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Linguistics Vanguard

A Multimodal Journal for the Language Sciences

Editors-in-Chief: Mingya Liu , Rebecca Starr and Georgia Zellou

Language: English

First published: June 20, 2015

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Objective
Linguistics Vanguard is a new channel for high quality articles and innovative approaches in all major fields of linguistics. This multimodal journal is published solely online and provides an accessible platform supporting both traditional and new kinds of publications. Linguistics Vanguard seeks to publish concise and up-to-date reports on the state of the art in linguistics as well as cutting-edge research papers. With its topical breadth of coverage and anticipated quick rate of production, it is one of the leading platforms for scientific exchange in linguistics. Its broad theoretical range, international scope, and diversity of article formats engage students and scholars alike.

Topics
All topics within linguistics are welcome. The journal especially encourages submissions taking advantage of its new multimodal platform designed to integrate interactive content, including audio and video, images, maps, software code, raw data, and any other media that enhances the traditional written word. The novel platform and concise article format allows for rapid turnaround of submissions. Full peer review assures quality and enables authors to receive appropriate credit for their work. The journal publishes general submissions as well as special collections. Ideas for special collections may be submitted to the editors for consideration ([email protected])

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Your benefits:

Innovative multimodal platform for disseminating scholarship
Concise research articles as well as overview articles
Quick turnaround time from submission to review and acceptance to publication
Covers all areas of linguistics, including interdisciplinary research

Complete Archive Access

As of 2026, all De Gruyter journal subscriptions include access to every issue, from Volume 1, Issue 1 through to today, meaning subscribers can access even more research at no additional cost.

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Some innate characteristics of neural network models of morphological inflection

September 5, 2025

Sarah Payne, Jordan Kodner

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Neural network models of morphological inflection (NNMIs) have seen impressive improvements over the last several decades. These improvements, however, lie in raw accuracy and other practical issues. When the performance of these models is instead compared to that of child learners, many of the shortcomings of the classic models persist in today’s NNMIs: (1) they struggle with generalization across sparse paradigms, (2) they are prone to over-irregularization, and (3) they do not follow child acquisition trajectories. The persistence of these issues suggests that they reflect inherent or “innate” characteristics of NNMIs as a class which are distinct from the characteristics of human language learners. As such, even substantial practical improvements do not necessarily entail increased cognitive plausibility.
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Bilinguals show reduced sensitivity to audience-related considerations in language production: corpus evidence from Mandarin referring expressions

January 28, 2026

Yue Zou, Yike Yang

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It has long been argued that speakers’ choices of linguistic forms during production are influenced by the functional pressures of efficiency and ambiguity avoidance. A reduced form is often easier to produce but can potentially cause ambiguity. Examining bilinguals’ choices between the full and reduced forms can provide valuable insights into how the pressures compete with each other. In the present study, we explore the alternating use of full and reduced forms of Mandarin referring expressions through a multi-factorial analysis on three groups of Mandarin speakers (Cantonese-Mandarin bilinguals, Mandarin-Cantonese bilinguals, and Mandarin monolinguals) to determine whether bilinguals with lower language proficiency can coordinate between production constraints and audience-related considerations. The findings revealed that all three groups of speakers show tendencies of saving effort and avoiding ambiguity in their production of referring expressions. However, bilinguals demonstrated an overuse of reduced forms, which indicates that they are less sensitive to audience-related considerations in language production.
Open Access
Annotation and linguistic analysis of claim types for fact-checking

March 25, 2025

Oliver Deck, Z. Melce Hüsünbeyi, Leonie Uhling, Tatjana Scheffler

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Among the news items circulating in social media, only some contain factual statements, and factual claims can be differentiated by their check-worthiness. We describe the check-worthiness annotation of a novel corpus of claims obtained from real-world submissions to a German fact-checking organization: the German Crowd Claims (GCC) corpus. We iteratively adapted existing annotation guidelines, introducing the novel category of incident/event and a third level of annotation for statements. Exploratory analysis of 35 linguistic surface-level features highlights sentence length as the strongest predictor of check-worthiness, but remains inconclusive for more specific annotation. We therefore investigated the performance of transformer-based models for check-worthiness detection on the GCC corpus, in which classification accuracy was increased by translating the dataset into English, augmenting the dataset by adding additional data from a related task, and enriching the semantics by including related ontology embeddings.
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Engaging to deceive: strategies of synthetic involvement in fake tweets

October 23, 2025

Sylvia Jaworska

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This study investigates the lexico-grammatical and graphemic features of synthetic involvement employed by fake news writers to engage audiences on Twitter (now X). Conceptually, it draws on the linguistic notion of involvement as a form of phatic communication but extends it to include features of digital discourse produced with the intent to manipulate and deceive – hence, synthetic involvement. Methodologically, the study adopts a comparative corpus-based approach to identify features of involvement in a dataset of 13,000 tweets produced by fake accounts operated by the Russian Internet Research Agency. In addition to language markers such as the frequent use of proper nouns, third person present tense reporting verbs associated with standard English, interjections, and personal and possessive pronouns, the study also identifies graphemic features that reflect deliberate attempts to fabricate authenticity, for example, the use of asterisks for inconsistent self-censorship to obscure offensive language. By revealing this wider range of features, the study contributes to the growing body of linguistic research on online disinformation, offering insight into how synthetic involvement is strategically constructed and deployed to deceive and manipulate public opinion.
Open Access
Veracity and register in fake news analysis

