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Kremersite
A valid IMA mineral species - grandfathered
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About Kremersite
Formula:
(NH4,K)2[Fe3+Cl5(H2O)]
Colour:
Ruby-red to red, brownish red
Lustre:
Vitreous
Specific Gravity:
2.175
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
After German chemist Peter Kremers (1827-?).
Isostructural with:
Very deliquescent, survives only under favourable ambient conditions.
Usually as tiny crystals, sometimes fibrous. Relatively large, deep red crystals, up to ca. 3 mm in size, were found coalesced in a single block from a burning heap in Radlin, Poland.
Usually as tiny crystals, sometimes fibrous. Relatively large, deep red crystals, up to ca. 3 mm in size, were found coalesced in a single block from a burning heap in Radlin, Poland.
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
2273
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:2273:2
IMA Classification of Kremersite
Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)
IMA Formula:
(N3-H4)2Fe3+Cl5·H2O
Classification of Kremersite
3.CJ.10
3 : HALIDES
C : Complex halides
J : With MX6 complexes; M = Fe, Mn, Cu
3 : HALIDES
C : Complex halides
J : With MX6 complexes; M = Fe, Mn, Cu
11.4.1.2
11 : HALIDE COMPLEXES
4 : AmBX5·xH2O
11 : HALIDE COMPLEXES
4 : AmBX5·xH2O
8.11.7
8 : Halides - Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides; also Fluoborates and Fluosilicates
11 : Halides of Fe and Ni
8 : Halides - Fluorides, Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides; also Fluoborates and Fluosilicates
11 : Halides of Fe and Ni
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Km | IMA–CNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
Physical Properties of Kremersite
Vitreous
Transparency:
Translucent
Colour:
Ruby-red to red, brownish red
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {211} and {011}.
On {211} and {011}.
Density:
2.175 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.13 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Comment:
Synthetic
Optical Data of Kremersite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.733 nβ = 1.763 nγ = 1.807
2V:
Measured: 70° , Calculated: 82°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.074
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 µm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Very High (positive)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
r > v or r < v
Chemistry of Kremersite
Mindat Formula:
(NH4,K)2[Fe3+Cl5(H2O)]
Element Weights:
Crystallography of Kremersite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Pnma
Setting:
Pnma
Cell Parameters:
a = 13.78 Å, b = 9.85 Å, c = 7.09 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 1.399 : 1 : 0.72
Unit Cell V:
962.35 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
4
Morphology:
Crystals pseudooctahedral with {011} and {210} in equal development.
Twinning:
On [211] and [201] (artificial material)
Crystal Structure
Load
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Unit Cell | Unit Cell Packed
2x2x2 | 3x3x3 | 4x4x4
Show
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Big Balls | Small Balls | Just Balls | Spacefill
Polyhedra Off | Si Polyhedra | All Polyhedra
Remove metal-metal sticks
Display Options
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
Black Background | White Background
Perspective On | Perspective Off
2D | Stereo | Red-Blue | Red-Cyan
View
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
CIF File Best | x | y | z | a | b | c
Rotation
Stop | Start
Stop | Start
Labels
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Console Off | On | Grey | Yellow
Data courtesy of the American Mineralogist Crystal Structure Database. Click on an AMCSD ID to view structure
| ID | Species | Reference | Link | Year | Locality | Pressure (GPa) | Temp (K) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0012057 | Kremersite | Figgis B N, Raston C L, Sharma R P, White A H (1978) Crystal structure of diammonium aquapentachloroferrate(III) Australian Journal of Chemistry 31 2717-2720 | 1978 | synthetic | 0 | 293 |
CIF Raw Data - click here to close
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 2.800 Å | (100) |
| 5.72 Å | (80) |
| 2.451 Å | (65) |
| 2.794 Å | (60) |
| 5.61 Å | (55) |
| 2.783 Å | (55) |
| 4.900 Å | (40) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45b : [Other oxidized fumarolic minerals] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Type Occurrence of Kremersite
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Active volcanic fumaroles.
Associated Minerals at Type Locality:
Synonyms of Kremersite
Other Language Names for Kremersite
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 1 photo of Kremersite associated with Therasiaite | (NH4)3KNa2Fe2+Fe3+(SO4)3Cl5 |
| 1 photo of Kremersite associated with 'Unnamed (NH4-Mn Chloride-Hydrate)' | |
| 1 photo of Kremersite associated with 'Unnamed (NH4-Zn-Fe Chloride)' | (NH4)3(Zn,Fe)Cl5 |
| 1 photo of Kremersite associated with Ammonioalunite | (NH4)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
| 1 photo of Kremersite associated with Ammoniojarosite | (NH4)Fe3+3(SO4)2(OH)6 |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 3.CJ.05 | Rinneite | K3Na[FeCl6] |
| 3.CJ.05 | Saltonseaite | K3NaMnCl6 |
| 3.CJ.05 | Chlormanganokalite | K4[MnCl6] |
| 3.CJ.10 | Erythrosiderite | K2[Fe3+Cl5(H2O)] |
| 3.CJ.15 | Mitscherlichite | K2CuCl4 · 2H2O |
| 3.CJ.20 | Douglasite | K2[Fe2+Cl4(OH2)2] |
| 3.CJ.25 | 'Redikortsevite' | (NH4)MgCl3 · 6H2O |
| 3.CJ.30 | Zirklerite | (Fe,Mg,Ca)9Al4Cl18(OH)12 · 14H2O (?) |
| 3.CJ.30 | Kalithallite | K3Tl3+Cl6 · 2H2O |
Other Information
Notes:
Readily soluble in water. In (humid) air it will quickly turn into a deep-yellow solution, aggressive towards organics (e.g., paper, wood) and steel (Ł. Kruszewski's personal obs.)
Special Storage/
Display Requirements:
Display Requirements:
Very deliquescent,
Health Risks:
corrosive
Internet Links for Kremersite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-2273.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
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External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Kremersite
Localities for Kremersite
Showing 16 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
ⓘ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Czech Republic | |
| Košek (2018) |
| Varilová et al. (2011) |
Germany | |
| Blaß et al. (1993) +1 other reference |
| Košek (2018) | |
| XRD analysis (T. Witzke) |
Italy (TL) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Pelloux (1927) +1 other reference | |
| - (n.d.) +1 other reference |
| Campostrini et al. (2010) |
Japan | |
| S. Matsubara (2002) |
Netherlands | |
| Mestrom (2023) |
Poland | |
| Parafiniuk et al. (2009) |
| Kruszewski (2012) |
Russia | |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
Tajikistan | |
| Nasdala et al. (1993) |
USA | |
| Richards et al. (2017) |
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Anna mine, Alsdorf, Aachen, Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany