Data extracted in June 2026

Planned article update: June 2027

Energy production and imports

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Data extracted in June 2026

Planned article update: June 2027

Highlights

Based on preliminary 2025 data for the EU, renewable energy sources contributed to 47.2% of total electricity generation.

Based on preliminary 2025 data for the EU, 88% of gas supply in the grid came from imports.

Line chart showing supply of fossil fuels and nuclear in the EU. Five lines represent hard coal, brown coal, natural gas, petroleum products and nuclear over the years 2005 to 2025. The year 2005 is indexed at 100. For more details please use the link to the source dataset code below the image.

Source: Eurostat (nrg_cb_sff), (nrg_cb_gas), (nrg_cb_oil), (nrg_ind_pehnf)

In 2025, there were no remarkable developments in the supply of fossil fuels and nuclear. Coal continued decreasing, natural gas increased, while nuclear was rather stable compared to 2024. The supply of petroleum products was slightly lower than in 2024[1]. The figure above shows the indexed supply of fossil fuels and nuclear in the EU in the period 2005-2025.

Natural gas

Preliminary 2025 data indicate a slight increase in the domestic production of natural gas (+2.3% compared with 2024). These production developments combined with an increase in net imports (+4.8%) resulted in a 2.3% increase in inland consumption of natural gas compared with 2024. This is nevertheless a 17.1% drop compared with 2021, the period before gas saving measures were implemented (see Table 1[2]). Detailed data by country are available in Eurostat's energy database.

Table showing trade and supply of natural gas production in Terajoules - Gross Calorific Value in the EU over the years 2020 to 2025. For more details please use the link to the source dataset code below the image.
Table 1: Natural gas production, trade and supply in the EU
Source: Eurostat (nrg_cb_gas)

Figure 1 shows the evolution of gas supply in the grid in the period from 1990 until 2025, broken down by natural gas domestic production, net imports, and biogas injected in the grid. It is clear that the EU has increasingly been relying on imports of natural gas, downsizing domestic production. In 2025, net imports made up as much as 88% of gas supply in the grid. Biogas injected in the grid, although on the rise (+10.8% compared to 2024), still makes up a negligible portion of the total gas supply in the grid and is therefore unlikely to compensate for any potential natural gas shortages in the near future.

Stacked area chart showing supply of gas in the EU grid in Terajoules - Gross Calorific Value. Three stacks represent natural gas domestic production, natural gas net imports and biogas injected in the grid over the years 1990 to 2025. For more details please use the link to the source dataset code below the image.
Figure 1: Supply of gas in the grid, EU, TJ GCV
Source: Eurostat (nrg_cb_gas)

Solid fossil fuels (coal) and manufactured gases

Following a generally downward path for many years, coal consumption took a reverse course in 2021 and 2022, before dropping quite significantly in 2023. This decrease continued, although at a slower rate, in 2024 and 2025, with preliminary data suggesting record low levels for inland consumption of solid fossil fuels in the EU. Compared with 2024, inland consumption of lignite in the EU fell by 15.3 thousand tonnes (kt) (-7.7%), while other bituminous coal dropped by 1.6 kt (-2.3%). Manufactured gases, mostly produced in relation to coal consumption in the iron and steel industry, all show a decrease except for gas works gas.

In fact, Table 2[3] shows a clear decreasing trend for almost all products, with the exception of a gas works gas and oil shale and oil sands.

Table showing inland consumption of solid fossil fuels and manufactured gases in the EU in kilo tonnes and Terajoules - Gross Calorific Value over the years 2020 to 2025. For more details please use the link to the source dataset code below the image.
Table 2: Inland consumption of solid fossil fuels and manufactured gases in the EU
Source: Eurostat (nrg_cb_sff), (nrg_cb_gas)

Tables 3 and 4 show the supply and trade data for brown coal and hard coal. These 2 aggregates cover the majority of fuels used. Both hard coal and brown coal supply dropped significantly. Inland consumption of hard coal dropped by 3.2%, and of brown coal by 7.7% compared to 2024. Figure 2 shows the development of brown coal and hard coal domestic production and net imports[4] since 1990, indicating a long-term downward trend for both aggregates, interrupted in 2021 and 2022, but continuing in the period after.

Table showing trade and supply of hard coal production in the EU in kilo tonnes over the years 2020 to 2025. For more details please use the link to the source dataset code below the image.
Table 3: Hard coal production, trade and supply in the EU
Source: Eurostat (nrg_cb_sff)


Table showing trade and supply of brown coal production in the EU in kilo tonnes over the years 2020 to 2025. For more details please use the link to the source dataset code below the image.
Table 4: Brown coal production, trade and supply in the EU
Source: Eurostat (nrg_cb_sff)


Stacked area chart showing supply of coal and coal products in the EU in kilo tonnes. Three stacks represent hard coal domestic production, brown coal domestic production and net imports including coal products over years 1990 to 2025. For more details please use the link to the source dataset code below the image.
Figure 2: Supply of coal and coal products, EU, kt
Source: Eurostat (nrg_cb_sff)


Oil

Preliminary data for 2025 indicate that the demand of refineries for primary oil (such as crude oil) decreased by 2.6% in 2025 compared with the year before (see Table 5). A similar trend (-3.4% in 2025 compared with 2024) was also observed for the supply of refined petroleum products from refineries (see Table 6). In 2025, gas oil and diesel oil followed by motor gasoline were the most significant oil products refined in the EU, accounting together for 59.4% of the total refinery output.

