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Parisite-(Ce)
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Parisite-(Ce)
Formula:
CaCe2(CO3)3F2
Colour:
Brown, brownish-yellow, waxy yellow, gray-yellow; colourless to yellow in transmitted light.
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous, Pearly
Hardness:
4½
Specific Gravity:
4.33 - 4.39
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Member of:
Name:
Named parisite in honor of José Ignacio París Ricaurte, former manager of the Muzo emerald mine, Muzo, Colombia (lessee of the mine from 1828-1848). The suffix/modifier was added by the IMA in 1987 to conform to the Levinson rule for species with essential REE, indicating, in this case, predominant cerium.
Crystals pseudohexagonal, oscillatory and sceptered due to intergrowths parallel to the pseudo-{0001) with Bastnäsite-(Ce), Synchysite-(Ce), Röntgenite-(Ce) and Cordylite.
Polytypes 2M (very common), 3R and 6R are known or proposed.
The Ce-analogue of Parisite-(Nd) and Parisite-(La).
Very rare; can be distinguished from Synchysite-(Ce) only by analytical methods. Also chemically similar to röntgenite-(Ce).
Compare UM1998-04-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-05-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-06-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-07-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-08-CO:CaCeF, and UM1998-09-CO:CaCeF.
Polytypes 2M (very common), 3R and 6R are known or proposed.
The Ce-analogue of Parisite-(Nd) and Parisite-(La).
Very rare; can be distinguished from Synchysite-(Ce) only by analytical methods. Also chemically similar to röntgenite-(Ce).
Compare UM1998-04-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-05-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-06-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-07-CO:CaCeF, UM1998-08-CO:CaCeF, and UM1998-09-CO:CaCeF.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3120
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3120:8
Similar Names
| Arisite | ||
| Arisite-(Ce) | A valid IMA mineral species | NaCe2(CO3)2[F2x(CO3)1-x]F |
| Arisite-(La) | A valid IMA mineral species | NaLa2(CO3)2[F2x(CO3)1-x]F |
| Parasite | A synonym of Boracite | |
| Parisite | A group of related mineral species | Ca(Ce/La/Nd/REE)2(CO3)3F2 |
| Parisite-(La) | A valid IMA mineral species | CaLa2(CO3)3F2 |
| Parisite-(Nd) | A valid IMA mineral species | Ca(Nd,Ce,La)2(CO3)3F2 |
| Pearceite | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | [Ag6As2S7][Ag9CuS4] |
| Priceite | A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered | Ca2B5O7(OH)5 · H2O |
IMA Classification of Parisite-(Ce)
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA status notes:
Renamed by the IMA
IMA Formula:
CaCe3+2(CO3)3F2
Approval year:
1987
Classification of Parisite-(Ce)
5.BD.20b
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
D : With rare earth elements (REE)
5 : CARBONATES (NITRATES)
B : Carbonates with additional anions, without H2O
D : With rare earth elements (REE)
16a.1.5.1
16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
1 : (AB)(XO3)Zq
16a : ANHYDROUS CARBONATES CONTAINING HYDROXYL OR HALOGEN
1 : (AB)(XO3)Zq
12.1.11
12 : Carbonates with other anions
1 : Carbonates with halides
12 : Carbonates with other anions
1 : Carbonates with halides
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Pst-Ce | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Pst | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Parisite-(Ce)
Vitreous, Resinous, Pearly
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Comment:
Lustre pearly on the {0001} parting.
Colour:
Brown, brownish-yellow, waxy yellow, gray-yellow; colourless to yellow in transmitted light.
Hardness:
4½ on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Distinct/Good
On {0001} (or parting) present at times apparently due to alteration.
On {0001} (or parting) present at times apparently due to alteration.
Fracture:
Splintery, Sub-Conchoidal
Density:
4.33 - 4.39 g/cm3 (Measured) 4.38 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Parisite-(Ce)
Type:
Uniaxial (+)
RI values:
nω = 1.676 nε = 1.757
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.081
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized uniaxial interference figure - the conoscopic
(convergent-light, Bertrand-lens-in) view, for a grain cut with the optic axis
centred and vertical. The coloured rings are isochromatics, computed with the
same physics as the Michel-Lévy bar above; the dark cross is the isogyre.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
For a genuinely uniaxial mineral viewed this way, that cross stays perfectly stationary if you rotate the stage - unlike a biaxial mineral, where it splits apart on rotation. That invariance is itself the standard diagnostic test for telling uniaxial and biaxial minerals apart at the microscope.
