CHAPTER 10

I. OVERVIEW OF MUSCLE TISSUE

A.Types of Muscular Tissue
1.Three types of muscle tissue.
a.Skeletal Muscle:
1) Location: skeleton
2) Function: movement heat, posture
3) Appearance: striated, fibers parallel
4) Control: voluntary
b.Cardiac Muscle
1) Location: Cardiac muscle tissue is found only in the heart wall
2) Function: pump blood
3) Appearance: Striated, central nucleus
4) Control: Involuntary (autorhythmic/hormones/neurotransmitters)
c.Smooth Muscle
1) Location: GI tract, uterus, eye, blood vessels
2) Function: Peristalsis
3) Appearance: no striations, central nucleus
4) Control: Involuntary (autorhythmic)
B.Functions of Muscular Tissue
1.Producing body movements
2.Stabilizing body positions
3.Storing and moving substance within the body
4.Generating heat (thermogenesis)
C.Properties of Muscular Tissue
1.Electrical excitability (action potentials)
2.Contractility
3.Extensibility
4.Elasticity

II.STRUCTURE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE TISSUE

A.Connective Tissue Components
a.Subcutaneous layer (Figure 11.21)
b.Endomysium, Perimysium, epimysium (Figure 10.1)
c.Fascia is a sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue that is deep to the skin and
surrounds muscles and other organs of the body.
 d.If, the connective tissue layers extend beyond the muscle to form a rope-like structure it
is called a tendon, if they form a flat sheet it is called an aponeurosis.
e.Clinical Connection: Fibromyalgia
1.Nerve and Blood supply
a.Skeletal muscles are well supplies with nerves and blood vessels.
b.Capillaries are plentiful in muscular tissue (Figure 10.9d)
B.Microscopic Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
1.Microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber.
a.Sarcolemma, Transverse Tubule and sarcoplasm
1) Figure 10.2 b,c
2) Transverse tubules are tiny invaginations of the sarcolemma that quickly
spread the muscle action potential to all parts of the muscle fiber.
b.Triad: transverse tubule, sarcoplasmic reticulum
1) terminal cisternae
2) The sarcoplasmic reticulum encircles each myofibril. It is similar to smooth
endoplasmic reticulum in non-muscle cells and in the relaxed muscle,
functions to store calcium ions.
3) Sarcoplasm is the muscle cell cytoplasm and contains a large amount of
glycogen for energy production and myoglobin for oxygen storage.
4) Clinical Connection: Muscular hypertrophy, fibrosis and atrophy.
2.Filaments and the sarcomere (Figure 10.2c, Table 10.1).
a.A band, Z disc, M line, I band, H zone
1) The darker middle portion is the A band consisting primarily of the thick
filaments with some thin filaments overlapping the thick ones.
2) The lighter sides are the I bands that consist of thin filaments only.
3) Z disc passes through the center of the I band.
(a)Exercise can result in torn sarcolemma, damaged myofibrils, and disrupted
Z discs
4) the narrow H zone in the center of each A band contains thick but no thin
filaments.
5) Myomesin forms the M line.
C.Muscle Proteins
1.Muscle Proteins (table 10.2)
a.Titan, M line, thick and thin filaments
b.Contractile proteins (figure 10.4a,b)
1) actin
 2) myosin
c.Regulatory proteins
1) troponin
2) tropomyosin
(a)In relaxed muscle, tropomysium, which in held in place by troponin, blocks
the myosin-binding sites on actin preventing myosin from binding to actin.
d.Structural proteins
1) titin
(a)Titin helps a sarcomere return to its resting length after a muscle has
contracted or been stretched.
2) Nebulin helps maintain alignment of the thin filaments in the sarcomere.
3) Alpha-actinin: binds actin to titin
4) Myomesin: form the M-line
5) Dystrophin reinforces the sarcolemma and helps transmit the tension generated
by the sarcomeres to the tendons (figure 10.2d).

