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Cummingtonite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
This page kindly sponsored by Kerry Gregory, Gemmology Rocks
About Cummingtonite
Formula:
โปMg2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Cummingtonite is defined as a monoclinic amphibole belong to the magnesium-iron-manganese amphibole subgroup.
It is defined with Mg as the dominant element both in the B and C positions.
It is defined with Mg as the dominant element both in the B and C positions.
Colour:
Translucent dark green, brown, grey, colourless
Lustre:
Vitreous
Hardness:
5 - 6
Specific Gravity:
3.1 - 3.6
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Cummingtonite was originally named in 1824 by Chester Dewey for the type locality in Cummington, Massachusetts, USA. Dewey (1824) did not analyze the species, but noted its unusual physical appearance. Actual physical description and chemical analyses for cummingtonite were provided by Thomson (1831) and subsequently improved by Smith and Brush (1853). Leake (1978) published a report assigning cummingtonite the wide range Mg/Mg + Fe = 0.3-0.7. In 2006, Hawthorne and Oberti published new boundaries between cummingtonite and grunerite at Mg:Fe2+ = 1:1. Thus, cummingtonite is not found at its type locality due to cummingtonite's redefinition of the Amphibole subcommittee of the IMA, when amphibole names were arbitrarily redefined to avoid providing data for a new mineral name. Physical and chemical properties formerly ascribed to "cummingtonite" must be considered invalid and a new species description for cummingtonite, as now redefined, is necessary.
Dimorph of:
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
1170
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:1170:5
Similar Names
| Cummingtonite (of Dewey) | (Fe,Mg)7Si8O22(OH)2 | |
| Cummingtonite (of Rammelsberg) | A synonym of Rhodonite | |
| Cummingtonite-(P21 /m) | A structural variant |
IMA Classification of Cummingtonite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
โปMg2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2
Classification of Cummingtonite
9.DE.05
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
E : Inosilicates with 2-periodic double chains, Si4O11; Clinoamphiboles
9 : SILICATES (Germanates)
D : Inosilicates
E : Inosilicates with 2-periodic double chains, Si4O11; Clinoamphiboles
66.1.1.1
66 : INOSILICATES Double-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=2)
1 : Amphiboles - Mg-Fe-Mn-Li subgroup
66 : INOSILICATES Double-Width,Unbranched Chains,(W=2)
1 : Amphiboles - Mg-Fe-Mn-Li subgroup
14.21.6
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
21 : Silicates of Fe and Mg
14 : Silicates not Containing Aluminum
21 : Silicates of Fe and Mg
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAโCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAโCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAโCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Cum | IMAโCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAโCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Cum | Kretz (1983) | Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277โ279. |
| Cum | Siivolam & Schmid (2007) | Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download |
| Cum | Whitney & Evans (2010) | Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185โ187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371 |
| Cum | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Pronunciation of Cummingtonite
Pronunciation:
| Play | Recorded by | Country |
|---|---|---|
| Jolyon Ralph | United Kingdom |
Physical Properties of Cummingtonite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Translucent dark green, brown, grey, colourless
Streak:
Nd
Hardness:
5 - 6 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
on {110}
on {110}
Density:
3.1 - 3.6 g/cm3 (Measured) 3.3 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Cummingtonite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.639 - 1.671 nβ = 1.647 - 1.689 nγ = 1.664 - 1.708
2V:
Measured: 65° to 90°, Calculated: 70° to 90°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.025 - 0.037
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ยตm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ยตm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v or r < v
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
X = Y = colorless; Z = pale green.
Chemistry of Cummingtonite
Mindat Formula:
โปMg2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2
Cummingtonite is defined as a monoclinic amphibole belong to the magnesium-iron-manganese amphibole subgroup.
It is defined with Mg as the dominant element both in the B and C positions.
Cummingtonite is defined as a monoclinic amphibole belong to the magnesium-iron-manganese amphibole subgroup.
It is defined with Mg as the dominant element both in the B and C positions.