Pleochroism:
Weak
Comments:
O = Light yellow
E = Golden yellow
Absorption E > O.
E = Golden yellow
Absorption E > O.
Chemistry of Parisite-(Ce)
Mindat Formula:
CaCe2(CO3)3F2
Element Weights:
Common Impurities:
Y,Sr
Crystallography of Parisite-(Ce)
Crystal System:
Monoclinic
Class (H-M):
m - Domatic
Space Group:
Bb
Setting:
Cc
Cell Parameters:
a = 12.305 Å, b = 7.1056 Å, c = 28.2478 Å
β = 98.246°
β = 98.246°
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.732 : 1 : 3.975
Unit Cell V:
2,444.30 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
12
Morphology:
Crystals commonly acute double hexagonal pyramids; prismatic in appearance at times due to oscillatory combination of steep pyramids. True prism faces are either lacking or are very small. Also trigonal (or possibly rhombohedral in development). Elongated crystals have locally enlarged portions at times, or have sceptre-like terminations. Lateral faces are striated or deeply grooved. {0001} very commonly present as small faces, large at times.
Comment:
Space group Cc. Pseudohexagonal.
Crystal Structure
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Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0002349 | Parisite-(Ce) | Ni Y, Post J E, Hughes J M (2000) The crystal structure of parisite-(Ce), Ce2CaF(CO3)3 sample: from Muso Mine, Columbia American Mineralogist 85 251-258 |  | 2000 | 0 | 293 | |
| 0000060 | Parisite-(Ce) | Donnay G, Donnay J D H (1953) The crystallography of bastnaesite, parasite, roentgenite, and synchisite American Mineralogist 38 932-963 | | 1953 | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 14.03 Å | (40) |
| 3.565 Å | (100) |
| 2.838 Å | (100) |
| 2.060 Å | (80) |
| 1.938 Å | (60) |
| 1.882 Å | (50) |
| 1.658 Å | (50) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 4b: Highly evolved igneous rocks | >3.0 |
| 34 : Complex granite pegmatites | |
| 35 : Ultra-alkali and agpaitic igneous rocks | |
| 36 : Carbonatites, kimberlites, and related igneous rocks |
Geological Setting:
It occurs as an accessory mineral in differentiated alkalic massifs, granite pegmatites, and REE-rich carbonatites. It distributes in many localities, for example the carbonatite orebody of Mountain Pass, California, the carbonatite complex Amba Dongar, India, the alkaline granite-syenite pegmatites of the Mount Malosa pluton in Malawi the ultramafic lamprophyre–carbonatite complex near Delitzsch, Germany, the Bayan Obo Fe–Nb–RE deposit, Inner Mongolia, China.
Type Occurrence of Parisite-(Ce)
Co-Type Localities:
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Intensely folded, carbonaceous shale beds.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Other Language Names for Parisite-(Ce)
Relationship of Parisite-(Ce) to other Species
Member of:
Other Members of Parisite:
| Parisite-(La) | CaLa2(CO3)3F2 | Mon. |
| Parisite-(Nd) | Ca(Nd,Ce,La)2(CO3)3F2 | Mon. m : Bb |
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 60 photos of Parisite-(Ce) associated with Synchysite-(Ce) | CaCe(CO3)2F |
| 52 photos of Parisite-(Ce) associated with Aegirine | NaFe3+Si2O6 |
| 36 photos of Parisite-(Ce) associated with Calcite | CaCO3 |
| 35 photos of Parisite-(Ce) associated with Anatase | TiO2 |
| 26 photos of Parisite-(Ce) associated with Quartz | SiO2 |
| 25 photos of Parisite-(Ce) associated with Bastnäsite-(Ce) | Ce(CO3)F |
| 25 photos of Parisite-(Ce) associated with Albite | Na(AlSi3O8) |
| 18 photos of Parisite-(Ce) associated with Fluorite | CaF2 |
| 17 photos of Parisite-(Ce) associated with Annabergite | Ni3(AsO4)2 · 8H2O |