April 14, 2025

Bashayer Baissa, Matteo Fuoli, Jack Grieve

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This article addresses two fundamental methodological challenges in linguistic fake news research: how to reliably classify news texts as real versus fake and how to control for register variation when building datasets for comparative analysis. We call for a rethinking of the veracity labels produced by fact-checking services. While fact-checkers remain a valuable resource for identifying fake news texts, their labels are more productively seen as a proxy for the communicative intent of the author, rather than as an absolute measure of veracity. This perspective emphasizes communicative intent as the only viable explanation for systematic linguistic differences between real and fake news and sidesteps the politically charged notion of truth. To address potential confounds caused by register and topic variation, we propose a multipronged comparative approach. This method analyzes fake news alongside real news on the same topic from a variety of news registers, allowing us to isolate linguistic differences driven by intent. We exemplify this approach by building a comparative corpus focused on climate change, vaccinations, and COVID-19, which we make available upon request for other researchers to use.
Open Access
Implicit pragmatic phenomena in headlines of Hungarian health-related fake news

January 30, 2025

Enikő Németh T., Zsuzsanna Németh, Katalin Nagy C.

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Fake news is often designed with clickbait headlines to reach a wide readership. The current work focuses on implicit pragmatic phenomena in fake news headlines, namely implicit arguments, implicit contents in speech acts, and implicatures, in order to add to the findings of earlier research on the topic. It provides a corpus-based analysis of Hungarian health-related fake news headlines. It concludes that (i) implicit arguments in headlines create an information gap and are only used as tools of manipulation to generate clicks; (ii) the intended perlocutionary effect of the headlines that appear as speech acts with incomplete propositional content or implicit illocutionary force is not the effective transfer of information but rather to evoke emotions manipulatively; (iii) the goal of the unfair use of implicatures may be to avoid responsibility. This study reveals that the special combination of explicit and implicit content in fake news headlines can create or widen an information gap, manipulate readers by generating psychological effects, convey false information, and stimulate peripheral processing.
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Social expectations modulate vowel perception in Korean dialect convergence

January 28, 2026

Hwanmin Jung, Grace E. Oh, Jeong-Im Han

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This study investigates how social expectations influence the perception of phonetic convergence in dialectal speech. Using an AXB discrimination task, we tested whether Seoul Korean listeners could detect convergence in North Korean speakers’ vowel productions, and whether this perception was modulated by explicit information about speaker identity. Four vowels (/ɛ/, /ɨ/, /o/, /ʌ/) were selected based on their dialectal salience. In Experiment 1, listeners judged similarity without knowing the speaker’s identity. In Experiment 2, listeners were told the speaker was North Korean. Results showed that convergence was generally perceptible, with /ʌ/ yielding the highest accuracy. However, when dialectal identity was made explicit, perceptual accuracy declined for /o/ and /ʌ/, suggesting that strong top-down expectations hindered categorization of acoustically ambiguous tokens. In contrast, accuracy for /ɛ/ and /ɨ/ marginally improved, consistent with their more flexible phonological status across dialects. These findings support socially enriched models of speech perception, showing that listeners use internalized, socially indexed phonological templates that shape convergence detection. Social cues enhance perception when they align with acoustic input, but disrupt it when expectations override the signal. This study demonstrates the category-specific and dialect-sensitive nature of expectation-driven perception in socially marked speech.
Open Access
This is how to recognize conspiracy theory–based alternative news media: a comparative analysis of style, text structure, and argumentation in alternative news media and mainstream news media

February 7, 2025

Yvette Linders, Jochem Aben, Margot van Mulken

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Conspiracy beliefs are associated with negative outcomes on a personal and societal level. Therefore, it is important to help people recognize texts that might spread conspiracy theories, such as news articles from alternative news media (ANM). In order to do so, insight is needed into the linguistic features of these types of articles. In this paper (i) stylistic, (ii) structural, and (iii) argumentation features are analyzed to see to what extent they might help readers in recognizing ANM. The results demonstrate that (i) ANM use more clickbait features per headline than mainstream media (MSM), but that some clickbait features are used by ANM and MSM alike; that (ii) the last paragraph in ANM often presents an evaluation or opinion, whereas last paragraphs in MSM usually present additional information; and that (iii) the way quotes are used as arguments seems similar at first glance, but a more detailed look might help readers recognize ANM news articles. These results can be used to design educational interventions to help readers in learning to distinguish different types of news sources and be more resilient towards conspiracy theories.
Open Access
Using ATLAS.ti to interpret keyword co-occurrence analysis: a case study on the representation of vaccin* across pseudoscience and conspiracy websites

