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The mineralogy of Zinc

General Properties
Symbol:Zn
Commodity pages:Zinc
Atomic Number:30
Standard atomic weight (Ar):65.38(2)
Electron configuration:[Ar] 3d10 4s2
Photos
<
Pure zinc
>
Atomic Properties
Electronegativity (Pauling scale):1.65
Atomic Radius:142 pm
Ionic Radius:74 pm (+2)
Van der Waals Radius:139 pm
1st Ionization energy:906 kJ/mol
Oxidation States:2
Physical Properties
Standard State:solid
Bonding Type:metallic
Melting Point:693 K
Boiling Point:1180 K
Density:7.14 g/cm3
Metal/Non-Metal:transition metal
Main isotopes of Zinc
Isotope% in NatureHalf LifeDecay typeDecay product
64Zn48.6%>2.3×1018yβ+β+ ?64Ni
65Znsynthetic243.8dε65Cu
66Zn27.9%stable
67Zn4.1%stable
68Zn18.8%stable
69Znsynthetic56minβ−69Ga
69mZnsynthetic13.76hβ−69Ga
70Zn0.6%>1.3×1016yβ-β- ?70Ge
71Znsynthetic2.4minβ−71Ga
71mZnsynthetic3.97dβ−71Ga
72Znsynthetic46.5hβ−72Ga
Main ions of Zinc
NameIonExample minerals
zincZn2+Sphalerite, Smithsonite
Other Information
Year Discovered:before 1000 BC
Discovered By:Indian metallurgists
Recognised as an element:800
Recognised By:
06983090017362062144718.jpg
Rasaratna Samuccaya
Year Isolated:1746
Isolated By:
05168330017362061883593.jpg
Andreas Sigismund Marggraf
Named For:From German: Zink - "prong, point"
CPK color coding:#7D80B0
External Links:WikipediaWebElementsLos Alamos National LaboratoryTheodore Gray's PeriodicTable.com
Simple Compounds and Mineral Names
Nitridestrizinc dinitrideZn3N2+2
Sulfideszinc sulphideZnS+2Sphalerite, Wurtzite
Selenideszinc selenideZnSe+2
Tellurideszinc tellurideZnTe+2
Hydrideszinc dihydrideZnH2+2
Hydroxideszinc hydroxideZn(OH)2+2Ashoverite, Sweetite, Wülfingite
Fluorideszinc difluorideZnF2+2
Chlorideszinc dichlorideZnCl2+2
Bromideszinc dibromideZnBr2+2
Iodideszinc diiodideZnI2+2
Oxideszinc oxideZnO+2Zincite
zinc peroxideZnO2+2
Carbonateszinc carbonateZnCO3+2Smithsonite
Nitrateszinc nitrateZn(NO3)2+2
Sulfateszinc sulfateZnSO4+2Zinkosite
zinc sulfate monohydrateZnSO4 · H2O+2Gunningite
zinc sulfate tetrahydrateZnSO4 · 4H2O+2Boyleite
zinc sulfate hexahydrateZnSO4 · 6H2O+2Bianchite
zinc sulfate heptahydrateZnSO4 · 7H2O+2Goslarite, Zincmelanterite
Phosphateszinc phosphateZn3(PO4)2+2
zinc phosphate tetrahydrateZn3(PO4)2 · 4H2O+2Hopeite, Parahopeite
hydrous zinc phosphateZn2(PO4)(OH)+2Tarbuttite
Arsenateszinc arsenateZn3(AsO4)2+2Reinerite
zinc arsenate dihydrateZn3(AsO4)2 · 2H2O+2Warikahnite
zinc arsenate tetrahydrateZn3(AsO4)2 · 4H2O+2Arsenohopeite, Davidlloydite