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Common Impurities:
Mn,Ca,Al,Ti,Na,K
Crystallography of Cummingtonite
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
2/m - Prismatic
Space Group:
B2/m
Setting:
C2/m
Cell Parameters:
a = 9.53 Å, b = 18.23 Å, c = 5.32 Å
β = 101.97°
β = 101.97°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.523 : 1 : 0.292
Unit Cell V:
904.16 ร
ยณ (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
2
Twinning:
Simple or multiple twinning parallel to {100}
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0001789 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Smyth J R (1996) Crystal structure of a P2_1/m ferromagnesian cummingtonite at 140 K American Mineralogist 81 363-368 |  | 1996 | 0 | 295 | |
| 0001970 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Hazen R M, Prewitt C T, Finger L W, Lu R, Hemley R J (1998) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic studies of the C2/m-P2_1/m phase transition in cummingtonite American Mineralogist 83 288-299 | | 1998 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001754 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Hirschmann M M (1995) Crystal structure of P2_1/m ferromagnesian amphibole and the role of cation ordering and composition in the P2_1/m - C2/m transition in cummingtonite American Mineralogist 80 916-922 | | 1995 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001753 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Hirschmann M M (1995) Crystal structure of P2_1/m ferromagnesian amphibole and the role of cation ordering and composition in the P2_1/m - C2/m transition in cummingtonite American Mineralogist 80 916-922 | | 1995 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001752 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Hirschmann M M (1995) Crystal structure of P2_1/m ferromagnesian amphibole and the role of cation ordering and composition in the P2_1/m - C2/m transition in cummingtonite American Mineralogist 80 916-922 | | 1995 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001266 | Cummingtonite | Ghose S, Yang H (1989) Mn-Mg distribution in a C2/m manganoan cummingtonite: Crystal-chemical considerations American Mineralogist 74 1091-1096 | | 1989 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000145 | Cummingtonite | Fischer K F (1966) A further refinement of the crystal structure of cummingtonite (Mg,Fe)7(Si4O11)2(OH)2 American Mineralogist 51 814-818 | | 1966 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0001788 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Smyth J R (1996) Crystal structure of a P2_1/m ferromagnesian cummingtonite at 140 K American Mineralogist 81 363-368 | | 1996 | 0 | 140 | |
| 0001971 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Hazen R M, Prewitt C T, Finger L W, Lu R, Hemley R J (1998) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic studies of the C2/m-P2_1/m phase transition in cummingtonite American Mineralogist 83 288-299 | | 1998 | 0.6 | 293 | |
| 0001972 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Hazen R M, Prewitt C T, Finger L W, Lu R, Hemley R J (1998) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic studies of the C2/m-P2_1/m phase transition in cummingtonite American Mineralogist 83 288-299 | | 1998 | 1.1 | 293 | |
| 0001973 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Hazen R M, Prewitt C T, Finger L W, Lu R, Hemley R J (1998) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic studies of the C2/m-P2_1/m phase transition in cummingtonite American Mineralogist 83 288-299 | | 1998 | 1.32 | 293 | |
| 0001974 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Hazen R M, Prewitt C T, Finger L W, Lu R, Hemley R J (1998) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic studies of the C2/m-P2_1/m phase transition in cummingtonite American Mineralogist 83 288-299 | | 1998 | 2.97 | 293 | |
| 0001975 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Hazen R M, Prewitt C T, Finger L W, Lu R, Hemley R J (1998) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic studies of the C2/m-P2_1/m phase transition in cummingtonite American Mineralogist 83 288-299 | | 1998 | 5.09 | 293 | |
| 0001976 | Cummingtonite | Yang H, Hazen R M, Prewitt C T, Finger L W, Lu R, Hemley R J (1998) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic studies of the C2/m-P2_1/m phase transition in cummingtonite American Mineralogist 83 288-299 | | 1998 | 7.9 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 8.30 ร | (100b) |
| 3.06 ร | (90) |
| 3.26 ร | (80) |
| 2.754 ร | (70) |
| 1.403 ร | (60) |
| 9.12 ร | (50) |
| 2.623 ร | (50) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 3a: Earthโs earliest Hadean crust | >4.50 |
| 8 : Mafic igneous rocks | |
| Stage 4a: Earthโs earliest continental crust | >4.4-3.0 |
| 19 : Granitic intrusive rocks | |
| 20 : Acidic volcanic rocks | |
| Stage 5: Initiation of plate tectonics | <3.5-2.5 |
| 39 : High-๐ metamorphism (blueschist, eclogite, ultrahigh ๐ facies) | |
| 41 : Mantle metasomatism |
Geological Setting:
Commonly occurs in medium-grade regionally metamorphosed rocks; characteristic of metamorphosed iron formations; also as a late-stage mineral in some gabbros and norites; rarely in silicic
volcanic rocks.
volcanic rocks.
Synonyms of Cummingtonite
Other Language Names for Cummingtonite
Dutch:Cummingtoniet
Italian:Cummingtonite
Polish:Cummingtonit
Russian:ะัะผะผะธะฝะณัะพะฝะธั
Simplified Chinese:้้้ช็ณ
้้้ช็ณ
้้้ช็ณ
Ukrainian:ะัะผัะฝะณัะพะฝัั
Relationship of Cummingtonite to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Magnesium-iron-manganese Amphibole Subgroup:
| Anthophyllite Root Name Group | โป{B2}{C5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Orth. |
| Gedrite Root Name Group | โปB2+2(C2+3C3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 | Orth. |
| Grunerite | โปFe2+2Fe2+5(Si8O22)(OH)2 | Mon. 2/m : B2/m |
| Papikeite Root Name Group | NaB2+2(C2+3Al2)(Si5Al3)O22(OH)2 | |
| Suenoite Root Name Group | โปB2C5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
Forms a series with:
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 6 photos of Cummingtonite associated with Rhodonite | CaMn3Mn[Si5O15] |
| 4 photos of Cummingtonite associated with Corkite | PbFe3+3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6 |
| 4 photos of Cummingtonite associated with Chlorite Group | |
| 4 photos of Cummingtonite associated with Garnet Group | X3Z2(SiO4)3 |
| 4 photos of Cummingtonite associated with Magnetite | Fe2+Fe3+2O4 |
| 3 photos of Cummingtonite associated with Talc | Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 |
| 2 photos of Cummingtonite associated with Spessartine | Mn2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 2 photos of Cummingtonite associated with Fluorophlogopite | KMg3(Si3Al)O10F2 |
| 1 photo of Cummingtonite associated with Almandine | Fe2+3Al2(SiO4)3 |
| 1 photo of Cummingtonite associated with Pyroxmangite | Mn2+SiO3 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 9.DE. | Shojiite | Na(NaMg)Mg5Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE. | Clino-suenoite | โปMn2+2(Mg5)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE. | Mangani-eckermannite | NaNa2(Mg4Mn3+)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.05 | 'Permanganogrunerite' | โป{Mn2+2}{Mn2+5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.05 | Ferri-fluoro-leakeite | NaNa2(Mg2Fe3+2Li)(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.05 | Grunerite | โปFe2+2Fe2+5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.05 | Clino-holmquistite Root Name Group | โปLi2(C2+3C3+2)(Si8O22)w2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Actinolite | โปCa2(Mg4.5-2.5Fe0.5-2.5)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Fluoro-cannilloite | CaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si5Al3)O22F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Joesmithite | Pb2+Ca2(Mg3Fe3+2)(Si6Be2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Clino-ferro-suenoite | โปMn2+2(Fe2+5)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Fluoro-tremolite | โปCa2Mg5(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | 'Parvo-manganotremolite' | โป{CaMn2+}{Mg5}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Magnesio-ferri-hornblende | โปCa2(Mg4Fe3+)[(Si7Al)O22](OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-ferri-hornblende | โปCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | 'Ferro-cannilloite' | CaCa2(Fe2+4Al)(Si5Al3O22)OH2 |
| 9.DE.10 | 'Ferro-ferri-cannilloite' | CaCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si5Al3O22)OH2 |
| 9.DE.10 | 'Ferro-fluoro-actinolite' | โป{Ca2}{Fe5}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | 'Ferro-fluoro-hornblende' | โปCa2(Fe2+4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Magnesio-ferri-fluoro-hornblende | โปCa2(Mg4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | 'Ferro-ferri-fluoro-hornblende' | โปCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | 'Ferri-fluoro-tschermakite' | โป{Ca2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | 'Ferro-ferri-fluoro-tschermakite' | โป{Ca2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | 'Ferro-fluoro-tschermakite' | โป{Ca2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | 'Fluoro-tschermakite' | โป{Ca2}{Mg3Al2}(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | 'Magnesio-fluoro-hornblende' | โปCa2(Mg4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Tremolite | โปCa2Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | 'Ferro-ferri-tschermakite' | โป{Ca2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | 'Cannilloite' | CaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si5Al3O22)OH2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Tschermakite | โปCa2(Mg3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Magnesio-hornblende | โปCa2(Mg4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | 'Ferri-tschermakite' | โปCa2(Mg3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-actinolite | โปCa2Fe2+5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-hornblende | โปCa2(Fe2+4Al)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.10 | Ferro-tschermakite | โปCa2(Fe2+3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-chloro-pargasite | KCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22Cl2 |
| 9.DE.15 | 'Ferro-fluoro-pargasite' | (Na)(Ca2)(Fe2+4Al)(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | 'Potassic-ferro-chloro-edenite' | KCa2Fe2+5(AlSi7O22)Cl2 |
| 9.DE.15 | 'Ferro-ferri-sadanagaite' | NaCa2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Hastingsite | NaCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Fluoro-edenite | NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Magnesio-fluoro-hastingsite | NaCa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-fluoro-hastingsite | KCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-chloro-hastingsite | KCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22Cl2 |
| 9.DE.15 | 'Unnamed (F-dominant analogue of Ferri-kaersutite)' | (Na,K)Ca2[Mg3(Fe3+,Fe2+)Ti](Si6Al2O22)(F,O)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Edenite | NaCa2Mg5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-sadanagaite | KCa2(Mg3Al2)(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferri-kaersutite | NaCa2(Mg3Fe3+Ti)(Si6Al2O22)O2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-pargasite | KCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-ferro-sadanagaite | KCa2(Fe2+3Al2)(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Kaersutite | NaCa2(Mg3AlTi4+)(Si6Al2)O22O2 |
