Disability ,Impairment and handicap

DISABILITY
PRESENTER - MODERATOR-
DR SHEEZA SHAIKH DR CHAITALI BORGAONKAR
COMMUNITY MEDICINE ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DR DY PATIL PIMPRI PUNE

“THE ONLY REAL DISABILITY IS THE INABILITY TOO SEE ABILITY”

CONCEPT OF DISABILITY
Disease
Impairment
Disability
Handicap

 It is defined as any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical
structure or function.
 Loss of an organ or the defect in structure and function of the organs of a person.
 Impairment may be visible or invisible , temporary or permanent, progressive or
regressive.
Example-Loss of foot
-Defective vision
-Mental retardation
-Amputation of a limb
-Loss of speech
-Blindness
IMPAIRMENT-

DISABILITY-
 Disability is defined as any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity
in the manner or within the range considered normal for human being.
 Disability is any condition of body or mind that makes it more difficult for the
person with condition to do certain activities and interact with the world
around them.
 Disability is a permanent or long term.
 The person is unable to carry out certain activities that are considered normal
for his age and sex, leading them to depend on others to meet their daily life
requirements.

 One billion people, or 15% of the world’s population, experience some form of disability
 While India is home to over 1.36 billion residents, over 2.2 percent of this population endures
some form of severe mental or physical disability.
Reference- https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/disability
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_report_on_disability/

CAUSES-
1.Congenital: These are mostly due to genetic disorders or unknown events occurring
during pregnancy.
Examples : Downs Syndrome, Klinefelter Syndrome, Autism, etc.

2. Acquired:
• Trauma: Physical trauma to the child during delivery, road traffic accidents
• Nutritional: Deficiencies of Vitamin A and Protein Energy malnutrition
• Metabolic: Phenylketonuria, Diabetes
• Iatrogenic: Due to drug reactions.
• Non Communicable Diseases and Neoplasia( cancers)
• Perinatal causes include: Hypoxia or anoxia- oxygen starvation of the baby during
labour.

3.Others:
Heredity, Communal Violence, Crime, War, Environment, Occupational Hazards,
Poverty, Traffic Hazards, Personal Conflict/Revenge, Cultural Diversities,
Accident and People Migration.

1.Motor disability: Motor disability is divided into five types:
• Cerebral palsy cases
• Degenerative muscle atrophy
• Fission or incision in the vertebrae of the spine
• Various congenital malformations
• Other conditions with different diagnosis- Ex, polio, osteoporosis, endocrine disorders, spinal
cord diseases, chronic peripheral nerve diseases, other chronic diseases affecting blood vessels.
TYPES OF
DISABILITY

2. Mental disability
• Developmental disability, a chronic condition due to mental or physical
impairments arising before adulthood
• Disabilities affecting intellectual abilities, medical conditions affecting cognitive
ability including:
• Intellectual disability
• Learning disability
• Mental disorder, also called mental illness or psychiatric disorder
• Neurodevelopmental disorder - disorder of brain function
• Emotional and behavioral disorders

3.Physical Disability
• Visual disability-Total and partial blindness
-Cataract
-Glaucoma
-Diabetic retinopathy
-Macular degeneration
• Hearing disability- Deafness
• Other disability - Cerebral palsy
-Stroke
-Spinal cord injury
-Arthritis

HANDICAP
A disadvantage for given individual, resulting from an impairment or a disability
that limits or prevents the fulfilment of role that is normal depending on age, sex
social and cultural factors for that individual.

DISEASE-ACCIDENT
IMPAIREMENT-LOSS OF FOOT
DISABILITY-CANNOT WALK
HANDICAP-UNEMPLOYED

IMPAIRMENT
• Leads to
functional
loss at organ
level
DISABILITY
• Leads to
activity
limitation at
personal level
HANDICAP
• Leads to
social
disadvantage
at social level

Rehabilitation -The process of restoring the individual to the fullest
physical , mental, social, vocational, and economic capacity of which he or she is
capable
• Relearning of former skills; learning new skills and altered lifestyle.
• It focuses on his/her functional ability by the combined and coordinated use
of medical, social, educational and vocational measures.
• It must begin from the very onset of a traumatic event or diagnosis of a
chronic illness & every aspect of the individual's needs and care assessed and
addressed
DISABILITY
PREVENTION

OBJECTIVE OF REHABILITATION -
• To restore the physical, social and psychological potential to a level, so that he
can independently function and carry on an independent life.
• To prevent disability and return to normal life.
• To maximize level of restoration through different interventions.
• Training in vocational methods to suit working with residual disability and earn a
lively and independently.

