Paragenetic Mode 14 : Hot springs, geysers, and other subaerial geothermal minerals
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The surface of the Hadean world would have featured abundant subaerial hot springs and geysers that produced a range of geothermal minerals, perhaps including the earliest terrestrial occurrences of calcite (CaCO3), baryte (BaSO4), and a variety of hydrated phases. Widespread low-temperature aqueous alteration of Hadean lithologies would also have enriched early Earth’s inventory of hydrous silicates, including clay minerals and zeolites.
Stage
Minerals
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| Mineral | Formula | Crystal System |
|---|
| Akaganeite | (Fe3+,Ni2+)8(OH,O)16Cl1.25·nH2O | Monoclinic |
| Alum-(Na) | NaAl(SO4)2·12H2O | Isometric |
| Ammonioalunite | (NH4)Al3(SO4)2(OH)6 | Trigonal |
| Analcime | Na(AlSi2O6)·H2O | Triclinic |
| Anatase | TiO2 | Tetragonal |
| Anhydrite | CaSO4 | Orthorhombic |
| Aragonite | CaCO3 | Orthorhombic |
| Arcanite | K2SO4 | Orthorhombic |
| Baryte | BaSO4 | Orthorhombic |
| Boussingaultite | (NH4)2Mg(SO4)2·6H2O | Monoclinic |
| Brucite | Mg(OH)2 | Trigonal |
| Calcite | CaCO3 | Trigonal |
| Carpathite | C24H12 | Monoclinic |
| Celestine | SrSO4 | Orthorhombic |
| Clinoptilolite-Ca | Ca3(Si30Al6)O72·20H2O | Monoclinic |
| Clinoptilolite-Na | Na6(Si30Al6)O72·20H2O | Monoclinic |
| Coronadite | Pb(Mn4+6Mn3+2)O16 | Monoclinic |
| Dachiardite-Ca | (Ca,Na2,K2)5Al10Si38O96·25H2O | Monoclinic |
| Dachiardite-K | K4(Si20Al4O48)·13H2O | Monoclinic |
| Dachiardite-Na | (Na2,Ca,K2)5Al10Si38O96·25H2O | Monoclinic |
| Erionite-Ca | (Ca,K2,Na2)2[Al4Si14O36]·15H2O | Hexagonal |
| Erionite-K | (K2,Ca,Na2)2[Al4Si14O36]·15H2O | Hexagonal |
| Erionite-Na | (Na2,K2,Ca)2[Al4Si14O36]·15H2O | Hexagonal |
| Ferrihydrite | Fe3+10O14(OH)2 | Trigonal |
| Freieslebenite | AgPbSbS3 | Monoclinic |
| Galena | PbS | Isometric |
| Goethite | Fe3+O(OH) | Orthorhombic |
| Halotrichite | Fe2+Al2(SO4)4·22H2O | Monoclinic |
| Hectorite | Na0.3(Mg,Li)3(Si4O10)(F,OH)2 | Monoclinic |
| Hematite | Fe2O3 | Trigonal |
| Heulandite-Ba | (Ba,Ca,K)5(Si27Al9)O72·22H2O | Monoclinic |
| Heulandite-Na | (Na,Ca,K)6(Si,Al)36O72·22H2O | Monoclinic |
| Idrialite | C22H14 | Orthorhombic |
| Kogarkoite | Na3(SO4)F | Monoclinic |
| Laumontite | CaAl2Si4O12·4H2O | Monoclinic |
| Lenaite | AgFeS2 | Tetragonal |
| Letovicite | (NH4)3H(SO4)2 | Triclinic |
| Magadiite | Na2Si14O29·11H2O | Orthorhombic |
| Manganite | Mn3+O(OH) | Monoclinic |
| Mascagnite | (NH4)2SO4 | Orthorhombic |
| Mesolite | Na2Ca2Si9Al6O30·8H2O | Orthorhombic |
| Metastibnite | Sb2S3 | Amorphous |
| Mordenite | (Na2,Ca,K2)4(Al8Si40)O96·28H2O | Orthorhombic |
| Nahcolite | NaHCO3 | Monoclinic |
| Native Mercury | Hg | Amorphous |
| Nitratine | NaNO3 | Trigonal |
| Orpiment | As2S3 | Monoclinic |
| Pentlandite | (NixFey)Σ9S8 | Isometric |
| Prehnite | Ca2Al2Si3O10(OH)2 | Orthorhombic |
| Priceite | Ca2B5O7(OH)5·H2O | Monoclinic |
| Probertite | NaCa[B5O7(OH)4]·3H2O | Monoclinic |
| Pyrrhotite | Fe1-xS | Monoclinic |
| Quartz | SiO2 | Trigonal |
| Realgar | As4S4 | Monoclinic |
| Scolecite | CaAl2Si3O10·3H2O | Monoclinic |
| Stilbite-Ca | NaCa4(Si27Al9)O72·28H2O | Monoclinic |
| Suolunite | Ca2(H2Si2O7)·H2O | Orthorhombic |
| Thomsonite-Ca | NaCa2[Al5Si5O20]·6H2O | Orthorhombic |
| Wairakite | Ca(Al2Si4O12)·2H2O | Monoclinic |
| Yugawaralite | CaAl2Si6O16·4H2O | Monoclinic |
| Zincocopiapite | ZnFe3+4(SO4)6(OH)2·18H2O | Triclinic |
| Element | Count | Percent |
|---|
| H | Hydrogen | 40 | 65.57% |
| Li | Lithium | 1 | 1.64% |
| B | Boron | 2 | 3.28% |
| C | Carbon | 5 | 8.20% |
| N | Nitrogen | 5 | 8.20% |
| O | Oxygen | 50 | 81.97% |
| F | Fluorine | 2 | 3.28% |
| Na | Sodium | 19 | 31.15% |
| Mg | Magnesium | 3 | 4.92% |
| Al | Aluminium | 23 | 37.70% |
| Si | Silicon | 24 | 39.34% |
| S | Sulfur | 20 | 32.79% |
| Cl | Chlorine | 1 | 1.64% |
| K | Potassium | 10 | 16.39% |
| Ca | Calcium | 23 | 37.70% |
| Ti | Titanium | 1 | 1.64% |
| Mn | Manganese | 2 | 3.28% |
| Fe | Iron | 9 | 14.75% |
| Ni | Nickel | 2 | 3.28% |
| Zn | Zinc | 1 | 1.64% |
| As | Arsenic | 2 | 3.28% |
| Sr | Strontium | 1 | 1.64% |
| Ag | Silver | 2 | 3.28% |
| Sb | Antimony | 2 | 3.28% |
| Ba | Barium | 2 | 3.28% |
| Hg | Mercury | 1 | 1.64% |
| Pb | Lead | 3 | 4.92% |
References
Hazen, Robert M., Morrison, Shaunna M. (2022) On the paragenetic modes of minerals: A mineral evolution perspective. American Mineralogist, 107 (7) 1262-1287 doi:10.2138/am-2022-8099