III. CONTRACTION AND RELAXATION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE FIBERS

A. The Sliding Filament Mechanism: During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges pull on
actin filaments, causing them to slide inward toward the H zone; Z discs come toward each
other and the sarcomere shortens, but the myosin and actin filaments do not change in length.
The sliding of filaments and shortening of sarcomeres causes the shortening of the whole
muscle fiber and ultimately the entire muscle. This is called the sliding filament mechanism.
A. The progressive overlap of the thick and thin filaments pull the A disc toward the center
of the sarcomere, and the result on the length of the fibril, fiber, and muscle (Figure 10.5).
B. The steps involved in the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction (Figures 10.5
and 10.6).
a. ATP hydrolysis
b. Attachment
c. Power Stroke
d. Detachment
B. Excitation-Contraction coupling
A. An increase in intracellular Ca++ starts the contraction
B. Ca++ increase occurs because of release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (Figure
10.7a,b)
C. Ca++ active transport pumps restore the Ca++
 D. Calesequestrin helps concentrate the Ca++ near the site for release for the sarcoplasmic
reticulum
E. Clinical connection: Rigor Mortis
C. Length-Tension Relationship
A. Figure 10.8. length-tension indicates how the forcefulness of muscle contraction depends
on the length of the sarcomeres within a muscle before contraction begins.
D. The Neuromuscular Junction
A. The muscle action potential releases calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum that
combine with troponin, causing it to pull on tropomyosin to change its orientation, thus
exposing myosin-binding sites on actin (Figure 10.9a) and allowing the actin and myosin
to bind together.
a. The use of calcium ions to remove the contraction inhibitor and the joining of actin
and myosin constitute the excitation-contraction coupling, the steps that connect
excitation (a muscle action potential propagation through the T tubules) to
contraction of the muscle fiber.
b. Calcium ion active transport pumps return calcium ions to the sarcoplasmic
reticulum.
c. Clinical Connection: Electromyography – measures the electrical activity of muscle
cells.
B. Show the general features of the neuromuscular junction that allows signals coming from
the brain to be conveyed across the gap between the neuron motor cell and the
sarcolemma of the muscle cell.
a. Synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine
b. Motor end plate
c. Sarcolemma
C. Describe the steps and components in the mechanism that cause a motor neuron action
potential to result in a muscle cell action potential (Figure 10.10).
a. Acetylcholine released from vesicles
b. Binding to receptor
c. Graded potential is elicited and then an action potential
d. Acetylcholine is broken down
D. Describe the interaction of acetylcholine with its membrane receptor
E. Describe how binding by acetylcholine results in the simultaneous movement of Na+ and
K+
F. Describe the movement of the action potential along the sarcolemma
G. Several plant products and drugs selectively block events at the NMJ.
H. Review the components of the action potential
a. Depolarizing phase
b. Repolarizing phase
c. After-hyperpolarizing phase
I. Connect the action potential phases to the open and closed status of membrane channels
in the sarcolemma.
J. Review the initiation of the action potential to the sarcolemma and subsequent
propagation to the T-tubules.
K. Summarize the major role players in the excitation-coupling mechanism
a. Brain and associate neurons
b. Acetycholine, receptors and enzymes
c. Na+ and K+ channels and permeabilities
d. Sarcolemma components
e. Myofibril components (troponin, tropomyosin, myosin)
f. ATP
L. The inability of a muscle to maintain its strength of contraction or tension is called
muscle fatigue; it occurs when a muscle has low calcium, creatine phosphate, oxygen and
other nutrients.
a. Elevated oxygen use after exercise is called recovery oxygen uptake (rather than the
formerly used term oxygen debt).
CHAPTER 11
I. INTRODUCTION
D. The muscular system specifically concerns skeletal muscles and associated connective tissue
that make individual muscle organs.
E. This chapter discusses how skeletal muscles produce movement and describes the principal
skeletal muscles.

