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On 25 November 2021, the European Commission submitted a proposal to modify Directive 93/109/EC on the right of mobile European Union (EU) citizens – those residing in a Member State of which they are not nationals – to vote and stand as candidates in elections to the European Parliament. Directive 93/109/EC gave EU citizens the same rights to vote and to be elected to the European Parliament as the citizens of the Member State in which they reside. However, Member States have varying rules on the ...

The European Council consists of the 27 Heads of State or Government of the EU Member States, who are voting members, together with the President of the European Council and the President of the European Commission, who have no vote (Article 15(2) Treaty on European Union). The chart shows the current members, the national office they hold, their most recent European political affiliation, and the year their membership began.

On 1 March 2023, as part of the road safety package, the European Commission published a legislative proposal to help ensure EU-wide application of driving disqualifications. The proposal calls for increased cooperation, harmonisation of legislation, simplification of information exchange, capacity-building, and improved public awareness efforts. In order to prevent impunity due to a lack of legislation, the proposal sets out rules to allow better EU-wide enforcement of driver disqualification decisions ...

This paper is prepared in view of a regular public hearing with the Chair of the European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB), Christine Lagarde, which will take place on 3 December 2025. It covers the ESRB’s report on crypto-assets and decentralised finance, recent conclusions from the ESRB General Board meeting, the financial sector’s current risk outlook and broader systemic-risk and financial-stability concerns. The paper also analyses the role of money market funds (MMFs), the Commission’s proposed securitisation ...

This study shows how parliaments in the EU-27 Member States, as well as Canada, Norway, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States, exercise the budgetary control function. While the principles underpinning budgetary control are consistent, practices and cultures differ considerably.

During the November II part-session, Parliament is expected to vote on two reports by the Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO) addressing legislative proposals on third-country interest representation, including a proposal for a directive establishing harmonised requirements on transparency.

During the second November plenary session, the European Parliament is scheduled to vote on a motion for a resolution on the application of the Treaty provisions related to the principles of subsidiarity and proportionality and the role of national parliaments in the EU legislative process. The Committee on Constitutional Affairs (AFCO) adopted its report on 4 November 2025.

Moldova's pro-European Union (EU) result in the September 2025 parliamentary elections has kept the country on its path to modernisation and EU alignment. The new government led by Alexandru Munteanu aims to complete accession negotiations by 2028. Moldova has finished the EU accession screening and expects to be ready to open all negotiating clusters in 2025.

Women continue to be under-represented in EU countries at all levels of political decision-making as well as in political parties. The origins of this situation are complex, but one reason stands out: violence against women active in politics discourages many women from entering the political arena. Female politicians are exposed to two severe and intersecting forms of violence: political violence and gender-based violence. Violence against people active in politics, whether men or women, is a major ...

Child sexual exploitation and sexual abuse are among the worst forms of violence against children and know no borders. The rise in these crimes is exacerbated by the use of digital technology. Harmonised national laws and international cooperation are essential to improve prevention and protect victims. This is a further update of a publication originally drafted by Ingeborg Odink in November 2024.