zinc arsenate octahydrateZn3(AsO4)2 · 8H2O+2Köttigite
hydrous zinc arsenateZn2(AsO4)(OH)+2Adamite, Paradamite
hydrous zinc arsenate monohydrateZn2(AsO4)(OH) · H2O+2Legrandite
Silicateszinc silicateZn2SIO4+2Willemite
Mineral Diversity of Zinc
1. Elements 4 valid mineral species
2. Sulfides And Sulfosalts 23 valid mineral species
3. Halides6 valid mineral species
4. Oxides 41 valid mineral species
5. Carbonates 14 valid mineral species
6. Borates1 valid mineral species
7. Sulfates 60 valid mineral species
8. Phosphates, Arsenates, Vanadates112 valid mineral species
9. Silicates 41 valid mineral species
10. Organic Compounds2 valid mineral species
Total:304 valid species containing essential Zinc
Minerals with the greatest weight % of Zinc
Native ZincZn100.00 %
ZinciteZnO80.34 %
DanbaiteCuZn267.30 %
SphaleriteZnS67.09 %
Wurtzite(Zn,Fe)S67.09 %
Polhemusite(Zn,Hg)S67.09 %
AshoveriteZn(OH)265.78 %
SweetiteZn(OH)265.78 %
WülfingiteZn(OH)265.78 %
SclariteZn7(CO3)2(OH)1061.20 %
Geochemistry of Zinc
Goldschmidt classification:Chalcophile
Zn2+ was one of the ions least depleted from the mantle in the formation of the crust.
Zn2+ is concentrated in residual soils and sediments (less certainty.)
Zn2+ solute can be a limiting nutrient in the growth of bacteria.
Zn2+ solute is a micronutrient on land.
Zn2+ is essential to nutrition of at least some vertebrates ('essential minerals').
Elemental Abundance for Zinc
Crust (CRC Handbook)7.0 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Kaye & Laby)8.2 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Greenwood)7.6 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)8.0 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Crust (Ahrens/Wänke)7.6 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Taylor)7.1 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Upper Crust (Ahrens/Shaw)5.2 x 10-5mass fraction, kg/kg
Sea Water (CRC Handbook)4.9 x 10-9mass per volume fraction, kg/L
Sea Water (Kaye & Laby)1.1 x 10-8mass per volume fraction, kg/L
The Sun (Kaye & Laby)1.1 x 10-3atom mole fraction relative to Si=1
Solar System (Kaye & Laby)1.3 x 10-3atom mole fraction relative to Si=1
Solar System (Ahrens)1.26 x 10-3 (4.4%)atom mole fraction relative to Si=1 (% uncertainty)
Element association of Zinc in the Mineral World
This table compares the known valid mineral species listed listed with Zinc and the other elements listed based on the official IMA formula. Note that unlike other sections on this page this includes non-essential elements.

The first data column contains the total number of minerals listed with Zinc and the element listed for that row.

The second data column lists this number as a percentage of all minerals listed with Zinc.

The final data column compares this percentage against the percentage of all minerals that contain the element listed in each row.

Click on a heading to sort.
ElementValid Minerals listed with element and Zinc% of Zn mineralsRelative to % in all minerals
Oxygen306 minerals with Zn and O87.68%7.99% higher
Hydrogen248 minerals with Zn and H71.06%27.85% higher
Sulfur99 minerals with Zn and S28.37%28.79% higher
Iron82 minerals with Zn and Fe23.50%5.15% higher
Arsenic78 minerals with Zn and As22.35%72.08% higher
Copper76 minerals with Zn and Cu21.78%60.93% higher
Silicon55 minerals with Zn and Si15.76%42.75% lower
Manganese53 minerals with Zn and Mn15.19%30.24% higher
Phosphorus51 minerals with Zn and P14.61%19.12% higher
Calcium46 minerals with Zn and Ca13.18%47.07% lower
Aluminium45 minerals with Zn and Al12.89%35.20% lower
Lead42 minerals with Zn and Pb12.03%11.63% higher
Magnesium41 minerals with Zn and Mg11.75%11.62% lower
Sodium25 minerals with Zn and Na7.16%61.49% lower
Potassium22 minerals with Zn and K6.30%36.12% lower
Carbon21 minerals with Zn and C6.02%26.24% lower
Titanium19 minerals with Zn and Ti5.44%22.82% lower
Chlorine18 minerals with Zn and Cl5.16%29.75% lower
Antimony17 minerals with Zn and Sb4.87%14.93% lower
Tin14 minerals with Zn and Sn4.01%120.00% higher
Tellurium14 minerals with Zn and Te4.01%12.46% higher
Silver12 minerals with Zn and Ag3.44%12.26% lower
Vanadium9 minerals with Zn and V2.58%46.44% lower
Chromium7 minerals with Zn and Cr2.01%7.18% higher
Beryllium6 minerals with Zn and Be1.72%20.38% lower
Selenium6 minerals with Zn and Se1.72%36.02% lower
Niobium6 minerals with Zn and Nb1.72%44.31% lower
Uranium6 minerals with Zn and U1.72%66.83% lower
Germanium5 minerals with Zn and Ge1.43%103.57% higher
Strontium5 minerals with Zn and Sr1.43%47.92% lower
Cerium5 minerals with Zn and Ce1.43%53.59% lower
Nitrogen3 minerals with Zn and N0.86%66.41% lower
Fluorine3 minerals with Zn and F0.86%89.08% lower
Nickel3 minerals with Zn and Ni0.86%74.41% lower
Gallium3 minerals with Zn and Ga0.86%497.13% higher
Yttrium3 minerals with Zn and Y0.86%63.19% lower
Cadmium3 minerals with Zn and Cd0.86%58.07% higher
Indium3 minerals with Zn and In0.86%216.13% higher
Barium3 minerals with Zn and Ba0.86%81.47% lower
Tungsten3 minerals with Zn and W0.86%5.72% lower
Mercury3 minerals with Zn and Hg0.86%52.02% lower
Thallium3 minerals with Zn and Tl0.86%42.21% lower
Lanthanum2 minerals with Zn and La0.57%57.85% lower
Lithium1 mineral with Zn and Li0.29%85.67% lower
Boron1 mineral with Zn and B0.29%94.26% lower
Palladium1 mineral with Zn and Pd0.29%79.64% lower
Bismuth1 mineral with Zn and Bi0.29%93.16% lower
Periodic Table
1H 2He
3Li 4Be 5B 6C 7N 8O 9F 10Ne
11Na 12Mg 13Al 14Si 15P 16S 17Cl 18Ar
19K 20Ca 21Sc 22Ti 23V 24Cr 25Mn 26Fe 27Co 28Ni 29Cu 30Zn 31Ga 32Ge 33As 34Se 35Br 36Kr
37Rb 38Sr 39Y 40Zr 41Nb 42Mo 43Tc 44Ru 45Rh 46Pd 47Ag 48Cd 49In 50Sn 51Sb 52Te 53I 54Xe
55Cs 56Ba 57La 72Hf 73Ta 74W 75Re 76Os 77Ir 78Pt 79Au 80Hg 81Tl 82Pb 83Bi 84Po 85At 86Rn
87Fr 88Ra 89Ac 104Rd 105Db 106Sg 107Bh 108Hs 109Mt 110Ds 111Rg 112Cn 113Nh 114Fl 115Mc 116Lv 117Ts 118Og
 
58Ce 59Pr 60Nd 61Pm 62Sm 63Eu 64Gd 65Tb 66Dy 67Ho 68Er 69Tm 70Yb 71Lu
90Th 91Pa 92U 93Np 94Pu 95Am 96Cm 97Bk 98Cf 99Es 100Fm 101Md 102No 103Lr
Default Categories CPK Electronegativity Atomic Radius Lowest Oxidation Highest Oxidation Crustal Abundance Goldschmidt Mineral Species Minerals with Zn Relative Frequency
Copper << Zinc >> Gallium


Most widespread minerals containing Zinc
This list of minerals containing Zinc is built from the mindat.org locality database. This is based on the number of localities entered for mineral species and is therefore slanted towards minerals interesting to collectors with less coverage of common rock-forming-minerals so it does not give an undistorted distribution of Zinc mineral species. It is more useful when comparing rare species rather than common species.
NameFormulaCrystal SystemMindat Localities
SphaleriteZnSIsometric27118
SmithsoniteZnCO3Trigonal3078
HemimorphiteZn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2OOrthorhombic2124
HydrozinciteZn5(CO3)2(OH)6Monoclinic1294
Aurichalcite(Zn,Cu)5(CO3)2(OH)6Monoclinic1126
GahniteZnAl2O4Isometric556
DescloizitePbZn(VO4)(OH)Orthorhombic487
Wurtzite(Zn,Fe)SHexagonal486
WillemiteZn2SiO4Trigonal412
AdamiteZn2(AsO4)(OH)Orthorhombic314
Photos
09431020017271926682279.jpg
Sphalerite, etc.