February 14, 2025

Yuze Sha, Isobelle Clarke

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In this study we use ATLAS.ti to interpret the results of a keyword co-occurrence analysis (KCA) of fake vaccination news. Specifically, KCA is used to uncover the most dominant patterns of co-occurring keywords across a corpus of 37,676 texts from 235 pseudoscience and conspiracy websites that mention vaccin* . KCA enables researchers to examine linguistic patterns of fake news from multiple angles, including discourse, register, style, and attitude. Yet, the interpretation of KCA can be time-consuming, especially when texts are long. Consequently, in this study, we leverage ATLAS.ti’s code co-occurrence analysis functionality, which streamlines and accelerates the interpretation of KCA results by providing access to extended concordances that highlight the patterns of keyword co-occurrence. Taking the second most prominent dimension as a demonstration, we interpret this pattern of keyword variation across our vaccination corpus as distinguishing texts that are questioning the COVID-19 pandemic, especially in relation to higher power control, from texts that are discussing childhood vaccines, especially with respect to the dangers they pose. The implications of these linguistic repertoires in relation to fake news and anti-science strategies are discussed.
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Linguistic approaches to fake news research are growing and maturing: commentary on a special issue

October 13, 2025

Maite Taboada

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This first special issue of Linguistics Vanguard on the language of fake news offers multiple perspectives on the linguistic analysis of fake news and misinformation, with a range of approaches and methodologies, showing the sophistication and maturity of the field. The study of fake news is a flourishing area of research, with contributions from communication, media studies, data science, and natural language processing. The growing body of research in linguistics contributes careful qualitative analyses of the social context of production and interpretation of misinformation, coupled with well-documented techniques from corpus linguistics. This commentary provides a short retrospective of linguistic approaches to fake news and highlights the contributions from the papers in the issue.
Open Access
The negative existential cycle in Turkish Sign Language (TİD)

January 28, 2026

Bahtiyar Makaroğlu

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The evolution of negation is typically characterized as a cyclical process, whereby new constructions emerge to encode existing functions. The current corpus-based study undertakes an investigation into the evolution of the negative existential negator yok ‘non.exist’ in Turkish Sign Language (TİD). It seeks to investigate the applicability of the negative existential cycle as proposed by Croft (1991) and examines its potential as an explanatory framework in understanding the sources and pathways of standard negation. Here it is evidenced that this cycle occurs within a specific language and TİD presents aspects of stage B ∼ C: the existential negator yok gradually substitutes for the verbal negator deĞİl in specific contexts of the grammatical system. The present analysis offers a novel perspective on the comprehensive structure of the TİD negation system. This perspective posits that the existential negator yok does not merely signify the negation of existence; rather, it also functions as a standard negator. The determination is substantiated by the negative existential cycle, establishes a framework for understanding the relationship between existential negation and standard negation.
Open Access
LLMs highlight the importance of interaction in human language learning

September 25, 2025

Ross D. Kristensen-McLachlan, Pablo Contreras Kallens, Morten H. Christiansen

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Recent years have seen large language models (LLMs) achieve impressive performance with core linguistic abilities. This can be taken as a demonstration that, contrary to long-held assumptions about innate linguistic constraints, language can be learned through statistical learning from linguistic input alone. However, statistical language learning in these models differs from human learners in a crucial way: human language acquisition evolved not simply as passive absorption of linguistic input but is instead fundamentally interactive, guided by continuous feedback and social cues. Recent advances in LLM engineering have introduced an additional step in model training that utilizes more human-like feedback in what has come to be known as reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF). This procedure results in models which more closely mirror human linguistic behaviors – even reproducing characteristic human-like errors. We argue that the way RLHF changes the behavior of LLMs highlights how communicative interaction and socially informed feedback, in addition to input-driven statistical learning, can explain fundamental aspects of language learning. In particular, we take LLMs as models of “idealized statistical language learners” and RLHF as a form of “idealized language feedback”, arguing that this perspective offers valuable insights into our understanding of human language development.
Open Access
From neural matter to rapid symbolic learning in brains and artificial neural networks: a brief overview and perspective

October 21, 2025

Rosario Tomasello

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Advances in artificial neural networks (ANNs) have revolutionized the way we work, learn, and acquire information, achieving human-level capabilities. Yet, ANNs differ fundamentally from the human brain in how symbolic knowledge is acquired, typically requiring extensive training to form stable internal representations. In contrast, the human brain exhibits exceptional ability to instantaneously map new words to their referents, a process known as “fast mapping”, considered a fundamental mechanism underlying symbol acquisition in early ontogeny. This review provides an overview of neurocognitive research on rapid symbolic learning and examines recent advances in computational modeling approaches aimed at replicating this capability. Models constrained by neurobiological principles known to exist in the human brain are discussed, providing a first step toward neural- and cortical-level explanations of rapid symbolic learning and opening new venues for identifying the neural mechanisms underpinning rapid word acquisition. Archiving these advances may be particularly relevant for guiding the development of sustainable, energy-efficient architectures. A major desideratum from a linguistic and pragmatic perspective involves investigating the neural basis of fast mapping across diverse communicative and pragmatic contexts, an area where current models still fall short.
Open Access
When vowels glottalize without strictly aligning with prosodic boundaries: marking prosodic structure in American and Australian English