| 9.DE.15 | 'Ferro-chloro-pargasite' | NaCa2(Fe2+4Al)(Al2Si6O22)Cl2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-fluoro-pargasite | KCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-ferro-ferri-sadanagaite | KCa2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Fluoro-pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Al)(Si6Al2)O22F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | 'Parvo-mangano-edenite' | {Na}{CaMn2+}{Mg5}(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-fluoro-edenite | NaCa2Fe2+5(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Mangani-pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Mn3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Sadanagaite | NaCa2(Mg3Al2)(Si5Al3O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Magnesio-hastingsite | NaCa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | 'Ferri-sadanagaite' | NaCa2(Mg3Fe3+2)(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | 'Ferro-sadanagaite' | NaCa2(Fe3Al2)(Al3Si5O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | 'Ferri-fluoro-sadanagaite' | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Al3Si5O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | 'Ferro-ferri-fluoro-sadanagaite' | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Al3Si5O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | 'Ferro-fluoro-sadanagaite' | {Na}{Ca2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | 'Fluoro-sadanagaite' | {Na}{Ca2}{Mg3Al2}(Al3Si5O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | 'Potassic-chloro-sadanagaite' | KCa2(Mg3Al2)(Al3Si5O22)Cl2 |
| 9.DE.15 | 'Potassic-ferro-chloro-sadanagaite' | KCa2(Fe2+3Al2)(Al3Si5O22)Cl2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-edenite | NaCa2Fe2+5(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Oxo-magnesio-hastingsite | NaCa2(Mg3(Fe3+2-x,Tix))5(Si6Al2O22)O2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-ferro-pargasite | KCa2(Fe2+4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-hastingsite | KCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | 'Fluoro-hastingsite' | NaCa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Potassic-magnesio-hastingsite | KCa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Vanadio-pargasite | NaCa2(Mg3+4V)(Al2Si6)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | 'Ferro-kaersutite' | NaCa2(Fe2+3AlTi)(Si6Al2O22)O2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Chromio-pargasite | NaCa2(Mg4Cr)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.15 | Ferro-pargasite | NaCa2(Fe2+4Al)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Ghoseite' | โป[Mn2+Na][Mg4Al]Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Potassic-ferro-taramite | K(CaNa)(Fe2+3Al2)(Si6Al2)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferri-fluoro-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Mg4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Barroisite | โป(CaNa)(Mg3Al2)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Fluoro-richterite | Na(CaNa)Mg5(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Potassic-ferro-ferri-taramite | K(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Potassic-ferri-katophorite' | K(CaNa)(Mg4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Potassic-ferro-richterite' | K(CaNa)Fe2+5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Potassic-fluoro-richterite | K(CaNa)Mg5(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Potassic-richterite | K(CaNa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferri-ghoseite | โป(Mn2+Na)(Mg4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Fluoro-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Mg3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Ferro-ferri-fluoro-katophorite' | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Richterite | Na(CaNa)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferri-winchite | โป(NaCa)(Mg4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Fluoro-katophorite' | Na(CaNa)(Mg4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Hjalmarite | Na(NaMn)Mg5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Clinoferroholmquistite' | โปLi2[Fe2+3Al2]Si8O22(OH,F)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+4Al)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Taramite | Na(CaNa)(Mg3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Potassic-fluoro-katophorite' | K(CaNa)(Mg4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Ferro-fluoro-katophorite' | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+4Al)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferri-katophorite | Na(CaNa)(Mg4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Ferro-ferri-barroisite' | โป(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferri-taramite | Na(CaNa)(Mg3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Potassic-ferro-ferri-katophorite' | K(CaNa)(Fe2+4Fe3+)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Ferro-ferri-winchite' | โป(CaNa)(Fe2+4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Winchite | โป(CaNa)(Mg4Al)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Ferro-fluoro-richterite' | {Na}{CaNa}{Fe2+5}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Fluoro-winchite' | โป(CaNa)(Mg4Al)(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Ferro-fluoro-winchite' | โป{CaNa}{Fe2+4Al}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Ferri-barroisite' | โป(CaNa)(Mg3Fe3+2)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Ferro-ferri-taramite' | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Ferri-fluoro-barroisite' | โป{CaNa}{Mg3Fe3+2}(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Ferro-fluoro-barroisite' | โป{CaNa}{Fe2+3Al2}(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Ferro-ferri-fluoro-barroisite' | โป{CaNa}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Fluoro-barroisite' | โป{CaNa}{Mg3Al2}(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-ferri-katophorite | Na(NaCa)(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si7Al)O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Ferri-fluoro-taramite' | Na(CaNa)(Mg3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Ferro-ferri-fluoro-taramite' | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Ferro-fluoro-taramite' | Na(CaNa)(Fe2+3Al2)(Al2Si6O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Potassic-ferri-taramite' | K(CaNa)(Mg3Fe3+2)(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Magnesiotaramite' | {Na}{CaNa}{Mg3AlFe3+}(Al2Si6O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Ferro-barroisite' | โป(CaNa)(Fe2+3Al2)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Scandio-winchite | โป(NaCa)(Mg4Sc)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Ferro-richterite | Na(CaNa)Fe2+5(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | Katophorite | Na(CaNa){Mg4Al)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.20 | 'Ferro-winchite' | โป(CaNa)(Fe2+4Al)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Clino-sodic-fluoro-holmquistite' | {Na}{Li2}{Mg4Al}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-nybรธite | NaNa2(Fe2+3,Mg)Fe3+2)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Clino-ferro-ferri-holmquistite | โปLi2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Oxo-pargasite' | NaCa2(Mg3(Al2-xTix))5(Si6Al2O22)O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Ferri-nybรธite' | NaNa2(Mg3Fe3+2)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Ferro-ferri-leakeite' | NaNa2(Fe2+2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-fluoro-leakeite | NaNa2(Fe2+2Fe3+2Li)(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferri-leakeite | NaNa2(Mg2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Fluoro-pedrizite | NaLi2(Mg2Al2Li)(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Eckermannite | NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Arfvedsonite | NaNa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Mangano-ferri-fluoro-leakeite' | NaNa2(Mn2+2Fe3+2Li)(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferri-obertiite | NaNa2(Mg3Fe3+Ti)Si8O22O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Riebeckite | โปNa2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Unnamed (Possible K-analogue of Ferri-obertiite)' | KNa2((Mg,Fe,Na)3Fe3+(Ti,Fe))Si8O22(O,F)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite | NaNa2(Mg4Fe3+)[Si8O22]F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Ferro-fluoro-glaucophane' | โป[Na2][Fe2+3Al2]Si8O22F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Oxo-mangani-leakeite | NaNa2(Mn3+4Li)Si8O22O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Fluoro-leakeite | NaNa2(Mg2Al2Li)(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Nybรธite | NaNa2(Mg3Al2)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Sodic-ferri-clinoferroholmquistite' | Na0.5{Li2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Potassic-arfvedsonite | KNa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Potassic-mangano-mangani-ungarettiite' | KNa2(Mn2+2Mn3+3)Si8O22O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Potassic-jeanlouisite | K(NaCa)(Mg4Ti)Si8O22O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferri-pedrizite | NaLi2(Mg2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Glaucophane | โปNa2(Mg3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-fluoro-pedrizite | NaLi2(Fe2+2Al2Li)[Si8O22]F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Potassic-ferri-leakeite | KNa2(Mg2Fe3+2Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Potassic-magnesio-fluoro-arfvedsonite | KNa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Mangani-obertiite | NaNa2(Mg3Mn3+Ti4+)Si8O22O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Scandio-fluoro-eckermannite | NaNa2(Mg4Sc)(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Ferro-eckermannite' | NaNa2(Fe2+4Al)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-pedrizite | NaLi2(Fe2+2Fe3+2Li)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Pedrizite' | NaLi2(LiMg2Al2)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-pedrizite | NaLi2(Fe2+2Al2Li)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Potassic-mangani-leakeite | KNa2(Mg2Mn3+2Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Clino-fluoro-holmquistite' | โป{Li2}{Mg3Al2}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-ferri-obertiite | NaNa2(Fe2+3Fe3+Ti)Si8O22O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Magnesio-riebeckite | โปNa2(Mg3Fe3+2)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Potassic-magnesio-arfvedsonite | KNa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Fluoro-nybรธite | NaNa2(Mg3Al2)(AlSi7O22)(F,OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Mangano-ferri-eckermannite | NaNa2(Mn2+4Fe3+)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Fluoro-glaucophane' | โป[Na2][Mg3Al2]Si8O22F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Fluoro-riebeckite | โปNa2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Magnesio-fluoro-riebeckite | โปNa2(Mg3Fe3+2)(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Fluoro-eckermannite' | NaNa2(Mg4Al}Si8O22F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Ferro-fluoro-eckermannite' | NaNa2(Fe2+4Al}Si8O22F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Fluoro-arfvedsonite' | NaNa2(Fe2+4Fe3+)Si8O22F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Magnesio-arfvedsonite | NaNa2(Mg4Fe3+)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Ferri-fluoro-nybรธite' | NaNa2(Mg3Fe3+2)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Ferro-ferri-fluoro-nybรธite' | NaNa2(Fe2+3Fe3+2)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Ferro-glaucophane | โปNa2(Fe2+3Al2)Si8O22(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Ferro-fluoro-nybรธite' | NaNa2(Fe2+3Al2)(AlSi7O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Mangani-dellaventuraite | NaNa2(MgMn3+2Ti4+Li)Si8O22O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Ferro-leakeite' | NaNa2(Fe2+2Al2Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Leakeite' | NaNa2(Mg2Al2Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Potassic-leakeite' | KNa2(Mg2Al2Li)(Si8O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Ferri-fluoro-pedrizite' | NaLi2(LiMg2Fe3+2)(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Ferro-ferri-fluoro-pedrizite' | NaLi2(LiFe2+2Fe3+2)(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Ferro-nybรธite' | NaNa2(Fe2+3Al2)(AlSi7O22)(OH)2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Clino-ferro-ferri-fluoro-holmquistite' | โป{Li2}{Fe2+3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | Mangano-mangani-ungarettiite | NaNa2(Mn2+2Mn3+3)(Si8O22)O2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Clino-ferri-fluoro-holmquistite' | โป{Li2}{Mg3Fe3+2}(Si8O22)F2 |
| 9.DE.25 | 'Clino-ferro-fluoro-holmquistite' | โป{Li2}{Fe2+3Al2}(Si8O22)F2 |
Other Information
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Cummingtonite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-1170.html
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References for Cummingtonite
Reference List:
Klein, Cornelis (1964) Cummingtonite-grunerite series: A chemical, optical and x-ray study. American Mineralogist, 49 (7-8) 963-982
Fischer, Karl F. (1966) A further refinement of the crystal structure of cummingtonite, (Mg,Fe)7(Si4O11)2(OH)2. American Mineralogist, 51 (5-6) 814-818
Das Gupta, S. P. (1972) Coexisting hornblende and cummingtonite from the Khetri copper belt, Rajasthan, India. Mineralogical Magazine, 38 (299) 890-893 doi:10.1180/minmag.1972.038.299.13
Ghose, Subrata, Hexiong, Yang (1989) Mn-Mg distribution in a C2/m manganoan cummingtonite: Crystal-chemical considerations. American Mineralogist, 74 (9-10) 1091-1096
Smelik, Eugene A., Veblen, David R. (1991) Exsolution of cummingtonite from glaucophane: A new orientation for exsolution lamellae in clinoamphiboles. American Mineralogist, 76 (5-6) 971-984
Hirschmann, Marc, Evans, Bernard W., Yang, Hexiong (1994) Composition and temperature dependence of Fe-Mg ordering in cummingtonite-grunerite as determined by X-ray diffraction. American Mineralogist, 79 (9-10) 862-877
Klein, Ulrich, Sharp, Thomas G., Schumacher, John C. (1997) Analytical electron microscopy of nanometer-scale hornblende lamellae; low-temperature exsolution in cummingtonite. American Mineralogist, 82 (11) 1079-1090 doi:10.2138/am-1997-11-1205
Yang, Hexiong, Hazen, Robert M., Prewitt, Charles T., Finger, Larry W., Ren, Lu, Hemley, Russell J. (1998) High-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopic studies of the C2/m-P21/m phase transition in cummingtonite. American Mineralogist, 83 (3) 288-299 doi:10.2138/am-1998-3-412
Ballaranl, Tiziana Boffa, Angel, Ross J., Carpenter, Michael A. (2000) High-pressure transformation behaviour of the cummingtonite-grunerite solid solution. European Journal of Mineralogy, 12 (6) 1195-1213 doi:10.1127/ejm/12/6/1195
Reece, J. J., Redfern, S. A. T., Welch, M. D., Henderson, C. M. B. (2000) Mn-Mg disordering in cummingtonite: a high-temperature neutron powder diffraction study. Mineralogical Magazine, 64 (2) 255-266 doi:10.1180/002646100549166
Domeneghetti, M. C., Boffa Ballaran, T., Carpenter, M. A. (2001) Phase transition and mixing behaviour of the cummingtonite-grunerite solid solution. Physics and Chemistry of Minerals, 28 (2) 87-101 doi:10.1007/s002690000140
Ballaran, Tiziana Boffa, Carpenter, Michael A., Domeneghetti, M. Chiara (2004) Order parameter variation through the C2/m-P21/m phase transition in cummingtonite. American Mineralogist, 89 (11-12). 1717-1727 doi:10.2138/am-2004-11-1218
Hawthorne, F. C., Oberti, R. (2006) On the classification of amphiboles. The Canadian Mineralogist, 44 (1) 1-21 doi:10.2113/gscanmin.44.1.1
Hawthorne, F. C., Oberti, R., Harlow, G. E., Maresch, W. V., Martin, R. F., Schumacher, J. C., Welch, M. D. (2012) Nomenclature of the amphibole supergroup. American Mineralogist, 97 (11) 2031-2048 doi:10.2138/am.2012.4276
Hawthorne, Frank C.; Lapierre, Andrew R.; Abdu, Yassir; Oberti, Roberta; Day, Maxwell C. (2025) Cummingtonite-(P21/m): Crystal structure refinement, Mรถssbauer spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy, and some aspects of classification of the magnesium iron manganese amphiboles. Mineralogical Magazine, 89 (3). 411-420 doi:10.1180/mgm.2025.14
Localities for Cummingtonite
Showing 433 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
โ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Antarctica | |
| Godard et al. (2017) |
| Schlรผter et al. (2011) |
Australia | |
| Teals et al. (2006) |
| Warren et al. (1974) |
| Pigott et al. (1984) |
| - (2023) +1 other reference |