Rehabilitation Team consists of-
• Physician
• Physiotherapist
• Rehab Nurse
• Health educator
• Nutritionist
• Medical social worker

Types of Rehabilitation –
1. Neurological rehabilitation
2. Cardiac Rehabilitation
3. Drug rehabilitation
4. Alcohol rehabilitation
5. Physical rehabilitation
6. Medical rehabilitation
7. Vocational rehabilitation
8. Vestibular rehabilitation
9. Stroke Rehabilitation

Person with disabilities face discrimination and barriers that restrict them from participating in
society on an equal basis with others every day. They are denied their rights to be included in
the general school system, to be employed, to live independently in the community, to move
freely, to vote, to participate in sport and cultural activities, to enjoy social protection, to
access justice, to choose medical treatment and to enter freely into legal commitments such
as buying and selling property.
In recent years, there has been a revolutionary change in approach, globally, to close the
protection gap and ensure that persons with disabilities enjoy the same standards of equality,
rights and dignity as everyone

Assumptions about the disabled: Society's
Perception
 Some stereotyped presumptions prevailed about the disabled in our country like:
1. Disabled people are the most vulnerable section of society and have been ignored by state
and society alike since long.
2. Disabled people have always been dependent and, therefore, need helping hands and
gracious charity.
3. Disability is the punishment for sins he or she has never committed in this life.
4. Disabled people are victims of their own bad luck.
Such assumptions about the disabled do nothing to help them. This approach perpetuates
the stereotype of the disabled as victims and objects of pity and charity.

Common Barriers Experienced by People with Disabilities
There are multiple barriers that can make it extremely difficult or even impossible for
people with disabilities to function. Here are the seven most common barriers. Often,
more than one barrier occurs at a time.
• Attitudinal
• Communication
• Physical
• Policy
• Programmatic
• Social
• Transportation

1.ATTITUDE-
• Stereotyping: People sometimes stereotype those with disabilities, assuming
their quality of life is poor or that they are unhealthy because of their
impairments.
• Stigma, prejudice, and discrimination: People may see disability as a personal
tragedy, as something that needs to be cured or prevented, as a punishment
for wrongdoing, or as an indication of the lack of ability to behave as
expected in society.

2.COMMUNICATION-
• Written health promotion messages with barriers that prevent people with
vision impairments from receiving the message. These include
• Use of small print or no large-print versions of material, and
• No Braille or versions for people who use screen readers.
• Auditory health messages may be inaccessible to people with hearing
impairments, including
• Videos that do not include captioning, and
• Oral communications without accompanying manual interpretation
• The use of technical language, long sentences, and words with many syllables
may be significant barriers to understanding for people with cognitive
impairments.

3.PHYSICAL BARRIER-
• Steps without ramps, elevators, or lifts
• Lack of automatic or push-button doors
• Low lighting or weak color contrast
• Narrow sidewalk, doorways
• High shelves
• Tables without knee and toe clearance
• No accessible line areas, waiting areas, or service counters.
• Lack of accessible parking or washrooms

4.POLICY BARRIER
• Policy barriers for disability refer to obstacles or limitations within government regulations, laws, or
policies that hinder the full inclusion and participation of people with disabilities in various aspects
of society. These barriers can manifest in different areas, such as employment, education,
transportation, and public services.

5.PROGRAMMATIC BARRIER
• Barriers in healthcare and in the workplace
• Insufficient time set aside for medical examination and procedures
• Little or no communication with patients or participants
• Provider’s attitudes, knowledge, and understanding of people with
disabilities.