| 17 photos of Parisite-(Ce) associated with Dolomite | CaMg(CO3)2 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 5.BD. | Cordylite-(La) | (Na,Ca)Ba(La,Ce,Sr)2(CO3)4F |
| 5.BD.05 | Cordylite-(Ce) | NaBaCe2(CO3)4F |
| 5.BD.05 | 'Unnamed (Cordylite-like Calcium-Barium-Cerium Carbonate-Fluoride)' | Ca◻Ba2Ce4[CO3]8F2 |
| 5.BD.05 | Lukechangite-(Ce) | Na3Ce2(CO3)4F |
| 5.BD.10 | 'Zhonghuacerite-(Ce)' | Ba2Ce(CO3)3F |
| 5.BD.10 | Kukharenkoite-(Ce) | Ba2Ce(CO3)3F |
| 5.BD.10 | Kukharenkoite-(La) | Ba2(La,Ce,Th)(CO3)3F |
| 5.BD.15 | Cebaite-(Ce) | Ba3Ce2(CO3)5F2 |
| 5.BD.15 | 'Cebaite-(Nd)' | Ba3(Nd,Ce)2(CO3)5F2 |
| 5.BD.18 | Arisite-(Ce) | NaCe2(CO3)2[F2x(CO3)1-x]F |
| 5.BD.18 | Arisite-(La) | NaLa2(CO3)2[F2x(CO3)1-x]F |
| 5.BD.20c | Synchysite-(Ce) | CaCe(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.20c | Synchysite-(Nd) | CaNd(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.20c | Synchysite-(Y) | CaY(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.20a | Bastnäsite-(Ce) | Ce(CO3)F |
| 5.BD.20a | Bastnäsite-(La) | La(CO3)F |
| 5.BD.20b | Parisite-(Nd) | Ca(Nd,Ce,La)2(CO3)3F2 |
| 5.BD.20a | Bastnäsite-(Y) | Y(CO3)F |
| 5.BD.20b | Parisite-(La) | CaLa2(CO3)3F2 |
| 5.BD.20d | Röntgenite-(Ce) | Ca2(Ce,La)3(CO3)5F3 |
| 5.BD.20a | Thorbastnäsite | ThCa(CO3)2F2 · 3H2O |
| 5.BD.20a | Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Ce) | Ce(CO3)(OH) |
| 5.BD.20a | Hydroxylbastnäsite-(Nd) | Nd(CO3)(OH) |
| 5.BD.20c | 'Hydroxylsynchysite-(Ce)' | Ca(Ce,La)(CO3)2(OH) |
| 5.BD.20c | 'Synchysite-(La)' | Ca(La,Nd)(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.20a | Bastnäsite-(Nd) | Nd(CO3)F |
| 5.BD.20a | Hydroxylbastnäsite-(La) | (La,Nd,Ce)(CO3)(OH,F) |
| 5.BD.25 | Qaqarssukite-(Ce) | Ba(Ce,REE)(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.25 | Horváthite-(Y) | NaY(CO3)F2 |
| 5.BD.35 | Huanghoite-(Ce) | BaCe(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.35 | Huanghoite-(Nd) | BaNd(CO3)2F |
| 5.BD.45 | Bayanoboite-(Y) | Ba2Y(CO3)2F3 |
Other Information
Notes:
Soluble in hot strong acids.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Industrial Uses:
Major economic mineral for rare earth elements
Internet Links for Parisite-(Ce)
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3120.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Parisite-(Ce)
Reference List:
Penfield, S. L.; Warren, C. H. (1900) Ueber die chemische Zusammensetzung des Parisits und über ein neues Vorkommen desselben im Ravalli County, Montana. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, 32 (1-6). 4-8 doi:10.1524/zkri.1900.32.1.4
Oftedal, Ivar (1931) Über Parisit, Synchysit und Kordylit. Zeitschrift für Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 79 (1-6). 437-464 doi:10.1524/zkri.1931.79.1.437
Nickel, Ernest H., Mandarino, Joseph A. (1987) Procedures involving the IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names and guidelines on mineral nomenclature. American Mineralogist, 72 (9-10) 1031-1042
Ni, Yunxiang, Hughes, John M., Mariano, Anthony N. (1993) The atomic arrangement of bastnäsite-(Ce), Ce(CO3)F, and structural elements of synchysite-(Ce), röntgenite-(Ce), and parisite-(Ce) American Mineralogist, 78 (3-4) 415-418
Jambor, John L., Pertsev, Nikolai N., Roberts, Andrew C. (1996) New mineral names. American Mineralogist, 81. 249-254 pp.253-254
Ni, Yunxiang, Post, Jeffrey E., Hughes, John M. (2000) The crystal structure of parisite-(Ce), Ce2CaF2(CO3)3. American Mineralogist, 85 (1) 251-258 doi:10.2138/am-2000-0126
Frost, Ray L., Dickfos, Marilla J. (2007) Raman spectroscopy of halogen-containing carbonates. Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 38 (11). 1516-1522 doi:10.1002/jrs.1806