| Newmont Mining Corporation | |
| ref: AmMin 47:360 |
| - (1998) |
| www.centrexmetals.com.au (n.d.) |
| www.centrexmetals.com.au (n.d.) | |
| Noble et al. (1983) |
| www.centrexmetals.com.au (n.d.) |
| Sorrell (n.d.) |
| Bottrill & Taheri |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| Bottrill et al. (2008) |
| R Bottrill | |
| Steffen Robertson & Kirsten Pty Ltd (2004) |
| Nepean Nickel Deposit +2 other references |
| Porter Geo International Study Tour ... |
| www.portergeo.com.au (2003) |
| Hassan (2017) |
| MinMag 66 (6) |
| Downes et al. (2002) | |
| Maggie Hays Nickel Mineralization +2 other references |
| Collins et al. (2012) |
| Neil Phillips et al. (1998) |
| Econ Geol (1988) |
| Marston (1984) |
| Grguric et al. (2018) |
| Hassan (2014) |
| Eilu (2003) |
| Phillips et al. (1984) | |
| Fraser Gold Deposit +3 other references |
Austria | |
| G.Blaร |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| Niedermayr et al. (1995) |
| J. E. Zirkl: Der Karinthin 43/44:175-188 (1961) |
| Gรถtzinger (1981) +2 other references |
| Schermann (1971) |
| Altenberger et al. (2026) |
| Kolitsch et al. (2018) |
| Arthofer et al. (2009) |
Bolivia | |
| Rivas et al. (1998) |
Brazil | |
| Soares et al. (2025) |
| Uchรดa Filho et al. (2025) |
| Misi et al. (1999) |
| [[1]]Santos et al. (2020) |
| de Oliveira et al. (2003) |
| Palermo et al. (2008) |
| Williams et al. (2008) |
| Porter Geoconsultancy website | |
| Teixeira (2014) |
| Salgado et al. (2019) |
| Huang et al. (2022) |
| Dreher et al. (2008) | |
| Oliveira et al. (2025) | |
| Stama et al. (2026) |
| Souza Neto et al. (2008) |
Burkina Faso | |
| Neybergh et al. (1980) |
Cameroon | |
| Soh Tamehe et al. (2021) |
Canada | |
| Manor et al. (2014) |
| Ghent et al. (1990) |
| Elliott-Meadows et al. (2000) |
| Menard et al. (1996) | |
| Duff (2016) |
| Paktunc (1984) |
| Klein (1966) |
| Chakraborty (1963) |
| Whitty (2007) |
| Agnico Eagle Mines Limited |
| Econ Geol (1989) |
| Markland et al. (UNK) |
| Mueller (1997) |
| Brand et al. (2009) |
| Olivier Langelier Collection |
| Galley et al. (2000) |
| Normand (2001) +1 other reference |
| Mathieu et al. (2022) |
| Canadian Mineralogist 31 +2 other references |
| Moorhouse et al. (1963) |
| Thomson et al. (1981) |
| May 1984 +4 other references |
| Williams (1990) |
| Banerjee et al. (2026) |
| Coombe Geoconsultants Ltd. (1991) |
| Steadman et al. (2015) +1 other reference | |
China | |
| Castelli et al. (1998) |
| Yi et al. (2024) |
| Proceedings 30th Intl Geol Cong Vol 16 ... |
| USGS Open-File Report 03-220 |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) | |
| Qing-chang (1981) |
| Han et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Pan et al. (2026) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| wrgis.wr.usgs.gov (2004) |
| Zhaochong Zhang et al. (2008) |
| Wang et al. (2006) |
Czech Republic | |
| Mochnacka et al. (2002) |
| Josef Vajdak (2002) |
| Prachař +7 other references |
Dominican Republic | |
| Saumur et al. (2013) |
Egypt | |
| Helmy et al. (1995) |
Ethiopia | |
| Mogessie (2003) |
Eurasian Plate | |
| Lu et al. (2026) |
Finland | |
| Aumo |
| Le Vaillant et al. (2016) |
| Molnรกr et al. (2017) |
| Peltonen et al. (2008) |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2007 ... |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2007 ... | |
| Mรคki (1997) |
| Geological Survey of Finland ... |
| Mรคki (1997) | |
| Papunen et al. (1985) |
| Papunen (1985) |
| Hytรถnen (1999) |
| Geological Survey of Finland 2008. ... |
| Kรคrkkรคinen et al. (1999) |
| Eilu (2003) |
| Geological Survey of Finland Liipola-N ... |
France | |
| |
| |
| D'Arco et al. (1985) |
| Arliguie M collection |
| De Ascenรงรฃo Guedes et al. (2002) | |
| Abdel-Karim et al. (1989) |
Georgia | |
| Kumladze et al. (2024) |
Ghana | |
| Addae et al. (2026) |
| AmMin 46:642 |
Greece | |
| Tombros et al. (2023) |
Greenland | |
| Mott et al. (2013) |
| Cao (2016) |
| Dymek (1987) +1 other reference |
| Petersen et al. (1993) | |
| Friend (1982) |
Guyana | |
| AmMin 57:1540 |
India | |
| Econ Geol (1994) |
| Pant et al. (2008) |
| Soni et al. (1991) |
| Soni et al. (1991) | |
| Pichamuthu (1950) |
| Khan et al. (1992) |
| Narayanan Kutty et al. (1977) |
| Sarkar et al. (1980) |
| Mineralogical Magazine (1967) +1 other reference |
| Baidya et al. (2018) |
| Deb (1980) |
| Deb (1980) | |
| Deb (1980) +1 other reference | |
| Singh et al. (2023) |
Indonesia | |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
Italy | |
| Martin et al. (1989) |
| Piccoli et al. (2007) |
| Boriani A. (1965) +3 other references |
| Bosi et al. (2018) |
Japan | |
| Kobayashi H (1977) +1 other reference |
| Dr Kazumi Yokoyama analyses |
| Uchida (1983) |
| - (n.d.) +4 other references |
| ๅฅฅๆๆป. (1986) |
| Matsubara (2003) |
| Fuzimoto (2006) |
| Nishiyama (1983) |
| Aikawa (1979) | |
| Analyses by Dr Kazumi Yokoyama |
| Analyses by Dr Hideki Masago |
| Analyses by Dr Hideki Masago |
| photo in: Koubutsu Doshikai (2017) |
| Kato (2009) |
| Akira Kato (2011) |
Kosovo | |
| Lauf (2013) |
Libya | |
| GOUDARZI. G.H. (1970) |
Madagascar | |
| Behier (1963) |
Mauritania | |
| Denver Region Exploration Geologists ... |
| Kolb et al. (2006) | |
Mexico | |
| Megaw (2023) |
New Zealand | |
| Railton et al. (1990) | |
| NZJGG |
| NZJGG | |
| NZJGG | |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Service (1937) |
| Railton et al. (1990) |
| Topping et al. (1973) |
| Railton et al. (1990) | |
| Mason (1953) |
| Mason et al. (1) | |
Nigeria | |
| Mรผcke et al. (2015) |
Norway | |
| Barton et al. (1984) |
| Maijer et al. (1987) |
| Markus Reime collection +1 other reference |
| Nilsen et al. (1972) |