6.SOCIAL BARRIER
• Social barriers are everywhere and follow a person with a disability for life
• Children with disabilities are almost four times more likely to experience
violence than children without disabilities.
• Society reluctance, stigma, exclusion
• Inequality and Discrimination

7.TRANSPORATATION BARRIER
• It makes disabled persons dependent on others for everyday things. Either they
cannot drive or do not have access to convenient private or public
transportation means. This dependence on others hinders their ability to travel
and, therefore, to maintain a stable job.
• Public transportation may be unavailable or at inconvenient distances or
locations.
• Lack of access to accessible or convenient transportation for people who are
not able to drive because of vision or cognitive impairments.
• Persons with visual or hearing impairments may also face challenges when using
public transportation, such as difficulty reading small signage or hearing
announcements.
Reference- https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/disabilityandhealth/disability-barriers.html

RIGHTS OF PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES
ACT, 2016
1. Persons with disabilities have the right to equality, dignity and respect for integrity
2. Persons with disabilities have the right to live in the community.
3. The Act provides protection to persons with disabilities from being subjected to torture, cruel,
inhuman or degrading treatment.
4. The Act ensures protection of persons with disabilities from abuse, violence and exploitation
5. The Act ensures the rights of women and children with disabilities
6. Persons with disabilities are entitled to equal protection and safety in situations of risk, conflict,
humanitarian emergencies and natural disasters

7. The Act ensure that persons with disabilities can cast their vote
8. Children with disabilities not to be separated from their Parents
9. The Act addresses challenges faced by persons with disabilities in accessing the justice system
10. Government is required to frame schemes for skill development and employment of persons with
disabilities
11. Persons with disabilities to have protection against discrimination in employment
12. Persons with disabilities cannot be denied promotions on the grounds of disability

13. Government is required to ensure an adequate standard of living in the community for persons with disabilities
14. Healthcare facilities for persons with disabilities
15. Insurance schemes to be devised for employees with disabilities in government service
16. Measures to be introduced to ensure accessibility in infrastructure, transport and other public spaces
17. Scholarships for Students with Disability
18.Responsibilities of mainstream schools to ensure inclusive education
Reference-Disability Rights(Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act & National Trust Act) and Mental Healthcare Act

DISABILITY
INCLUSION-
• Getting fair treatment from others (nondiscrimination)
• Making products, communications, and the physical environment more usable
by as many people as possible
• Modifying items, procedures, or systems to enable a person with a disability
to use them to the maximum extent possible
• Eliminating the belief that people with disabilities are unhealthy or less
capable of doing things (stigma, stereotypes)

• Employment
• Public accommodations such as restaurants, hotels, theaters, doctors’
offices, pharmacies, retail stores, museums, libraries, parks, private schools,
and day care centers
• Transportation
• State and local government services
• Telecommunications such as telephones, televisions, and
computers

Universal Design- The intent of universal design is to simplify life for
everyone by making products, communications, and the physical environment
more usable by as many people as possible at little or no extra cost.
• Alarm systems that can be both seen and heard
• Routinely making captioning available in all television or video presentations.
• An automated teller machine (ATM) that has enhancements in the way it
looks, feels, or sounds so that people with vision or hearing impairments can
use it
• A tapered card opening for ease in inserting or removing a bank card
• A palm rest to aid those with arm mobility or strength limitations.
• Ground-fault interrupter (GFI) electrical outlet that reduces risk of shock in
bathrooms and kitchens

Accessibility
• Parking spaces are close to entrances
• Floor spaces and hallways are free of equipment and other barriers
• Staff and healthcare professionals can use sign language or have access to
someone who can use sign language

Reasonable Accommodations
• Braille, large print, or audio books are examples of accommodations for
people who are blind or who have visual limitations.
• For people who are deaf or who have difficulty hearing, accommodations may
take the form of having an American Sign Language interpreter available
during meetings or presentations, or exchanging written messages.

