/document/download/7a3e9980-5fda-4760-8f25-bc5571806033_en?filename=240719_CSDD_FAQ_final.pdf.
  • ———. “The European Green Deal,” December 11, 2019. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:b828d165-1c22-11ea-8c1f-01aa75ed71a1.0002.02/DOC_1&format=PDF.
  • European Parliament and of the Council. “Directive (EU) 2022/2464 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 Amending Regulation (EU) No 537/2014, Directive 2004/109/EC, Directive 2006/43/EC and Directive 2013/34/EU, as regards Corporate Sustainability Reporting,” December 14, 2022. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32022L2464.
  • ———. “Directive (EU) 2024/1760 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 June 2024 on Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence and Amending Directive (EU) 2019/1937 and Regulation (EU) 2023/2859,” June 13, 2024. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2024/1760/oj.
  • ———. “Directive 2014/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 Amending Directive 2013/34/EU as regards Disclosure of Non-Financial and Diversity Information by Certain Large Undertakings and Groups Text with EEA Relevance,” October 22, 2014. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2014/95/oj/eng.
  • ———. “Regulation (EU) 2019/2088 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2019 on Sustainability‐Related Disclosures in the Financial Services Sector,” November 27, 2019. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/2088/oj/eng.
  • ———. “Regulation (EU) 2020/852 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2020 on the Establishment of a Framework to Facilitate Sustainable Investment, and Amending Regulation (EU) 2019/2088,” June 18, 2020. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2020/852/oj/eng.
  • ———. “Regulation (EU) 2021/1119 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 June 2021 Establishing the Framework for Achieving Climate Neutrality and Amending Regulations (EC) No 401/2009 and (EU) 2018/1999 (‘European Climate Law’),” June 30, 2021. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32021R1119.
  • ———. “Regulation (EU) 2023/956 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 10 May 2023 Establishing a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism,” May 10, 2023. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=uriserv%3AOJ.L_.2023.130.01.0052.01.ENG&toc=OJ%3AL%3A2023%3A130%3ATOC.
  • Falkner, Robert. Environmentalism and Global International Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
  • Heiba, Serag. “How the EU Green Deal Perpetuates Climate Colonialism.” Earth.org, February 3, 2021. https://earth.org/eu-green-deal-perpetuates-climate-colonialism/.
  • Herzig, Christian, and Stefan Schaltegger. “Corporate Sustainability Reporting.” In Sustainability Communication, edited by Jasmin Godemann and Gerd Michelsen, 151–69. Springer, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1697-1_14.
  • “International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL).” Opened for signature November 2, 1973. International Maritime Organization. https://wwwcdn.imo.org/localresources/en/KnowledgeCentre/ConferencesMeetings/Documents/MARPOL%201973%20-%20Final%20Act%20and%20Convention.pdf.
  • International Finance Corporation. “SBFN Toolkit: Sustainable Finance Taxonomies.” Sustainable Banking and Finance Network, 2024. https://www.sbfnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/SBFN-Toolkit_Sustainable-Finance-Taxonomies.pdf.
  • Koskenniemi, Martti. “International Law and Hegemony: A Reconfiguration.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 17, no. 2 (July 2004): 197–218. https://doi.org/10.1080/0955757042000245852.
  • Krämer, Nicole. “The Global Impact of EU Taxonomy on Non-EU Green Taxonomies.” Greenomy, April 28, 2022. https://www.greenomy.io/blog/eu-taxonomy-global-impact.
  • Krawchenko, Tamara Antonia, and Megan Gordon. “How Do We Manage a Just Transition? A Comparative Review of National and Regional Just Transition Initiatives.” Sustainability 13, no. 11 (May 28, 2021): 6070–85. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116070.
  • Krisch, Nico. “International Law in Times of Hegemony: Unequal Power and the Shaping of the International Legal Order.” European Journal of International Law 16, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): 369–408. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejil/chi123.
  • Leonard, Mark, Jean Pisani-Ferry, Jeremy Shapiro, Simone Tagliapietra, and Guntram Wolff. “The Geopolitics of the European Green Deal.” Policy Contribution, no. 4 (February 2021). https://www.bruegel.org/policy-brief/geopolitics-european-green-deal.
