10
October
2025

Detecting and addressing labour exploitation - A guide for labour inspectors

Labour inspectors are essential for enforcing workers’ rights and for detecting and addressing labour exploitation. Together, the European Labour Authority (ELA) and the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) have developed a guide for workplace inspectors on how to detect labour exploitation. This guide is a practical tool for labour inspectors. It focuses on non-national workers in the EU who work in a country other than their own. Such workers are particularly vulnerable to labour exploitation. The guide is also accompanied by a leaflet that summarises the detailed information provided in this guide.
Overview

The guide:

  • explains the different forms of labour exploitation;
  • summarises the rights that EU law grants to specific categories of non-national workers;
  • guides inspectors on how to speak to these workers;
  • helps to identify signs of labour exploitation;
  • suggests how to support victims of labour exploitation.

This guide covers the following categories of workers: 

  • EU nationals and nationals from Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway or Switzerland who are exercising their right to work and to provide services across the EU.
  • Third country workers, meaning workers who do not have the nationality of an EU Member State, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway or Switzerland. 

The guide is based on ELA’s training manual on labour exploitation and labour law violations and FRA’s 2024 training manual on how workplace inspectors can protect third-country workers’ rights. To protect workers’ rights in practice, labour inspectors can actively: 

  • inform workers of their rights, keeping in mind that different categories of workers have different rights;
  • identify labour exploitation and refer victims to support services;
  • help workers to receive back payments and collect evidence to support workers’ claims;
  • inform workers on how to lodge a complaint against labour law violations.