Lengenbach Quarry, Fäld, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland
08389540017864895201566.jpg
Smithsonite

Tsumeb Mine, Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia
09585880017393096896082.jpg
Hemimorphite, etc.

Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Mapimí Municipality, Durango, Mexico
03623380017271923862805.jpg
Hydrozincite

Andara mining district, Camaleño, Cantabria, Spain
03414030017864941827721.jpg
Sphalerite, etc.

Lengenbach Quarry, Fäld, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland
00208380017363312433586.jpg
Smithsonite

Tsumeb Mine, Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia
09585880017393096896082.jpg
Hemimorphite, etc.

Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Mapimí Municipality, Durango, Mexico
04439160017867017872880.jpg
Hydrozincite

Andara mining district, Camaleño, Cantabria, Spain
09431020017271926682279.jpg
Sphalerite, etc.

Lengenbach Quarry, Fäld, Binn, Goms, Valais, Switzerland
03108380017360821988343.jpg
Smithsonite

Tsumeb Mine, Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia
05386020017393315822149.jpg
Hemimorphite, etc.

Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Mapimí Municipality, Durango, Mexico
03623380017271923862805.jpg
Hydrozincite

Andara mining district, Camaleño, Cantabria, Spain

Localities with greatest number of different Zinc mineral species
1Tsumeb Mine (Ongopolo Mine), Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region, Namibia58 Zn minerals
2Sterling Mine, Sterling Hill, Ogdensburg, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA42 Zn minerals
3Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA31 Zn minerals
4Christiana Mine, Mercati mines, Agios Konstantinos (Kamariza), Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece30 Zn minerals
5Friedrichssegen Mine, Friedrichssegen, Lahnstein, Rhein-Lahn-Kreis, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany30 Zn minerals
6Genna zinc smelter slag locality, Helmke quarry nature reserve, Letmathe, Iserlohn, Märkischer Kreis, Arnsberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany27 Zn minerals
7Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Mapimí Municipality, Durango, Mexico26 Zn minerals
8Block 14 opencut, Broken Hill, Broken Hill district, Yancowinna Co., New South Wales, Australia26 Zn minerals


Important ores of Zinc
NameFormulaCrystal System
SphaleriteZnSIsometric
Photos
09382890017271953363162.jpg
Sphalerite

Flamboro Quarry, West Flamborough Township, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
08522050017271926816538.jpg
Sphalerite, etc.

Dalnegorsk, Dalnegorsk Urban District, Primorsky Krai, Russia
00213620017684893435478.jpg
Sphalerite

Inagotable claim, La Providencia Mines, Andara mining district, Camaleño, Cantabria, Spain
03744130017271953374609.jpg
Sphalerite

Buckwheat pit, Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA
09499810017271926745335.jpg
Sphalerite

Flamboro Quarry, West Flamborough Township, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
05644890017271926718662.jpg
Sphalerite, etc.

Dalnegorsk, Dalnegorsk Urban District, Primorsky Krai, Russia
07676330017684893419089.jpg
Sphalerite

Inagotable claim, La Providencia Mines, Andara mining district, Camaleño, Cantabria, Spain
09715860017271926777156.jpg
Sphalerite

Buckwheat pit, Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA
09382890017271953363162.jpg
Sphalerite

Flamboro Quarry, West Flamborough Township, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
08522050017271926816538.jpg
Sphalerite, etc.