OTHERS-
• Employ People with Disabilities- They are Ambitious and Want to Work
• View the Disability Community as a Valuable Consumer
• Promote Social Inclusion in Schools
• Employ More Actors with Disabilities in Mainstream Media
• Provide College Scholarships to Athletes with Disabilities
• Make Air Travel Universally Accessible
• Support artist with disability

Social Model of Disability
• The Social Model of Disability is the concept that disability results from the
interaction between a person’s characteristics and their unsuitable
environment – and not their medical condition.
• An environment filled with barriers will create a significant difference in
experience for a large number of disabled people. Conversely, an
inclusive environment will offer the minimum level of intrusion for
the experiences of all but enable disabled people to live their
lives equally.
• To improve the experiences of disabled people, you don’t need to
medically ‘fix’ everyone, but to think practically about what are
the goals and removing environmental barriers.

How are real world situations viewed
through each of the models?
Scenario 1- Physical ability versus architectural barrier
A woman using a wheelchair is excited to meet her date at a trendy, new restaurant
located inside of an older, historic building. However, two steps prevent her from
entering the restaurant.
Medical model: Her inability to walk up the steps prevented the woman from entering
the restaurant.
Social Model: The absence of a ramp prevented her entrance. It also limited the access
of families with infants in strollers, and delivery people using wheeled carts,etc.
Scenario 2- Perceived intellectual abilities versus employment accommodations
A man with an intellectual disability applies for employment at a retail store.
Medical Model: The man’s learning deficits are perceived to prevent him from
performing the duties of this job, and his application is rejected.
Social Model: The potential employer recognizes that the man’s strengths such as loyalty,
consistency, and reliability benefit the store. The employer also recognizes that the
man’s job coach not only helps the man successfully perform essential job duties, he
also identifies opportunities to increase efficiency.

SCHEMES FOR THE WELFARE OF
PERSONS WITH DISABILITY

1.Scheme of Assistance to Disabled Persons for
Purchase/Fitting of Aids/ Appliances Scheme (ADIP
Scheme)
A person with disabilities fulfilling the following conditions would be
eligible for assistance under ADIP scheme.
• An Indian citizen of any age.
• Holds a 40% Disability Certificate.
• Has a monthly income from all sources not exceeding Rs 20,000/-per
month.
• In case of dependents, income of parents/guardians should
not exceed Rs 20,000/- per month.

TYPES OF AIDS/APPLIANCES TO BE PROVIDED-
1. LOCOMOTOR DISABLED
• All types of prosthetic and orthotic devices.
• Mobility aids like tricycles, wheelchairs, crutches, walking sticks and walking
frames/rotators.
• All types of surgical footwears and MCR chappals.
• All types of devices for ADL (activity of daily living).
Reference-https://www.india.gov.in/information-adip-scheme/

2.VISUALLY DISABLED-
• Learning equipment
• Special mobility aids for visually disabled people
• Communication equipment for the deaf-blind
• Low vision aids including hand-held stand, lighted and unlighted magnifiers,
speech synthesizers

3.HEARING DISABLED-
• Various types of hearing aids
• Educational kits like tape recorders/CD players etc.
• Assistive and alarming devices including devices for hearing of
telephone, TV, doorbell, time alarm etc.
• Communication aids like, portable speech synthesizer etc.

2.OTHER SCHEMES
• Scholarships for Students with Disability
• National Scholarship
• Unemployment allowances to Persons with Disability
• Rehabilitation Grant
• Allowances to the family with disabled children.
• Allowance to employees with disabilities and child care allowance to women
employees with disabilities.

It was announced during the launch of revised schemes of National Trust for the welfare of
persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation and Multiple Disabilities in New
Delhi. On this occasion the following schemes were launched-
1. DISHA (Early Intervention and School Readiness Scheme)
2. BADHTE KADAM (Awareness and Community Interaction)
3. GHARAUNDA (Group Home for Adults)
4. NIRAMAYA (Health Insurance Scheme)
5. SAMBHAV (Aids and Assisted Devices)
6. SAHYOGI (Caregiver training scheme)
7. GYAN PRABHA (Educational support)
8. PRERNA (Marketing Assistance)
9. SAMARTH (Respite Care)
10. VIKAAS (Day Care)
Reference- https://www.swavlambancard.gov.in/schemes/search/
https://thenationaltrust.gov.in/content/