| Nilsen et al. (1972) | |
| Nilsen et al. (1972) | |
| Nilsen et al. (1972) | |
| Nilsen et al. (1972) | |
| Nilsen et al. (1972) | |
| Eskola (1921) |
| Geological Survey of Norway. The Ore ... |
| Carstens (1919) +2 other references |
| Nordrum et al. (1981) |
| Bรธe (2001) |
| Nilsen (1971) |
| Witsรธ (1995) |
| Lappin et al. (1978) |
Papua New Guinea | |
| Gonzalez-Alvarez et al. (2013) |
Philippines | |
| Fire and Mud: Eruptions and Lahars of ... +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Lis et al. (1986) |
Romania | |
| HรRTOPANU et al. (2025) |
| Hรขrtopanu et al. (1996) +1 other reference |
| minerals-of-the-carpathians.eu (2008) |
Russia | |
| Belykh et al. (2007) |
| Belykh et al. (2007) |
| Belykh et al. (2007) | |
| Korinevsky et al. (2021) |
| Talovina et al. (2003) |
| Novakov et al. (2021) |
| Tararin et al. (2007) | |
| Tararin et al. (2007) | |
| Zhmodik et al. (2016) |
| Yakich et al. (2020) |
| ะะตะบะธะฝ (2010) +1 other reference | |
| ... |
| Golikov et al. (1999) |
| Mitrofanov et al. (1990) |
| Grant et al. (2001) |
| Gvozdev (2001) |
| Barkov et al. (2001) |
| Barkov et al. (2004) | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| [World of Stones 12:49] | |
| USGS Open File Report 2005-1252 p11 |
| Grigorโeva et al. (2018) |
| Sklyarov et al. (2023) | |
| Gregor Borg et al (2001) |
| Prokofโev et al. (2007) |
Saint Lucia | |
| D'Arco et al. (1985) |
Slovakia | |
| Pauliลก |
| Radvanec M. and Gonda S. (2020) |
| Kodฤra et al. (1986) | |
| ล arinovรก et al. (2018) |
South Africa | |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| Rozendaal et al. (2017) |
South Korea | |
| Kinosaki (1941) |
Spain | |
| gr-mulhacen.foroactivo.com (n.d.) |
| Oen et al. (1980) |
| Romero Silva (2003) +1 other reference |
| Oen et al. (1980) |
| Joan Abella i Creus (2012) |
| |
| Williams (1983) |
| Williams (1983) | |
Sweden | |
| Jansson (2001) |
| Lasskogen (2010) +1 other reference |
| |
| รhman et al. (2000) |
| |
| Wilke (1976) |
| |
| |
| Wilke (1997) |
| Wilke (1997) | |
| Wilke (1997) | |
| Sundius (1924) |
| |
| Geijer (1927) |
| |
| Econ Geol (1992) | |
| Gatedal (n.d.) |
| |
| Gavelin |
| |
| |
| |
| Magnusson (1940) |
| |
| Damman (1989) |
| |
| Magnusson (1929) |
| Magnusson (1929) | |
| Magnusson (1929) | |
| Magnusson (1929) | |
| Magnusson (1929) | |
| Magnusson (1929) | |
| |
| |
| Gavelin (1945) | |
| |
Switzerland | |
| SEM-EDS |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tanzania | |
| Indiana Resources |
UK | |
| Golley et al. (1995) |
| Golley et al. (1995) | |
| Sikazwe et al. (2014) |
| Render (n.d.) | |
Ukraine | |
| Soลnicka et al. (2026) |
| Poliakovska et al. (2023) |
| Alexander Babynin & Eugenia Slivko (1999) +1 other reference |
| Baranov et al. (2009) +1 other reference | |
| Wikipedia |
| Wikipedia |
USA | |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| Cook et al. (1982) |
| ... |
| The-Vug.com Collecting Minerals of La ... |
| Daniel Hummer Collection +1 other reference |
| Galbraith (1959) |
| AmMin 21:607 | |
| Murdoch (1966) |
| Leo (1967) +2 other references |
| Spry et al. (2022) |
| U.S. Geological Survey Professional ... +1 other reference |
| Berke et al. (2023) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Spry et al. (2022) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Spry et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Eckel et al. (1997) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Journal of Petrology (1991) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) +2 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Spry et al. (2022) |
| Robinson (1825) +1 other reference |
| Harvard Mineralogical Museum |
| Harvard Mineralogical Museum | |
| Schooner (circa 1985) |
| Ague (1995) |
| Cook (1978) |
| Van Gosen (2005) | |
| Cook (1978) | |
| Cook (1978) |
| Windom et al. (1991) |
| King et al. (1994) |
| ... | |
| ... | |
| ... | |
| keck.wooster.edu (n.d.) |
| W. B. Thompson et al. (2005) |
| Rocks & Min.: 21:144-145 +1 other reference |
| Lincks (1978) |
| Dewey (1824) +2 other references |
| Quinn (1945) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| Morris (1983) |
| Rocks & Minerals: 61:328. +1 other reference |
| Slaughter (2023) |
| Heinrich et al. (2004) |
| - (2005) |
| David Frank and Lorraine Edmond (2001) |
| - (2005) |
| Immega et al. (1976) |
| Tucker (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Econ Geol (1997) |
| Koschmann et al. (1968) | |
| USGS Prof Paper 999 | |
| AmMin 85:1606ยญ1616 |
| Morrill (1960) | |
| Dunn (1995) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| NMGS 21st Field Conference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| John H. Betts (2009) |
| gsa.confex.com (2003) | |
| NY State Museum spec. no. 18106 |
| Lupulescu et al. (2011) |
| Stapor | |
| Winter et al. (1981) |
| Stapor | |
| Wood (1996) |
| Absher and McSween H.Y Jr |
| Swanson (2008) | |
| Stapor | |
| Gordon - Min. Penn. (1922) |
| Cox (1985) |
| - (2005) |
| Am Min (1936) |
| - (2005) |
| - (2005) |
| Koschmann et al. (1968) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| - (2005) | |
| Paris (2011) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) |
| Rocks & Min. Vol. 71 (1996) | |
| Veblen et al. (1978) +1 other reference |
| SPEAR (1982) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Cannon (1975) |
| Myers et al. (1974) |
| Kimball +1 other reference |
| Hollister (1982) |
| Cordua (1998) |
| Adams (1996) |
| Cordua (1998) |
| Loucks (1976) |
Zambia | |
| MacIntyre (2019) |
Zimbabwe | |
| Bahnemann |
| Frei (2005) |
| - (2002) +1 other reference |
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Birkeland mines, Sauda, Rogaland, Norway