Social:Aghul language

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Short description: Northeastern Caucasian language
Aghul
агъул чӀал Template:Tlit
Native toNorth Caucasus, also spoken in Azerbaijan
RegionSoutheastern Dagestan
EthnicityAghuls
Native speakers
33,182 (2020 census)[1]
Northeast Caucasian
Cyrillic
Official status
Official language in
Russia
  • Dagestan
Regulated byGamzata Tsadasa Institute of Language, Literature and Art (ru)
Language codes
ISO 639-3agx
Glottologaghu1260  Aghulic[2]
aghu1253[3]
  Aghul
Agul is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)

Aghul is a Lezgic language spoken by the Aghuls in Azerbaijan and Southern Dagestan in Russia. It is spoken by about 33,200[1] people (2020 census).

Classification

Aghul belongs to the Eastern Samur group of the Lezgic branch of the Northeast Caucasian language family. Glottolog splits the Aghul language between the Qushan/Koshan group and other Aghul dialects due to the Qushan dialects being unintelligible with the other dialects.

Geographic distribution

In 2002, Aghul was spoken by 28,300 people in Russia, mainly in Southern Dagestan, as well as 32 people in Azerbaijan.[4]

There are nine languages in the Lezgian language family, namely: Aghul, Tabasaran, Rutul, Lezgian, Tsakhur, Budukh, Kryts, Udi and Archi.

Phonology

Aghul has contrastive epiglottal consonants.[5] Aghul makes, like many Northeast Caucasian languages, a distinction between tense consonants with concomitant length and weak consonants. The tense consonants are characterized by the intensiveness (tension) of articulation, which naturally leads to a lengthening of the consonant, so they are traditionally transcribed with the length diacritic. The gemination of the consonant itself does not create its tension, but morphologically tense consonants often derive from adjoining two single weak consonants. Some[which?] Aghul dialects have a large number of permitted initial tense consonants.[5]

Vowels

Vowels of Aghul[6]
Front Central Back
Close i ɯ u
Mid e
Open a

Consonants

Consonant phonemes of Aghul[7]
Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn-
geal 		Glottal
plain sib. plain lab.
Nasal m n
Plosive/
Affricate 		voiced b d d͡ʒ d͡ʒʷ ɡ ʔ
voiceless fortis pː tː t͡sː t͡ʃː t͡ʃʷː kː qː
lenis p t t͡s t͡ʃ t͡ʃʷ k q
ejective pʼ tʼ t͡sʼ t͡ʃʼ t͡ʃʷʼ kʼ qʼ
Fricative voiceless fortis fː sː ʃː ʃʷː xː χː
lenis f s ʃ ʃʷ x χ
voiced v z ʒ ʒʷ ʁ ʢ ɦ
Trill r ʜ
Approximant l j
  • The glottal stop transcribed here is named rather ambiguously a "glottalic laryngeal" by the source.

Alphabet

The Aghul alphabet was devised in the 1990s. Ever since then, it has been used as a language of education, with primers, textbooks, and dictionaries published.[8]

А а Б б В в Г г Гъ гъ Гь гь ГӀ гӏ Д д
Дж дж Е е Ё ё Ж ж З з И и Й й К к
Кк кк Къ къ Кь кь КӀ кӏ Л л М м Н н О о
П п Пп пп ПӀ пӏ Р р С с Т т Тт тт ТӀ тӏ
У у Уь уь Ф ф Х х Хъ хъ Хь хь ХӀ хӏ Ц ц
ЦӀ цӏ Ч ч Чч чч ЧӀ чӏ Ш ш Щ щ ъ ӏ
ы ь Э э Ю ю Я я

Grammar

Case

There are four core cases: absolutive, ergative, genitive, and dative, as well as a large series of location cases. All cases other than the absolutive (which is unmarked) and ergative take the ergative suffix before their own suffix.

Adjectives

Independent and predicative adjectives take number marker and class marker; also, case if used as nominal. As attribute they are invariable. Thus idžed "good", ergative, idžedi, etc. -n, -s; pl. idžedar; but Idže insandi hhuč qini "The good man killed the wolf" (subject in ergative case).

Pronouns

Personal pronouns

Aghul Tokip
Singular Plural Singular Plural
1 zun čin (ex), xin (in) či (ex), xi (in) či, xi
2 wun čun čun ču

Sample text

Script error: No such module "Interlinear".

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Том 5. «Национальный состав и владение языками». Таблица 7. Население наиболее многочисленных национальностей по родному языку
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Aghulic". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/aghu1260. 
  3. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Aghul". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/aghu1253. 
  4. ↑ "Aghul". http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=agx. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:167–168)
  6. ↑ Magometov, Aleksandr Amarovic. 1970. Agul'skij jazyk: (issledovanie i teksty). Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo "Mecniereba".
  7. ↑ Gippert, Jost. "Titus Didactica: North-East Caucasian Consonant Systems". http://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/caucasus/nekklaut.htm#XFN9. 
  8. ↑ "Агульский язык" (in ru). 2022-05-21. https://bigenc.ru/c/agul-skii-iazyk-90e4bb. 

Bibliography



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