  • Magacho, Guilherme, Etienne Espagne, and Antoine Godin. “Impacts of the CBAM on EU Trade Partners: Consequences for Developing Countries.” Climate Policy 24, no. 2 (April 13, 2023): 243–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2023.2200758.
  • Mastanduno, Michael. “Hegemony in International Law.” Oxford Bibliographies Online Datasets, August 30, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199796953-0141.
  • Neusteurer, David. “The Concept of Green Economy and Its Role in Hegemonic Neoliberal Capitalism.” Socijalna Ekologija 25, no. 3 (2016): 311–24. https://doi.org/10.17234/socekol.25.3.5.
  • Newell, Richard G., William A. Pizer, and Daniel Raimi. “Carbon Markets: Past, Present, and Future.” Annual Review of Resource Economics 6, no. 1 (November 10, 2014): 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-resource-100913-012655.
  • Pleeck, Samuel , and Ian Mitchell. “The EU’s Carbon Border Tax: How Can Developing Countries Respond?” Center For Global Development | Ideas to Action, November 15, 2023. https://www.cgdev.org/blog/eus-carbon-border-tax-how-can-developing-countries-respond.
  • Płonka-Bielenin, Katarzyna, and Anna Staszewska. “Assumptions and Consequences of the Introduction of the European Green Deal.” In Interaction of Law and Economics: Sustainable Development, edited by Vojtech Bartos, 158–66. Sciendo, 2024. https://doi.org/10.2478/9788367405331-018.
  • Ringel, Marc, Nils Bruch, and Michèle Knodt. “Is Clean Energy Contested? Exploring Which Issues Matter to Stakeholders in the European Green Deal.” Energy Research & Social Science 77 (July 2021): 102083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102083.
  • Sands, Philippe. “Environmental Protection in the Twenty-First Century: Sustainable Development and International Law.” In the Global Environment, edited by Norman J. Vig and Regina S. Axelrod, 116–37. London: Routledge, 2023.
  • Sandström, Camilla. “Green Transformation or Green Colonialism – Contrasting Perspectives on How to Address the Climate and Nature Crisis.” Tidsskriftet Utmark, 2024.
  • Sikora, Alicja. “European Green Deal – Legal and Financial Challenges of the Climate Change.” ERA Forum 21, no. 4 (November 3, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-020-00637-3.
  • Solidar. “Global Green Deal: How Can the EU Lead a Fair and Just Transition Worldwide?,” December 19, 2024. https://www.solidar.org/news-and-statements/global-green-deal-how-can-the-eu-lead-a-fair-and-just-transition-worldwide/.
  • Stevis-Gridneff, Matina, and Somini Sengupta. “Europe Calls Gas and Nuclear Energy ‘Green.’” The New York Times, July 6, 2022, sec. World. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/06/world/europe/eu-green-energy-gas-nuclear.html.
  • T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı. “Türkiye Yeşil Taksonomi Yönetmeliği Taslağı.” T.C. Çevre, Şehircilik ve İklim Değişikliği Bakanlığı. Accessed January 29, 2025. https://iklim.gov.tr/taslaklar-i-2124.
  • “The Paris Agreement.” Opened for signature December 12, 2015. United Nations. https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/convention/application/pdf/english_paris_agreement.pdf.
  • Vela Almeida, Diana, Vijay Kolinjivadi, Tomaso Ferrando, Brototi Roy, Héctor Herrera, Marcela Vecchione Gonçalves, and Gert Van Hecken. “The ‘Greening’ of Empire: The European Green Deal as the EU First Agenda.” Political Geography 105 (August 1, 2023): 102925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2023.102925.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Avrupa Birliği Ekonomisi, Uluslararası ve Karşılaştırmalı Hukuk (Diğer), Avrupa Birliği, Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Onur Uraz 0000-0003-1761-049X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 16 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 11 Kasım 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Ocak 2025
Kabul Tarihi 1 Nisan 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Uraz, Onur. “Green Transition Laws of the European Union: A New International Legal Tool to Sustain Global Economic Inequality and Developmental Injustice?”. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi 24, sy. 2 (Temmuz 2025). https://doi.org/10.32450/aacd.1630147.

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Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi (AAÇD) Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.