Turner, D. J., Rivard, B., Groat, L. A. (2014) Visible and short-wave infrared reflectance spectroscopy of REE fluorocarbonates. American Mineralogist, 99 (7) 1335-1346 doi:10.2138/am.2014.4674
Ciobanu, Cristiana, Kontonikas-Charos, Alkis, Slattery, Ashley, Cook, Nigel, Wade, Benjamin, Ehrig, Kathy (2017) Short-Range Stacking Disorder in Mixed-Layer Compounds: A HAADF STEM Study of Bastnäsite-Parisite Intergrowths. Minerals, 7 (11) 227 doi:10.3390/min7110227
Altenberger, Uwe, Rojas-Agramonte, Yamirka, Yang, Yueheng, Fernández-Lamus, Jimmy, Häger, Tobias, Guenter, Christina, Gonzalez-Pinzón, Alejandra, Charris-Leal, Felipe, Artel, Julia (2022) In Situ U–Th–Pb Dating of Parisite: Implication for the Age of Mineralization of Colombian Emeralds. Minerals, 12 (10) 1232 doi:10.3390/min12101232
Localities for Parisite-(Ce)
Showing 189 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Tucker et al. (2012) |
| Brandstätter et al. (2000) |
Andorra | |
| in Collection Joachim Esche |
Angola | |
| Amores-Casals et al. (2019) |
Argentina | |
| Colombo et al. (2011) |
Australia | |
| Ciobanu et al. (2017) |
| Downes et al. (2014) |
Austria | |
| Kolitsch (2026) |
| Auer (2026) |
Brazil | |
| Manfredi (2013) +1 other reference |
Canada | |
| Dalsin (2013) +1 other reference |
| Ducharme (2020) |
| Feng et al. (2015) |
| Sheard et al. (2012) | |
| Sheard (2010) +2 other references |
| McLaughlin (1990) |
| Platt & Wooley (1990) |
| Matte et al. (2025) |
| Gold (1969) +1 other reference |
| Cheang (1977) |
| HORVÁTH (2010) |
| Laferrière (2011) |
| Petrella (2013) | |
| Martin et al. (2018) |
| Fournier (1993) +1 other reference |
| FOURNIER (1993) | |
| BROSSEAU-LIARD (2012) | |
China | |
| Yu et al. (2023) |
| Wang et al. (2010) |
| Qu et al. (2019) |
| Ming Ye (叶茗) |
| Li (1982) +3 other references |
| Diao et al. (2022) |
| Liu et al. (2022) +1 other reference |
| Smith et al. (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Smith et al. (2000) +1 other reference | |
| Wu et al. (2026) | |
| Yang et al. (2003) |
| Jingzhan Zhu et al. (2013) |
| Guoneng Chen and Grapes (2007) |
| Huang et al. (1984) +1 other reference |
| Jingxiang et al. (2002) +1 other reference |
| Yang et al. (2025) |
| Yang et al. (2006) |
| Ge et al. (2017) |
| Dawei Meng et al. (2001) | |
| Liu et al. (2024) |
| Wang et al. (2024) |
Colombia | |
| Zeug et al. (2021) |
| Pogue (1917) +3 other references |
| Ni et al. (2000) +1 other reference | |
Czech Republic | |
| GOLIÁŠ (2002) |
| Novák et al. (2013) +1 other reference |
| Filip et al. (2002) |
DR Congo | |
| Nasraoui et al. (2000) |
Finland | |
| Ilkka Järvelä collection |
| Al Ani |
| Al Ani Thair and Torppa Akseli 2011. ... |
France | |
| Gatel (1990) |
| Queneau (n.d.) +1 other reference | |
Germany | |
| Habel (2011) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Haack et al. (1987) |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
| Witzke et al. (2013) |
Greece | |
| Theye +4 other references |
Greenland | |
| Weiner et al. (1994) |
India | |
| Patel et al. (2023) |
Iran | |
| Abedini et al. (2024) |
Italy | |
| Putzolu et al. (2018) |
| Putzolu et al. (2018) | |
| Mongelli et al. (2014) |
| analysed by Dr. Anthony Kampf |
| Preite et al. (1995) |
| Mattioli V. (1988) +1 other reference |
| Tacconi E. (1905) +5 other references |
| Vecchi et al. (2013) |
Madagascar | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Estrade (2014) |
| Estrade et al. (2014) | |
Malawi | |
| Mkango Resources |
| Ngwenya (1994) | |
| Cairncross et al. (1999) +3 other references |
| Dowman et al. (2017) | |
Mauritania | |
| Livrable 87 +1 other reference |
Mexico | |
| Excalibur Mineral Corp. - Mineral News |