Table showing trade and supply of oil and petroleum products production in the EU in kilo tonnes over the years 2020 to 2025. For more details please use the link to the source dataset code below the image.
Table 5: Oil and petroleum products production, trade and supply in the EU
Source: Eurostat (nrg_cb_oil)
Table showing refinery gross output in the EU in kilo tonnes over the years 2020 to 2025. For more details please use the link to the source dataset code below the image.
Table 6: Refinery gross output in the EU, kt
Source: Eurostat (nrg_cb_oil)

Figure 3 shows the development of the supply of oil and blended biofuels in the period 1990-2025, broken down by domestic production, net imports and biofuels blended. Similarly to natural gas, we can see that domestic production follows a decreasing trend, while any rising demand needs are typically met by increasing imports.

Stacked area chart showing supply of oil and blended biofuels in the EU in kilo tonnes. Three stacks represent oil domestic production, oil net imports and liquid biofuels blended over years 1990 to 2025. For more details please use the link to the source dataset code below the image.
Figure 3: Supply of oil and blended biofuels, EU, kt
Source: Eurostat (nrg_cb_oil)

Electricity

The total electricity supply in the EU increased by 0.9% compared with 2024. Preliminary 2025 data indicate significant annual variations between various individual fuel sources used for electricity generation. As in previous years, there was a high reliance on renewables (1 326 Terawatt-hours (TWh)) and a comparatively low use of fossil fuels (832 TWh). In 2025, 47.2% of electricity in the EU was produced from renewable energy (down from 47.8% in 2024), and only 29.6% from fossil fuels (up from 28.9% in 2024). The remaining portion (651 TWh or 23.2%) is nuclear power, having continued its recovery, which started in 2023 after the record-low levels registered in 2022.

The fossil fuel increase is largely driven by an increase in electricity produced from natural gas (+38.2 TWh or +8.6%). On the other hand, in the renewable category we see a significant drop in electricity from hydro (-47.4 TWh or -11.7%) and smaller decreases in electricity from wind (-9.9 TWh or -2.0%) and biogases (-5.6 TWh or -9.9%). This is compensated for by a rise in electricity from solar photovoltaic (+58.5 TWh or +19.2%).

On the level of individual fuels, nuclear continued to be the most important contributor to the EU electricity generation system (650.6 TWh or 23.1%). The second most important fuel was natural gas, with 481.4 TWh (17.1%) , closely followed by wind (480.2 TWh or 17.1%). (Table 7 and Figure 4[5]).

Table showing gross electricity production in the EU in GWh over the years 2020 to 2025. For more details please use the link to the source dataset code below the image.
Table 7: Gross electricity production in the EU, GWh
Source: Eurostat (nrg_ind_pehcf), (nrg_ind_pehnf)

We can see in Table 8 that there have not been any significant developments in terms of trade and that export and import figures typically do not diverge much. On the level of the EU, trade in electricity serves mostly the purpose of grid balancing. While some countries are net importers, the EU as whole has sufficient electricity generation capacities to meet its electricity demand.

Table showing trade and supply of electricity production in the EU in GWh over the years 2020 to 2025. For more details please use the link to the source dataset code below the image.
Table 8: Electricity production, trade and supply in the EU, GWh
Source: Eurostat (nrg_cb_e)

Figure 4 shows the developments in electricity production from nuclear, renewables and fossil fuels in the period 1990-2025.

Line chart showing electricity production in the EU in GWh. The three lines represent nuclear, renewables and fossil fuels over the years 1990 to 2025. For more details please use the link to the source dataset code below the image.
Figure 4: Electricity production in the EU, GWh
Source: Eurostat((nrg_ind_pehcf), (nrg_ind_pehnf)

Heat

The total derived heat supply in the EU in 2025 is estimated to have increased by 1.1% compared with 2024. This refers only to heat that was sold – autoconsumed heat is not reflected in these figures. Natural gas as the most important fuel for heat production in the EU increased by 1.2% or 7.7 petajoules (PJ). Compared with 2020, however, it decreased by 15.2%. Solid biofuels, the second largest contributor to heat production, decreased by 0.8% or 4.1 PJ compared to 2024 (+5.5% compared with 2020), whereas heat from other bituminous coal decreased by 2.4% or 5.4 PJ (-30.9% compared with 2020). Heat from wastes increased by 1.7% from 2024 to 2025 (and 6.6% compared with 2020). Other sources contribute significantly less to the total heat production, and preliminary data indicate mixed trends (Table 9).

Table showing gross heat production in the EU in terajoules over the years 2020 to 2025. For more details please use the link to the source dataset code below the image.
Table 9: Gross heat production in the EU, TJ
Source: Eurostat (nrg_ind_pehcf), (nrg_ind_pehnf)

As shown in Table 10, imports and exports of heat are virtually non-existent in the EU and heat supply relies exclusively on domestic heat production.