January 23, 2026

Jiyoung Jang, Sahyang Kim, Anne Cutler, Taehong Cho

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Vowel glottalization, as voice quality variation, occurs at phrase edges or under prominence, often in conjunction with resolving onsetless syllables or vowel-vowel hiatus. This study examines whether and how voice quality in two varieties of English, American and Australian, is manifested at phrase edges and under prominence in vowels that are neither strictly initial nor final. Analyses of spectral and noise measures show that both varieties utilize voice quality to signal prominence and boundaries, even in non-edge contexts. Specifically, increased glottalization reflects stronger laryngeal articulation in line with domain-initial and prominence-induced strengthening. Conversely, phrase-final positions are characterized by phrase-final creak, which is often observed with phrase-final weakening. While both varieties show similar vowel glottalization usage, Australian English tends to use voice quality more extensively to mark focus than American English, with a greater overall tendency toward glottalization. This suggests that the impressionistic difference perceived in the general use of voice quality between the varieties (more robust glottalized vowels in Australian English) stems from differences in the use of glottalization in marking prosodic structure. These findings underscore the role of non-contrastive voice quality in shaping prosodic structure across varieties while also revealing dialect-specific interactions between phonetics and prosody in its manifestation.
Open Access
Language ideology as fake news

February 4, 2025

Adnan Ajšić

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Fake news has a long history despite coming to the fore of academic debates only recently. The current fake news epidemic is related to the rise in right-wing populism globally, while social media has been central to the rapid spread of misinformation and the corrosive influence of right-wing populist discourses thriving on online conspiracy theories and disinformation campaigns. But does this trend have identifiable historical antecedents? I argue that 1980s and 1990s Serbian nationalist propaganda, especially its deployment of pseudoscientific discourses on language with their underlying language ideologies, may be a direct antecedent and an instructive case study for our understanding of the current wave. The discussion is based upon a corpus of Serbian news published between 2003 and 2008, and the application of advanced methods such as exploratory factor analysis and topic modeling. The findings show that the Central South Slavic language conflict has been characterized by pseudoscientific argumentation deployed as (fake) news. I suggest that there is a link between Central South Slavic ethnolinguistic contestation and contemporary Western far right discourses, contending that pseudoscientific argumentation is a major type of fake news in the service of illiberal causes and should be a central element in analyses of the phenomenon.
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COVID-19 vaccine conspiracy theories, discourses of liberty, and “the new normal” on social media

March 11, 2025

Mark McGlashan, Isobelle Clarke, Matt Gee, Tatiana Grieshofer, Andrew Kehoe, Robert Lawson

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Public distrust in government, pharmaceutical companies, healthcare professions, and medical science and technology has been consistently linked with vaccine rejection. Policymakers, therefore, want to better understand links between distrust of institutions and vaccine refusal. This paper reports on a case study of posts (tweets) to the social media platform Twitter (now X) collected as part of the TRAC:COVID (Trust and Communication: A Coronavirus Online Visual Dashboard) project. The TRAC:COVID dashboard combines methods from corpus linguistics with various visualization techniques to enable users to explore approximately 84 million posts containing reference to COVID-19 published between 1 January 2020 and 30 April 2021 (encompassing the dates of UK coronavirus lockdowns). The dashboard and all sampling considerations (including an overview of the detailed search query used) are available at https://www.traccovid.com. Specifically, the paper analyses a subsample of posts that make reference to vaccines and contain at least one hashtag relating to various categories of dis/misinformation. By employing keyword co-occurrence analysis – a method for examining statistically significant keywords using multiple correspondence analysis – we find that these posts draw on various “discourses of liberty” to protest against perceived infringements on “health freedoms” through the imposition of new norms of behaviour (e.g., mask-wearing).
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Estimating the location and degree of constriction and labial aperture in emphatics in Jordanian Arabic

January 19, 2026

Bilal Alsharif

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Arabic dialects are often anecdotally described as existing on a continuum of guttural quality, driven by varying degrees of pharyngeal constriction. To empirically assess this, we collected phonetic data from two Jordanian dialects: rural and urban. We employ acoustic analysis and various metrics to quantify the upper and lower vocal tracts’ contribution to the production of emphatic sounds. Our analysis specifically aims to estimate the degree and location of articulatory constriction of emphatics in these dialects, and to identify the role of lip aperture in their production. We analyze vowel formants using generalized additive mixed models. Subsequently, we perform an articulatory estimation using the first two formants and their amplitudes to describe the labial posture and overall vocal tract configuration in emphatics. Our findings reveal that the rural dialect exhibits a more pronounced guttural quality, characterized by laryngopharyngeal constriction. In contrast, the urban dialect primarily shows upper pharyngeal (dorsal) constriction. Furthermore, the study reveals a causal relationship between lip protrusion and the degree and location of articulatory constriction of emphatics within the vocal tract.
Open Access
The analysis of utterances with imperative forms in Hungarian health-related fake news

February 24, 2025

Anett Árvay, Katalin Nagy C., Tibor Szécsényi, Enikő Németh T.