Dalnegorsk, Dalnegorsk Urban District, Primorsky Krai, Russia
01489260017684912706834.jpg
Sphalerite

Inagotable claim, La Providencia Mines, Andara mining district, Camaleño, Cantabria, Spain
03744130017271953374609.jpg
Sphalerite

Buckwheat pit, Franklin Mine, Franklin, Sussex County, New Jersey, USA


Minor ores of Zinc
NameFormulaCrystal System
Wurtzite(Zn,Fe)SHexagonal
WillemiteZn2SiO4Trigonal
HemimorphiteZn4Si2O7(OH)2 · H2OOrthorhombic
SmithsoniteZnCO3Trigonal
ZinciteZnOHexagonal
Photos
02863730017271927615445.jpg
Wurtzite

Val Pulita Quarry, Torano quarrying basin, Carrara, Massa-Carrara Province, Tuscany, Italy
07555010017271929146957.jpg
Willemite, etc.

Mystery Mine, Costello Mine group, Gleeson, Turquoise Mining District, Cochise County, Arizona, USA
02345620017271923742980.jpg
Hemimorphite

Rohdenhaus Quarry, Rohdenhaus, Wülfrath, Mettmann, Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
00337370017864895245862.jpg
Smithsonite

San Antonio Mine, East Camp, Santa Eulalia Mining District, Aquiles Serdán Municipality, Chihuahua, Mexico
03781780017362062182139.jpg
Wurtzite

Val Pulita Quarry, Torano quarrying basin, Carrara, Massa-Carrara Province, Tuscany, Italy
04252140017866376871094.jpg
Willemite, etc.

Mystery Mine, Costello Mine group, Gleeson, Turquoise Mining District, Cochise County, Arizona, USA
02345620017271923742980.jpg
Hemimorphite

Rohdenhaus Quarry, Rohdenhaus, Wülfrath, Mettmann, Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
06645880017731787637943.jpg
Smithsonite

San Antonio Mine, East Camp, Santa Eulalia Mining District, Aquiles Serdán Municipality, Chihuahua, Mexico
02863730017271927615445.jpg
Wurtzite

Val Pulita Quarry, Torano quarrying basin, Carrara, Massa-Carrara Province, Tuscany, Italy
07555010017271929146957.jpg
Willemite, etc.

Mystery Mine, Costello Mine group, Gleeson, Turquoise Mining District, Cochise County, Arizona, USA
02345620017271923742980.jpg
Hemimorphite

Rohdenhaus Quarry, Rohdenhaus, Wülfrath, Mettmann, Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
00341730017363774816485.jpg
Smithsonite

San Antonio Mine, East Camp, Santa Eulalia Mining District, Aquiles Serdán Municipality, Chihuahua, Mexico


Other significant minerals containing Zinc
NameFormulaCrystal System
AdamiteZn2(AsO4)(OH)Orthorhombic
ChalcophaniteZnMn4+3O7 · 3H2OTrigonal
ScholziteCaZn2(PO4)2 · 2H2OOrthorhombic
Photos
02159400017360473605599.jpg
Adamite, etc.

Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Mapimí Municipality, Durango, Mexico
02054470017271948687999.jpg
Chalcophanite

Esperanza Mine, Kaminiza mines, Km 3, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece
06891300017866313923243.jpg
Scholzite

Reaphook Hill, Martins Well, Pastoral Unincorporated Area, South Australia, Australia
05930900017271920758958.jpg
Adamite

Hilarion Mine, Kamariza Mines, Agios Konstantinos, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece
08432830017362062255361.jpg
Adamite, etc.

Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Mapimí Municipality, Durango, Mexico
01079530017362062236634.jpg
Chalcophanite

Esperanza Mine, Kaminiza mines, Km 3, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece
03103380017362062249455.jpg
Scholzite

Reaphook Hill, Martins Well, Pastoral Unincorporated Area, South Australia, Australia
09641020017362062214492.jpg
Adamite

Hilarion Mine, Kamariza Mines, Agios Konstantinos, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece
02159400017360473605599.jpg
Adamite, etc.

Ojuela Mine, Mapimí, Mapimí Municipality, Durango, Mexico
02054470017271948687999.jpg
Chalcophanite

Esperanza Mine, Kaminiza mines, Km 3, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece
01938340017271926462106.jpg
Scholzite

Reaphook Hill, Martins Well, Pastoral Unincorporated Area, South Australia, Australia
05930900017271920758958.jpg
Adamite

Hilarion Mine, Kamariza Mines, Agios Konstantinos, Lavreotiki, East Attica, Attica, Greece
 
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