Table showing trade and supply of heat production in the EU in terajoules over the years 2020 to 2025. For more details please use the link to the source dataset code below the image.
Table 10: Heat production, trade and supply in the EU, TJ
Source: Eurostat (nrg_cb_h)

Renewables and wastes

Tables 11 and 12 do not feature renewables energies that are used exclusively for electricity generation, such as hydro, wind and solar PV. However, renewables that produce heat (geothermal and solar thermal) are shown, and some of that energy is used also to produce electricity/heat, as indicated in the previous sections.

Preliminary 2025 data indicate different trends for different renewable fuels and wastes, as shown in Table 11 for selected products.

Table showing production, trade and supply of renewables and wastes in the EU in kilo tonnes over the years 2020 to 2025. For more details please use the link to the source dataset code below the image.
Table 11: Renewables and wastes production, trade and supply in the EU
Source: Eurostat (nrg_cb_rw)

Table 12 shows the developments for inland consumption of individual products. Ambient heat (heat pumps) increased by 7.1% compared with 2024 and as much as +53.8% compared with 2020, while primary solid biofuels increased by 1.4% compared to 2024.

Table showing renewables and wastes inland consumption calculated in the EU in terajoules over the years 2020 to 2025. For more details please use the link to the source dataset code below the image.
Table 12: Renewables and wastes inland consumption (calculated) in the EU
Source: Eurostat (nrg_cb_rw)

Source data for tables and graphs

Data sources and methodology

This article includes final annual data up to 2024 and preliminary 2025 data for energy commodities, focusing on the developments regarding energy production and imports. Annual energy data are transmitted to Eurostat in line with Regulation (EC) No 1099/2008 on energy statistics. Final official energy annual data (the European statistics on energy) are published in a harmonised form of commodity/energy balance by Eurostat 11-12 months after the end of the reference period. As of 2018, Eurostat is also publishing preliminary annual supply-side data of the commodity balances, transmitted by countries 5 months after the end of the reference period. Prior to reference year 2022, countries were reporting preliminary annual energy data on a voluntary basis. This reporting is mandatory as of reference year 2022. Data collection (including possible estimation) is done at the national level by the respective National Statistical Institutes or Other National Authorities transmitting data to Eurostat. Eurostat does not publish any estimates for values not transmitted by individual reporting countries. Preliminary data may overestimate categories like "other", "other sources" and "non-specified"; and underestimate certain product groups (for example for electricity and heat generation). Data reported 5 months after the reference year should be considered as preliminary; these are not final data for policy evaluation or official monitoring of developments towards legally binding targets.

Context

Energy Union is one of the main policy instruments to deliver the EU's energy strategy. The first State of the Energy Union report stated the following: "In order to track progress, a transparent monitoring system has to be put in place based on key indicators as well as on Member States' biannual reports concerning progress made on their national plans. The Commission intends to assess collective progress made at the EU level in its annual State of the Energy Union and, if necessary, propose policy actions and measures to ensure the delivery of the Energy Union objectives". Using reliable high quality data to monitor the progress made to achieve EU targets will enhance the credibility of the EU energy policy. Therefore, official statistics need to contribute to this process to remain relevant and aligned to the needs of our policy-makers and society. The energy data presented in this article support this monitoring.

Footnotes

  1. The supply of petroleum products at EU level is underestimated for 2025 due to confidential refinery output of several products in Lithuania ↑
  2. Natural gas quantities are expressed in Terajoules - Gross Calorific Value (TJ GCV). ↑
  3. Solid fossil fuel quantities are expressed in thousand tonnes (kilotonnes, kt), and quantities of manufactured gases in Terajoules - Gross Calorific Value (TJ GCV). ↑
  4. Net imports are calculated as the quantity of imports minus the equivalent quantity of exports. Imports represent all entries into the national territory excluding transit quantities; exports similarly cover all quantities exported from the national territory. ↑
  5. The unit of measurement used is Gigawatt-hour (GWh). ↑

Explore further

Other articles

Database
Energy statistics - quantities (nrg_quant)
Energy statistics - quantities, annual data (nrg_quanta)
Supply, transformation and consumption - commodity balances (nrg_cb)
Supply, transformation and consumption of solid fossil fuels (nrg_cb_sff)
Supply, transformation and consumption of gas (nrg_cb_gas)
Supply, transformation and consumption of oil and petroleum products (nrg_cb_oil)
Supply, transformation and consumption of renewables and wastes (nrg_cb_rw)
Supply, transformation and consumption of electricity (nrg_cb_e)
Supply, transformation and consumption of derived heat (nrg_cb_h)
Energy indicators (nrg_ind)
Gross production of electricity and derived heat from combustible fuels by type of plant and operator (nrg_ind_pehcf)
Gross production of electricity and derived heat from non-combustible fuels by type of plant and operator (nrg_ind_pehnf)

Thematic section

Visualisation

Methodology

Legislation

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