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This paper aims to contribute to the linguistic detecting of disinformation by providing a corpus-based form-to-function study of Hungarian health-related fake news. It starts from the hypothesis that there is a difference between fake and real news regarding the use of directives as a potential tool of exerting pressure on readers. The most direct and strongest strategy of performing directives in Hungarian is the use of a verb with an imperative suffix. However, the same suffix can also appear without any directive function in subjunctive structures. In order to determine which function utterances containing verbs with an imperative ending have, a manual pragmatic annotation was carried out in our MedCollect corpus. Three major groups of utterances were distinguished: (i) utterances with directive function, (ii) utterances with discourse function, and (iii) utterances without any directive or discourse function. The results support our hypothesis that fake news contains a significantly higher number of directives performed using this direct strategy due to a higher motivation of placing pressure on readers.
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Diachrony of biclausal causal constructions in Gban

January 23, 2026

Maksim Fedotov

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The paper presents an internal diachronic reconstruction for a certain type of marking found in causal clauses in Gban. Gban has a set of biclausal causal constructions built on the basis of two elements, clause-initial nɛ̰̀… and clause-final …lɛ̌ (cognate with the postposition lɛ̌ ‘because of’ and the noun lɛ̌ ‘matter’). One of these varieties contains both elements, resulting in a frame-like marking “[[ nɛ̰̀ cause lɛ̌ ], consequence ]”, the other two contain only one element: “[[ nɛ̰̀ cause ], consequence ]” and “[[ cause lɛ̌ ], consequence ]”. There is also a consequence construction, again involving a cognate element lɛ̌… , this time clause-initial and meaning ‘therefore’: “[ cause ], [ lɛ̌ consequence ]”, and a set of correlative cause-and-consequence constructions: “[( nɛ̰̀ ) cause ( lɛ̌ )], [ lɛ̌ consequence ]”. Several diachronic scenarios for the emergence of these constructions are discussed. The most plausible scenario states that the element lɛ̌ in all constructions comes from a contraction of a longer (and still attested) unit ȁ lì lɛ̌ , literally ‘it’s because of that ’, and that in the causal constructions, this ( ȁ lì ) lɛ̌ unit appeared via reanalysis from either its medial uses in correlative structures and the consequence construction or from its possible final use, similar to He fell because the floor was slippery, that’s why .
Open Access
From comparative to causal relations: the case of siccome ‘because’ in the history of Italian

June 6, 2024

Emanuela Sanfelici, Sira Rodeghiero

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This article investigates how adverbial causal clauses come into being by tracking the diachronic development of the lexical item siccome ‘because’ from Old to Contemporary Italian. We show that adverbial causal clauses introduced by siccome in Contemporary Italian originate from comparative-similative clauses. By describing the steps of this diachronic change, we demonstrate that in specific contexts the comparative-similative marker has paved the way for a comparison between two events entailing a causal relation. The change is formalized by adopting a free relative clause analysis (Cinque 2020a. On the double-headed analysis of “headless” relative clauses. In Ludovico Franco & Paolo Lorusso (eds.), Linguistic variation: Structure and interpretation , 169–196. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter) to comparative and causal clauses.
Open Access
Causal clauses as source of sentential complementation: cross-linguistic evidence and methodological issues

March 12, 2024

Rodrigo Hernáiz

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In many languages, causal clause markers can also function as – or are formally identical to – complement markers (e.g., Bulgarian če , Twi se , or Latin quod ). This isomorphism is often explained as the result of independent developments from a common source (interrogatives, relativizers, etc.). By contrast, it is also frequently accepted that in some cases the aforementioned identity originates in a type of structural change by which causal clauses are eventually reanalysed as factive complements. However, the nature of the proposed CAUSE > COMPLEMENT development, involving both semantic adjustments and syntactic integration, is not yet fully understood, and it remains unclear how recurrent this phenomenon might be from a cross-linguistic perspective. This article aims to shed light on these questions by analysing diachronic and cross-linguistic data and assessing some of the evidence given for the development of complementation from causal adverbial clauses. The observations reveal significant documentation gaps for postulated models of the emergence of complement clauses and highlight methodological issues that qualify previous explanations about the diachronic relationship between causal and complement clauses.
Open Access
GERMA: a comprehensive corpus of untrustworthy German news

February 10, 2025

Fabio Carrella, Alessandro Miani

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The proliferation of online misinformation undermines societal cohesion and democratic principles. Effectively combating this issue relies on developing automatic classifiers, which require training data to achieve high classification accuracy. However, while English-language resources are abundant, other languages are often neglected, creating a critical gap in our ability to address misinformation globally. Furthermore, this lack of data in languages other than English hinders progress in social sciences such as psychology and linguistics. In response, we present GERMA, a corpus comprising over 230,000 German news articles (more than 130 million tokens) gathered from 30 websites classified as “untrustworthy” by professional fact-checkers. GERMA serves as an openly accessible repository, providing a wealth of text- and website-level data for testing hypotheses and developing automated detection algorithms. Beyond articles, GERMA includes supplementary data such as titles, publication dates, and semantic measures like keywords, topics, and lexical features. Moreover, GERMA offers domain-specific metadata, such as website quality evaluation based on factors like bias, factuality, credibility, and transparency. Higher-level metadata incorporates various metrics related to website traffic, offering a valuable tool into the analysis of online user behavior. GERMA represents a comprehensive resource for research in untrustworthy news detection, supporting qualitative and quantitative investigations in the German language.
Open Access
Fakespeak-RUS: building a corpus of Russian fake news