II. HOW SKELETAL MUSCLES PRODUCE MOVEMENT

A. Muscle Attachment Sites: Origin and Insertion
2. Skeletal muscles produce movements by exerting force on tendons, which in turn pull
on bones or other structures, such as skin.
3. Most muscles cross at least one joint and are attached to the articulating bones that
form the joint (Figure 11.1a).
4. When such a muscle contracts, it draws one articulating bone toward the other.
a. The attachment to the stationary bone is the origin.
b. The attachment to the movable bone is the insertion.
4. Tenosynovitis is an inflammation of the tendons, tendon sheaths, and synovial
membranes surrounding certain joints (Clinical Connection).
B. Lever Systems and Leverage
1. Bones serve as levers and joints serve as fulcrums.
2. The lever is acted on by two different forces: resistance (load) and effort (Figure
11.1b).
3. Levers are categorized into three types, according to the position of the fulcrum,
effort, and load
a. first-class (EFL) (Figure 11.2a)-the fulcrum is between the effort and the load.
An example is pair of scissors.
b. second-class (FLE) (Figure 11.2b)- the load is between the fulcrum and effort.
An example is a wheelbarrow.
c. third-class (FEL) (Figure 11.2c).-the effort is between the fulcrum and the load.
An example is a pair of forceps.
4. Leverage, the mechanical advantage gained by a lever, is largely responsible for a
muscle’s strength and range of motion (ROM), i.e., the maximum ability to move the
bones of a joint through an arc.
C. Effects of Fascicle Arrangement
1. Skeletal muscle fibers (cells) are arranged within the muscle in bundles called
fasciculi.
 2. The muscle fibers are arranged in a parallel fashion within each bundle, but the
arrangement of the fasciculi with respect to the tendons may take one of four
characteristic patterns: parallel, fusiform, pennate, and circular (Table 11.1).
3. Fascicular arrangement is correlated with the power of a muscle and the range of
motion.
4. Intramuscular injections have advantages, and disadvantages, over oral or
subcutaneous delivery of medications (Clinical Connection)
D. Coordination Within Muscle Groups
1. Most movements are coordinated by several skeletal muscles acting in groups rather
than individually, and most skeletal muscles are arranged in opposing (antagonistic)
pairs at joints.
2. A muscle that causes a desired action is referred to as the prime mover (agonist); the
antagonist produces an opposite action.
3. Most movements also involve muscles called synergists, which serve to steady a
movement, thus preventing unwanted movements and helping the prime mover
function more efficiently.
4. Some synergist muscles in a group also act as fixators, which stabilize the origin of
the prime mover so that it can act more efficiently.
5. Under different conditions and depending on the movement and which point is fixed,
many muscles act, at various times, as prime movers, antagonists, synergists, or
fixators.
6. Some of the benefits of stretching (Clinical Connection) include: improved physical
performance, decreased risk of injury, reduced muscle soreness, improved posture,
increased synovial fluid, and increased neuromuscular co-ordination.

III. HOW SKELETAL MUSCLES ARE NAMED

A. Muscle naming involves many categories such as: (Table 11.2)
1. Location
2. Size
3. Number or origins
4. Appearance
5. Direction of fibers
6. Origin and insertion
7. Muscle action
8. Combinations
IV. OVERVIEW OF THE PRINCIPAL SKELETAL MUSCLES
A. Characteristics used to name muscle (Table 11.2)
B. Principal superficial skeletal muscles (Figure 11.3)
C. Muscles of the head that produce facial expressions (Figure 11.4)
- Clinical Connection: Bell’s Palsy
1. Occiptofrontalis
i. Frontal Belly
ii. Occipital Belly
2. Orbicularis oris
a. action: closes and protrudes lips
b. origin: surrounding opening of mouth
c. insertion: corner of mouth
3. Zygomaticus major
4. Zygomaticus minor
5. Levator labii superioris
6. Depressor labii inferioris
7. Depressor anguli oris
8. Levator anguli oris
9. Buccinator
10. Risorius
11. Mentallis
12. Platysma
13. Orbicularis oculi
14. Corrugator supercilli