PENALTIES PRESCRIBED FOR OFFENCES COMMITTED UNDER
THE ACT-
• For fraudulently availing benefits meant for persons with benchmark disabilities-
imprisonment up to 2 years or with fine up to Rs 1 lakh or with both
• For insulting, intimidating, humiliating a person with disability within public
view; assaulting or dishonor or outrage the modesty of a woman with disability;
enying food or fluids; sexually exploiting; injuring, damaging or interfering with
the use of any limb or sense or any supporting device; performing, conducting or
directing any medical procedures which leads to termination of pregnancy
without her express consent, or that of a guardian ; imprisonment for a term
which shall not be less than six months but which may extend to five years and
with fine.

• For will fully failing to produce any book, account or other documents or
failing to furnish any statement, information or particulars, punishment with
fine up to Rs. 25,000 for each offence, and in case of continued failure or
refusal, with further fine up to Rs. 1,000 for each day after the date of the
original order imposing the punishment of fine

EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS
FOR DISABLED PERSONS
1.Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) is
Government of India’s flagship program
for achievement of Universalization of
Elementary Education (UEE) this
program aims to give free and
compulsory Education to the Children
of 6–14 years age group

• Integrated Education for Disabled Children (IEDC) in District Primary Education
Program(DPEP)- The IEDC scheme provides for a wide range of incentives and
interventions for the education of children with disabilities.
• The World Program of Action (WPA) is a global strategy to enhance disability
prevention, rehabilitation and equalization of opportunities, which pertains to
full participation of persons with disabilities in social life and national
development. The WPA also emphasizes the need to approach disability from a
human rights perspective.
• Opening Doors program
• Health Insurance Counseling and Advocacy Program

• "Unique ID for Persons with Disabilities” project is being implemented with a view of creating
a National Database for PwDs, and to issue a Unique Disability Identity Card to each person
with disabilities.
• The project will not only encourage transparency, efficiency and ease of delivering the
government benefits to the person with disabilities, but also ensure uniformity.
• The project will also help in stream-lining the tracking of physical and financial progress of
beneficiary at all levels of hierarchy of implementation – from Village level, Block level,
District level , State level and National level.

Disability Certificate
• The respective Medical boards constituted at a State or district levels are
the certifying authority to issue disability certificate.
• The board consists of a chief medical officer/ sub divisional medical officer
in the District and another expert in the specified field.
• Examples are: an ophthalmic surgeon, ENT surgeon , an orthopedic
surgeon, a specialist in physical medicine and rehabilitation and a
psychiatrist

• The certificate is issued to persons with disabilities mentioned under the Rights of
Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 .
• The certificate is valid for a period five years.
• In order to get a disability certificate a person requires a birth certificate and proof of
residence.

PENSION SCHEMES FOR DISABLED PERSON
Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme-
Beneficiary:
Indira Gandhi National Disability Scheme was launched on February 2009 by the Ministry of Rural
Development headed by the Central Government to support the disabled people in our country.
This scheme introduced under National Social Assistance Program provides monthly pension to disabled
person whose age is more than 18 years, and with 80% disability or below poverty line
Benefits:
A pension of Rs.300/- per month is provided to Divyangan between 18 years and 79 years. For persons
who are 80 years and above the pension of Rs.500/- per month will be provided.
Reference- https://www.myscheme.gov.in/schemes/igndps#benefits

The eligibility criteria for a disabled person to avail the benefits are as follows.
• The age of the applicant should range between 18 years to 80 above
• The applicant should be a resident of India.
• The applicant should be a physically or mentally disabled person.
• The applicant’s disability should be more than 80%.
• Dwarfs are also eligible for this scheme.
• The applicant should belong to Below Poverty Line.