July 29, 2025

Elizaveta Kibisova, Silje Susanne Alvestad

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This article presents the methodology behind the creation of the Fakespeak-RUS corpus, a dataset of Russian fake and genuine news articles developed as part of the broader Fakespeak project. The most prominent challenge in compiling the corpus relates to the veracity of the articles. A previously used credibility-based approach, which relied on the reputation of news outlets, has been argued to be ineffective: even well-known fake news outlets occasionally publish truthful content, and vice versa. For the Russian data, the surge of low-credibility texts even in fact-checking requires attention to the expertise and potential bias of the fact-checkers. The carefully chosen solution for our corpus is to collect news articles labelled for veracity by the now Estonia-based, formerly Russian, independent fact-checking agency Provereno.Media. Another challenge, stemming from the diversity of the collected texts, lies in building a reference corpus of genuine news, which involves controlling for multiple variables, including source, register, size, authorship, and topic. To address this challenge and construct a quality reference dataset, we gather and verify genuine news articles from the same outlets as those included in the fake news corpus. The corpus is well suited for linguistic research on the language of fake news in Russian.
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Incremental learning of lexically specific morphophonology: an integrative approach

September 24, 2025

Gaja Jarosz

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Acquisition and processing results indicate idiosyncratic, lexical knowledge interacts with productive, grammatical knowledge in systematic ways. Evidence from language processing demonstrates that higher frequency and less productive complex words are more likely to be retrieved holistically from the mental lexicon rather than being decomposed into constituents. Meanwhile, acquisition findings in both natural and artificial languages provide important evidence about the time course of learning and the role that lexical conditioning plays during development. Finally, work in experimental phonology demonstrates adult native speakers have productive knowledge of lexicalized morphophonological patterns, with learners extending lexical trends stochastically to novel forms. Although there have been significant computational advances in modeling the learning of such gradient grammatical generalizations, less attention has been devoted to modeling the joint learning of both the lexical and grammatical components of these systems, their interactions, and their connections to the processing and acquisition findings. This paper examines concrete predictions that two families of existing models of lexical and grammatical learning make across all three of these empirical domains. I show the models already align well with existing processing evidence on lexicalization effects, identify aspects of their predictions requiring further attention, and discuss implications for linguistic theory and computational modeling.
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Learning and generalizing stress patterns with a sequence-to-sequence neural network

September 26, 2025

Brandon Prickett, Joe Pater

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We present the first application of modern neural networks to the well-studied task of learning word stress systems. We tested our adaptation of a sequence-to-sequence network on the Tesar and Smolensky (2000. Learnability in optimality theory . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press) test set of 124 “languages”, showing that it acquires generalizable representations of stress patterns in a very high proportion of runs. We also show that the neural network can learn lexically specified patterns of stress, something constraint-based approaches to stress acquisition require extra mechanisms to accomplish. And finally we demonstrate that the model, in an agent-based simulation, is biased toward systematic patterns of stress, despite having the expressive power to memorize its training data.
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Reintroducing and testing the Probabilistic Sliding Template Model of vowel perception

September 29, 2025

Santiago Barreda, T. Florian Jaeger

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Normalization of the speech signal onto comparatively invariant phonetic representations is critical to speech perception. Assumptions about this process also play a central role in phonetics and phonology. Yet, despite the importance of these assumptions, popular normalization accounts continue to incorrectly assume that the relevant normalization parameters are “known” – for example, because the researcher can estimate them from a fully balanced set of recordings. Listeners, however, have to incrementally infer these parameters from the speech input. We reintroduce a seminal, but still underappreciated, model of this inference process – the Probabilistic Sliding Template Model of vowel normalization and perception (PSTM) – and show why researchers cannot afford to ignore it. We provide the R package STM, which makes it trivial to apply the PSTM to new data. We present the first quantitative assessment of the PSTM against human perception. We show that the model excels at predicting listeners’ vowel categorization behavior, clearly outperforming the popular Lobanov normalization.
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Quoting to deceive: fake quotes and political delegitimization in Spanish far right grassroots disinformation campaigns

April 8, 2025

Agnese Sampietro

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This paper focuses on the deliberate fabrication of quotations attributed to rival politicians by Spanish far right activists and their dissemination on social media (particularly Twitter/X). It argues that such practices can be viewed as attempts to undermine the credibility and legitimacy of political adversaries. The data were obtained from Al Descubierto (http://aldescubierto.org), an organization specializing in tracking disinformation spread in Spain by the far right. This study examines a collection of anti-government disinformation, specifically focusing on the content of fake quotes attributed to government officials or other left-leaning politicians. The analysis uncovers a calculated attempt to portray left-wing politicians as incompetent leaders, thereby undermining their legitimacy to govern the nation. Specifically, it shows that fake quotes can help present politicians as immoral and their policies as irrational. In short, these fabricated quotes are used to erode trust in governing institutions and delegitimize politicians and policy initiatives.
Open Access
Lies in the lexicon: a corpus-based exploration of lexicon in truthful and deceitful narrative accounts

November 5, 2025

Victoria Johansson, Kajsa Gullberg, Roger Johansson

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Corpus linguistic studies have shown that lexicon varies according to linguistic register, and cognitive studies have demonstrated that lexical aspects play a significant role in determining the veracity of people’s accounts. Both lines of research underpin the present study, where the aim is to explore how overall lexical properties (lexical density and lexical diversity, and noun, verb, and adjective density) are related to the veracity of narratives. We make use of a corpus of 576 spoken and written narratives, especially collected with the purpose of investigating linguistic properties in truthful and deceitful accounts. Data were collected in an experiment involving 36 participants who viewed four elicitation films depicting minor misdemeanors, and subsequently recounted the events in both written and spoken formats, resulting in four narrative accounts (two truthful and two deceitful, in which they were asked to alter a critical event regarding “who did it”). The results reveal some significant differences in how verb, noun, and adjective density relate to veracity, but the results are inconclusive. A cautious interpretation is that narrators make use of different lexical strategies depending on veracity but that elicitation material may strongly influence the effects, stressing the difficulties in characterizing deceptive written texts.
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Evaluating learning trajectories of neural morphology acquisition models