Mongolia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Namibia | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2012) |
| Bodeving (2015) |
Norway | |
| Kvamsdal (1998) |
| Berg (1994) |
| Bancroft et al. (2001) |
| Vogt (1922) +1 other reference |
| Pršek et al. (2010) |
| Kristiansen (1974) +1 other reference |
| Neumann (1985) |
| Andersen et al. (1996) |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection (ID: XRD Alf Olav Larsen) +1 other reference | |
| Burvald (1993) +1 other reference | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Knut Edvard Larsen collection # MM-3121 | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Hermann Fylling |
| Raade (1969) +1 other reference | |
| P. Andresen |
| Brøgger (1890) +1 other reference |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) | |
| Larsen (2024) | |
| Kamphaug (1987) +1 other reference | |
| Larsen et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Larsen et al. (2010) |
| Engvoldsen et al. (1991) +1 other reference |
| Berge (2013) | |
| Berge et al. (2002) | |
| Selbekk et al. (2006) |
Pakistan | |
| Mielke (n.d.) |
| Herb Obodda |
| www.mindat.org (n.d.) +1 other reference |
Poland | |
| Cegiełka et al. (2018) |
| Bartłomiej Kajdas (SEM-EDS) |
| Grabarczyk et al. (2022) |
Portugal | |
| Samples collected by Luigi Chiappino ... +1 other reference |
| Alves (n.d.) |
Romania | |
| Hirtopanu (2006) |
| Szakáll et al. (2010) | |
| HÎRTOPANU et al. (2014) |
Russia | |
| Kovalev et al. (2026) |
| Bulnaev et al. (2007) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2020) |
| Попова et al. (2019) |
| Kasatkin et al. (2019) +1 other reference | |
| Попова et al. (2019) | |
| Alekseev (2025) |
| Alekseev (2025) | |
| Burlakov (1995) |
| Sharygin +10 other references |
| Kolotilina et al. (2024) |
| Zaitsev et al. (1998) +1 other reference |
| ... | |
| Соловьёва et al. (2023) |
| Putintseva et al. (2017) |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
| Victor V. Sharygin analytycal data (2012) +1 other reference |
| Эпова et al. (2025) |
Slovakia | |
| Ďuďa R. et al. (1993) |
| Ondrejka M. et al. (Western Carpathians, Slovakia) |
South Africa | |
| Giebel et al. (2017) |
| Atanasova et al. (2016) |
| Cairncross et al. (1995) |
| VERWOERD (1986) |
South Korea | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) |
Spain | |
| Ковальчук et al. (2014) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2012) |
Sweden | |
| Andersson et al. (2024) |
| Holtstam et al. (2007) |
| Andersson et al. (2024) |
| Andersson et al. (2024) | |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| van der Burgt et al. (2005) | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Ukraine | |
| Pavel M. Kartashov (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Sharygin et al. (2014) |
| Dubyna O.V. et al. (2020) | |
| Kogarko et al. (1995) |
| Lyckberg et al. (2009) |
USA | |
| Cook (2000) |
| Cook (2000) | |
| Cook (2000) | |
| Wright et al. (1953) +4 other references |
| Färber (n.d.) | |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Ream (2004) |
| with Notes on Microcline et al. (Amer. Jour. Sci. 4th Series, 31:533-557) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Travis Olds collection |
| Oyelayo et al. (2026) |
| Lasmanis (1977) +2 other references |
| Penfield et al. (1900) +1 other reference |
| Michael C Michayluk Collection |
| Bjareby (1964) +2 other references |
| csmres.jmu.edu (n.d.) |
Vietnam | |
| Färber (n.d.) |
| Feldman l.G. et al. (1987) | |
| Dumańska-Słowik et al. (2023) |
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Boyacá Department, Colombia