D. Muscles of the Head that move the eyeball

1. Superior recuts
2. Inferior rectus
3. Lateral rectus
4. Medial rectus
5. Superior oblique
6. Inferior oblique
7. Levator plapebrae superioris
8. Clinical Connection: Strabismus
E. Muscles that move the mandible and assist in mastication
1. Masseter
 a. Action: closes the mouth
b. Origin: maxilla and zygomatic arch
c. Insertion: mandible
2. Temporalis
3. Medial pterygoid
4. Lateral pterygoid
5. Clinical Connection: Gravity and the mandible
F. Muscles of the head that move the tongue and assist in mastication and speech
1. Genioglossus
2. Styloglossus
3. Hypoglossus
4. Palatoglossus
5. Clinical Connection: Intubation during anesthesia
G. Muscles of the anterior neck that assist in deglutition and speech
1. Digastric
2. Stylohyoid
3. Mylohyoid
4. Geniohyoid
5. Omohyoid
6. Sternohyoid
7. Thyrohyoid
8. Clinical Connection: Dysphagia
H. Muscles of the Neck that move the head
1. Sternocleidomastoid
2. Semispinalis capitis
3. Splentus capitis
4. Longissimus capitis
5. Spinalis capitis
I. Muscles of the Abdomen that protect abdominal visceral and move the vertebral
column
1. Rectus abdomins
2. External oblique
3. Internal oblique
4. Transversus abdominis
5. Quadratus lumborum
6. Clinical Connection: Inguinal Hernia
J. Muscles of the Thorax that assist in breathing
1. Diaphragm
2. External intercostals
3. Internal intercostals
K. Muscles of the pelvic floor that support the pelvic viscera and function as sphincters
1. Levator ani
2. Pubococcygeus
3. Puborectalis
4. Illiococcygeus
5. Ischicoccygeus
6. Clinical Connection: Injury of levator ani and urinary stress incontinence
L. Muscles of the perineum
1. Superficial transverse perineal
2. Bulbospongiosus
3. Ischiocavernosus
4. Deep transverse perineal
5. External urethral sphincter
6. Compressor urethrae
7. Sphincter urethrovaginalis
8. External sphincter
M. Muscle of the thorax that move the pectoral girdle
1. Subclavius
2. Pectoralix minor
3. Serratus anterior
4. Trapezius
5. Levator scapulae
6. Rhomboid major
7. Rhomboid minor
N. Muscles of the Thorax and shoulder that move the humerus
1. Pectoralis major
2. Latissimus dorsi
3. Deltoid
4. Subscapularis
5. Suprapinatus
6. Infraspinatus
7. Teres major
 8. Teres minor
9. Cracobrachialis
10. Clinical connection: impingement syndrome
11. Clinical connection: rotator cuff injury
O. Muscles of the arm that move the radius and ulna
1. Biceps brachii
2. Brachialis
3. Brachioradialis
4. Triceps brachii
5. Anconeus
6. Pronator teres
7. Pronator quadratus
8. Supinator
P. Muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, thumb and digits
1. Flexor carpi radialis
2. Palmaris longus
3. Flexor carpi ulnaris
4. Flexor digitorum superficialis
5. Flexor pollicis longus
6. Flexor digitorum profundus
7. Clinical connection: golfer’s elbow
8. Extensor carpi radialis longus
9. Extensor radialis brevis
10. Extensor digitorum
11. Extensor digiti minimi
12. Extensor carpi ulnaris
13. Abductor pollicis longus
14. Extensor pollicis brevis
15. Extensor pollicis longus
16. Extensor indicis
Q. Muscles of the palm that move the digits-intrinsic muscles of the hand
1. Abductor pollicis brevis
2. Opponens pollicis
3. Flexor pollicis brevis
4. Adductor pollicis
5. Abductor digiti minimi
 6. Flexor digiti minimi brevis
7. Opponens digiti minimi
8. Lumbricals
9. Palmar interossei
10. Dorsal interossei
11. Clinical connection: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
R. Muscles of the neck and back that move the vertebral column
1. Splenius capitis
2. Splenius cervicis
3. Iliocostalis cervicis
4. Iliocostalis thoracis
5. Iliocostalis lumborum
6. Longissiumus capitis
7. Longissiumus cervicis
8. Longissimus thoracis
9. Spinalis capitis
10. Spinalis cervicis
11. Spinalis thoracis
12. Semispinalis capitis
13. Semispinalis cervicis
14. Simispinalis thoracis
15. Multifidus
16. Rotatores
17. Interspinalies
18. Intertransversarii
19. Anterior scalene
20. Middle scalene
21. Posterior scalene
22. Clinical connection: Back injuries and heavy lifting
S. Muscles of the gluteal region that move the femur
1. Iliopsoas
2. Iliacus
3. Gluteus maximus
4. Gluteus medius
5. Gluteus minimus
6. Tensor fasciae latae
 7. Piriformis
8. Obturator internus
9. Obturator externus
10. Superior gemellus
11. Inferior gemellus
12. Quadratus femoris
13. Adductor longus
14. Adductor brevis
15. Adductor magnus
16. Pectineus
17. Clinical connection: groin injury
T. Muscle of the thigh that move the femur, tibia, and fibula
1. Adductor magnus
2. Adductor longus
3. Adductor brevis pectineus
4. Gracilis
5. Quadriceps femoris
6. Rectus femoris
7. Vastus lateralis
8. Vastus medialis
9. Vastus intermedius
10. Sartorius
11. Biceps femoris
12. Semitendinosus
13. Semimembranosus
14. Clinical Connection: Pulled hamstrings
U. Muscles of the leg that move the foot and toes
1. Tibilais anterior
2. Extensor halluces longus
3. Extensor digitorum longus
4. Fibularis tertius
5. Fibularis longus
6. Fibularis brevis
7. Clinical connection: Shin splint syndrome
8. Gastrocneumius
9. Soleus
 10. Plantaris
11. Popliteus
12. Tibialis posterior
13. Flexor digitorum longus
14. Flexor hallucis longus
V. Intrinsic muscle of the foot that move the toes
1. Extensor hallucis brevis
2. Extensor digitorum brevis
3. Abductor hallucis
4. Flexor digitroum brevis
5. Abductor digiti minimi
6. Quadratus plantae
7. Lumbricals
8. Flexor hallucis brevis
9. Adductor hallucis
10. Flexor digiti minimi brevis
11. Dorsal interossei
12. Planar interossei