September 8, 2025

Jordan Kodner, Salam Khalifa, Sarah Payne, Zoey Liu

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Computational models of morphology acquisition have played a central role in debates over the nature of morphological representations since the origin of the “past tense debate” in the 1980s. The apparent success of recent artificial neural network architectures for morphological inflection in natural language processing has revitalized this debate. However, despite their often good performance, the actual suitability of these advanced neural networks as models of human morphology acquisition remains uncertain. We argue that much of this confusion stems from inconsistent methods of training and evaluation. In this work, we demonstrate that more careful dataset creation and an evaluation combining quantitative analysis and comparison with human development puts the evaluation of neural models on firmer ground.
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Attention-LSTM autoencoder simulation for phonotactic learning from raw audio input

September 8, 2025

Frank Lihui Tan, Youngah Do

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This paper presents a learning simulation of phonotactics using an attention-based long short-term memory autoencoder trained on raw audio input. Unlike previous models that use abstract phonological representations, the current method imitates early phonotactic acquisition stages by processing continuous acoustic signals. Focusing on an English phonotactic pattern, specifically the distribution of aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops, the model implicitly acquires phonotactic knowledge through reconstruction tasks. The results demonstrate the model’s ability to acquire essential phonotactic relations through attention mechanisms, exhibiting increased attention to phonological context which shows higher phonotactic predictability. The learning trajectory begins with a strong reliance on contextual cues to identify phonotactic patterns. Over time, the system internalizes these constraints, leading to a decreased reliance on specific phonotactic cues. This study suggests the feasibility of early phonotactic learning models based on raw auditory input and provides insights into both computational modeling and infants’ phonotactic acquisition.
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Instance memory models as a general computational framework for exploring language processing: bringing the lexicon to life

August 29, 2025

Brendan T. Johns, Randall K. Jamieson, Matthew J.C. Crump, Michael N. Jones

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Instance models have been successfully applied to a range of problems including memory, language, attention, learning, action, decision-making, and categorization. According to instance theory, the individual experience constitutes the fundamental unit of knowledge and knowledge of the general emerges during parallel retrieval from memory. Until recently, applications of instance theory to the problem of language were constrained to small and contrived laboratory experiments. However, recent advances in large-scale computational modeling have allowed the approach to be applied at scale to the large and complicated problem of natural language. With those demonstrations now in hand, we argue that the framework can present an articulate mechanistic underbelly to usage-based theories of language that highlights the role of specific language experience in general language behavior. Overall, this article argues that instance memory models provide an opportunity to gain insight into and deepen our understanding of language as a dynamic and contextually embedded process, serving to bridge the gap between cognitive psychology and the language sciences.
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Is deeper always better? Replacing linear mappings with deep learning networks in the Discriminative Lexicon Model

November 13, 2025

Maria Heitmeier, Valeria Schmidt, Hendrik P.A. Lensch, R. Harald Baayen

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Recently, deep learning models have increasingly been used in cognitive modelling of language. This study asks whether deep learning can help us to better understand the learning problem that needs to be solved by speakers, above and beyond linear methods. We utilize the Discriminative Lexicon Model introduced by Baayen and colleagues, which models comprehension and production with mappings between numeric form and meaning vectors. While so far, these mappings have been linear (linear discriminative learning; LDL), in the present study we replace them with deep dense neural networks (deep discriminative learning; DDL). We find that DDL affords more accurate mappings for large and diverse datasets from English and Dutch, but not necessarily for Estonian and Taiwan Mandarin. DDL outperforms LDL in particular for words with pseudo-morphological structure such as chol + er . Applied to average reaction times, we find that DDL is outperformed by frequency-informed linear mappings (FIL). However, DDL trained in a frequency-informed way (“frequency-informed” deep learning; FIDDL) substantially outperforms FIL. Finally, while linear mappings can very effectively be updated from trial-to-trial to model incremental lexical learning, deep mappings cannot do so as effectively. At present, both linear and deep mappings are informative for understanding language.
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The effects of bidialectalism on cognitive functioning among young and midlife adults in Austria

January 28, 2026

Mason A. Wirtz, Evelyn Roth, Erik Schleef

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One of the most widely debated topics in bilingualism research pertains to the issue of the “bilingual advantage”, that is the idea that regular use of multiple languages can enhance cognitive abilities. A related notion is that control of two typologically very close languages such as a vernacular and standard language variety (i.e., bidialectalism) may foster cognitive control abilities due to the ubiquitous everyday usage of both varieties. We set out to investigate to what extent varying usage of and proficiency in standard German and the Austro-Bavarian vernacular correlate with three measures of cognitive functioning, namely working memory, divided attention, and alertness, among 39 young and midlife adults (aged 21–64). We found that, controlling for sociodemographic features, Austro-Bavarian-dominant bidialectals demonstrated superior performance on the working memory task, but not on the alertness or divided attention tasks. These findings shed new light on the effects of bidialectalism on cognitive functioning in adulthood.
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How the cause and purpose syncretism was lost: the tale of two Russian subordinators