Sanjay Gandhi Niradhar Pension Scheme
Sector: Government
Beneficiary:
To provide financial assistance to destitute persons, blind, disabled, orphan children, persons suffering
from major illnesses, divorced women, abandoned women, women freed from prostitution, outraged
women, transgender, etc.
Benefits:
Each Beneficiary will get Rs.600/- per month and family with more than one beneficiary will get Rs.900/-
per month. Benefit will be given to beneficiary till his/her children become 25 years old or he /she gets
employed, whichever occurs first. If beneficiary has only daughters, the benefit will be continued even
they become 25 years old or get married.
Reference- https://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/scheme/sanjay-gandhi-niradhar-pension-scheme/

Health Insurance Policy for Disabled/Differently Abled Person
1.Niramaya Health Insurance Scheme-
Niramaya Health Insurance Scheme was launched by the Department of Empowerment of Persons
with Disabilities, Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment.
•Health insurance coverage: Up to ₹1,00,000/- for various expenses.
•Outpatient department (OPD) treatment.
•Regular medical checkups
•Dental care
•Surgery.
•Non-surgical/hospitalization
•Ongoing therapies.
•Alternative medicine: Coverage for alternative treatment options.
•Transportation costs: Reimbursement for transportation related to medical care

2.Swavalamban Health Insurance Scheme for Disabled
Persons
Eligibility-
Persons having disabilities such as blindness, low vision, leprosy, hearing aid, locomotor, mental
retardation, and illness, etc. are duly certified by the competent authority; aged between 18 years and
65 years and with a parental annual income less than Rs.3, 00,000/- P. A
• Health insurance covers up to Rs.2,00,000 per annum as a family floater.
• For corrective therapy, OPD costs up to Rs. 10,000 per year will be covered.
• For mental illness, OPD costs up to Rs. 3000 per year will be covered
• Family Floater: Primary insured person will be the person with disability. Up to three family
members can be covered under the scheme.
• Persons with multiple disabilities, Cerebral Palsy, & autism are not covered under this scheme. This
could be because these people are covered by the Niramaya Health Insurance Scheme provided by
the National Trust.

NGO`S IN PUNE FOR DISABLED PEOPLE-
1.Prayatna , Pune is an NGO registered under the Bombay Public Trust Act and is
based in Pune. It is an Independent Training Centre aimed at helping people with
special needs become competent and confident young adults.
2.Nirmalya Trust- Registered in 2005, is Public Charitable Trust that caters to the
needs of persons with hearing & speech impairment, the orthopedically challenged, the
visually impaired and the paraplegic.
3.Umed Pariwar in Pune is a Parent Organization and Residential Centre. They work
with adults with Cerebral Palsy and other intellectual and developmental disabilities.
4.Savali is a registered charitable trust working for the persons with a learning
difficulty and cerebral palsy IN children and adults

1. STEPHEN HAWKING
A theoretical physicist,
astrophysicist, cosmologist, and
eminent scientist, Stephen Hawking
was diagnosed with ALS at age 21:
he was given two more years to
live. He lived the rest of his
life - 55 more years - paralyzed
from head to toe
He used a voice synthesizer to
communicate and a wheelchair that
he operated through slight
movements of his head and eyes.
None of this prevented him from
developing his activity as an
exemplary researcher and
professor, and an intense personal
life that has allowed him to make
his illness known to the world.
Becoming one of the most
recognizable celebrities of our
time, his story was taken to the
cinema in the film "The Theory of

LATEST NEWS ARTICLE-
 Over 5 lakh disabled voters listed in Maharashtra in final electoral roll
(Nisha Nambiar/Feb 13,2024,8:57 IST)
Read more at:
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/107645198.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
 A tumor battle sows seed of UP's first library for disabled kids
(Sandeep Raii/updated: Feb 3, 2024, 04:24 IST)
Read more at:
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/a-tumour-battle-sows-seed-of-ups-first-library-for-disabled-kids/articleshow/107373009.cms
 Teacher arrested for raping disabled girl
(Updated: Feb 1,2024,10:09 IST)
Read more at:
 NFR(Northeast Frontier Railway) set to make railway stations disabled-friendly
(Feb 14,2024,08:55 IST)
Read more at:
Reference- https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/disability/

OTHER REFERENCES
 Park`s 27th edition
 Disability Rights (Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act & National Trust Act)
and Mental Healthcare Act(2022)National Human Rights Commission, India
 IAPSM`s textbook of community medicine
 https-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjluLV1F-UI&list=WL&index=16

Disability ,Impairment and handicap

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