November 20, 2025

Sergey Say

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In early nineteenth-century Russian, two complex subordinators – dlja togo, čto(by) and zatem, čto(by) – exhibited syncretism between cause and purpose. Over the course of the century, this syncretism was lost: while the purpose uses remained frequent, the causal uses largely decayed by the end of the nineteenth century. Based on quantitative corpus data, I trace this shift over the course of the nineteenth century. I argue that the two interpretations were weakly differentiated at the beginning of the century, but gradually became firmly tied with a mood distinction. Eventually, the subjunctive purpose construction, which involves čtoby , remained robust, while its indicative causal counterpart, which involves čto , went out of use. This divergence is explained by the paradigmatic associations with related constructions: notably, the preposition dlja lost its causal meaning, contributing to the decline of dlja togo, čto ; and the interrogative purpose adverbial začem contributed to the retention of the purpose subordinator based on zatem . Finally, the default simplex purpose subordinator čtoby reinforced the complex purpose constructions containing čtoby , especially in focused contexts.
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On the synchrony and diachrony of causal jako-że-clauses in Polish

July 29, 2025

Łukasz Jędrzejowski

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In this article, I examine causal clauses in Polish introduced by the complementizer jako że/iż ‘because’ (lit. ‘as that’). Synchronically, I argue that jako-że/iż -clauses can express distinct reason relations operating on different semantic levels. By focusing on their content interpretation, I provide evidence showing that jako-że/iż -clauses are syntactically integrated adverbial clauses. The main arguments for this claim come from information-structural movement to the left periphery of the matrix clause and quantificational binding. Diachronically, I show that jako could already be used as a causal C-head in Old Polish (up to 1543), and that the declarative complementizer że/iż ‘that’ was incorporated into the causal clause structure in the transition from Old to Middle Polish.

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Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Germany

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National University of Singapore, Singapore

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University of California, Davis, CA, USA

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University of Osnabrück, Germany

Abigail C. Cohn
Cornell University, NY, USA

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University at Buffalo, NY, USA

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Jenny Audring (Leiden University, The Netherlands) [morphology, typology, construction grammar, Germanic]
Wenhao Diao (University of Arizona) [second language learning, sociolinguistics, Chinese]
Daniel Duncan (Newcastle University) [sociolinguistics, sociophonetics, morphosyntactic, varieties of English]
Alice Gaby (Monash University, Australia) [Australian Aboriginal languages, cognitive linguistics, linguistic anthropology]
Roey J. Gafter (Ben-Gurion University, Israel) [sociolinguistics, language variation and change, language & ethnicity, Hebrew]
Lauren Gawne (La Trobe University, Australia) [Gesture, linguistic anthropology, communicating linguistics (lingcomm), Tibeto-Burman languages]
John Gluckman (University of Kansas, USA) [syntax, morphology, fieldwork, African languages (Bantu), Germanic languages]
Mie Hiramoto (National University of Singapore, Singapore) [sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, gender & sexuality]
Ellen Hurst (University of Cape Town, South Africa) [sociolinguistics, language variation, pragmatics. Bantu languages, multilingualism]
Vsevolod Kapatsinski (University of Oregon) [usage-based linguistics, computational cognitive science, experimental and quantitative methods, Russian and English]
Nikolas Koch (Ludwig-Maximilians-Univerität Munich, Germany) [usage-based construction grammar, first and second language acquisition, Bilingualism, German, English]
Jordan Kodner (Stony Brook University, USA) [computational linguistics, language change, child language acquisition, English, Latin]
Mohamed Lahrouchi (CNRS / University Paris 8, France) [phonology, morphology, interface with syntax, Afroasiatic Languages (especially Berber and Semitic)]
Yuhan Lin (Shenzhen University) [sociolinguistics, language variation and change, sociophonetics, Chinese languages]
Mingya Liu (Humboldt University, Germany) [semantics, pragmatics, experimental linguistics, Chinese languages, English, German]
Robert Mailhammer (Western Sydney University, Australia) [historical linguistics, morphology, phonology, Australian Aboriginal languages, Germanic languages]
Hamid Ouali (University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee) [Syntax, Morphology, Language change, Berber, Modern Standard Arabic, Arabic dialects]
Margaret Renwick (University of Georgia, USA) [phonetics, phonology, sociophonetics, varieties of English, Romance languages]
Ioanna Sitaridou (University of Cambridge, UK) [language contact, historical linguistics, variation and change, Greek, Romance languages, Anatolian languages]
Joseph A. Stanley (Brigham Young University) [Sociophonetics, language variation and change, dialectology, methods, varieties of English]
Annemarie Verkerk (Universität des Saarlandes) [typology, corpus linguistics, phylogenetics, quantitative methods, Indo-European, Bantu]
Kofi Yakpo (The University of Hong Kong) [language contact, areal typology, language documentation, Atlantic Basin contact languages (Afro-European creoles and colonial varieties), West Africa (Kwa, Gur, West Benue-Congo), Indo-Aryan]
Yao Yao (Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong) [phonetics, speech production, phonetic variation and sound change, Chinese languages, English]

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2199-174X

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English

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De Gruyter Mouton

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June 20, 2015

eISSN: 2199-174X

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