Ultimele documente

Rezumat : This workshop was organised by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Justice, Civil Liberties and Institutional Affairs at the request of the Committee on Legal Affairs (JURI). It examined the application and future development of the Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement Directive (IPRED). Experts assessed the effectiveness, efficiency, impact, and legal coherence of the current framework, with particular attention to the application of the proportionality principle in patent enforcement, especially the evolving role of the Unified Patent Court (UPC), and various other issues, such as Patent Assertion Entities (PAEs), secondary and intermediary liability, and appropriate remedies for defendants. The discussion showed diverging views on whether legislative revision is required, while emphasising the importance of balancing effective intellectual property protection with innovation, competition, and fundamental rights.

Autori : MARGELI CHRISTINA, OKORN JEREMY JULIAN

Autor extern : Prof. Dr Matthias Leistner, Prof. J. Scott Marcus, Prof. Dr Rafał Sikorski

Rezumat : This study researched the drivers and mechanisms of both structural and non-structural horizontal and vertical integration in the seafood industry in all Member States with a coastline. The objective of the study was to identify trends among the Member States. The observed trends generally fall into three broad, inter-linked categories: regulatory environment, natural resources and firm performance.

Autor extern : Ward Warmerdam, Barbara Kuepper, Jeroen Walstra, Mara Werkman, Milena Levicharova, Linnea Wikström, Daniel Skerrit, Laura Enthoven, Robin Davies

Rezumat : This study examines how the 22 coastal EU Member States allocate fishing opportunities under Article 17 of the Common Fisheries Policy Regulation. Compiling and analysing 237 examples of criteria use, the study shows that Article 17 has failed to catalyse structural change. Historical catch records remain the dominant criterion, leaving environmental, social and economic criteria marginal. To bridge the gap between policy intent and implementation, recommendations focus on peer learning, policy innovation, outcome transparency and a stronger empirical evidence base.

Autor extern : Griffin CARPENTER

Rezumat : This study examines how the 22 coastal EU Member States allocate fishing opportunities under Article 17 of the Common Fisheries Policy Regulation. Compiling and analysing 237 examples of criteria use, the study shows that Article 17 has failed to catalyse structural change. Historical catch records remain the dominant criterion, leaving environmental, social and economic criteria marginal. To bridge the gap between policy intent and implementation, recommendations focus on peer learning, policy innovation, outcome transparency and a stronger empirical evidence base.

Autor extern : Griffin CARPENTER

Rezumat : This study addresses the spread of live-content piracy in the EU, focusing on unauthorised sports and broadcast streaming via illegal IPTV services and apps. The analysis is focused on the EU legal framework, Commission Recommendation (EU) 2023/1018, national enforcement practices, and technological tools. The study identifies key legal and policy gaps. In conclusion, a set of recommendations is presented, in order to strengthen, harmonise, and accelerate anti-piracy enforcement across the Union. This study was commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Justice, Civil Liberties and Institutional Affairs at the request of the Committee on Legal Affairs.

Autor extern : Giovanni RICCIO

Rezumat : This paper analyses how Russia’s hybrid interference targets European Union (EU) enlargement countries and how the EU responds, particularly with regard to its enlargement policy. It develops a precise, strategy‑centred concept of ‘hybrid interference’ that distinguishes coordinated, multi‑instrument campaigns against domestic democratic orders from broader notions of hybrid warfare, influence or leverage. On this basis, it maps recurring vulnerabilities across nine enlargement countries – Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Kosovo, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Ukraine – and identifies six main instruments in Russia’s toolkit: covert political financing; information operations; legal‑constitutional obstruction via proxy elites; energy and economic leverage; cyber operations; and security‑sector penetration with support for proxy violence. The empirical core combines a cross‑country overview with a focused comparison of Moldova, Georgia and Serbia to show how these instruments are re-combined under different domestic alignments and conflict settings. The paper then examines the EU’s evolving counter‑strategy, from the 2016 Joint Framework, the Global Strategy and Strategic Compass to on‑the‑ground measures in enlargement countries, highlighting both progress in mainstreaming hybrid resilience into accession conditionality and persistent implementation gaps. It argues that EU tools are most effective where reform‑oriented elites align with EU objectives, as in Moldova and least effective where domestic governments internalise Russia’s authoritarian playbook, as in Georgia, or pursue ambiguous dual‑track policies, as in Serbia. The concluding recommendations set out how the European Parliament can use its legislative, budgetary and scrutiny powers to embed democratic resilience and counter‑hybrid measures at the heart of the enlargement process.

Autor extern : Levan KAKHISHVILI

Rezumat : In June 2025, the European Commission published its proposal for the Global Europe Instrument – the principal financial instrument for external actions under the 2028-2034 Multiannual Financial Framework. The proposal foresees possibilities to restrict access to procurement under the instrument, provide direct support to European private companies and support to EU Member States' Export Credit Agencies. The workshop provided analysis of these issues from the perspective of development cooperation. Analysing the consequences of the proposed provisions from the perspective of tied aid and aid effectiveness, the workshop outlined opportunities and challenges of the current proposal for EU development cooperation. The workshop featured the presentation of preliminary findings of two papers for the DEVE committee on 'Eligibility restrictions and strategic procurement: Could European preference in the Global Europe proposal lead to tied aid?' and 'European preference and competitiveness in the Global Europe proposal: opportunities and challenges for development effectiveness'.

Autor extern : Annamaria LA CHIMIA, Lukas SCHLÖGL, Simela PAPATHEOPHILOU, Werner RAZA

Rezumat : Against the backdrop of Russia’s war against Ukraine, and the rapid battlefield adaptation that it has led to, defence innovation and small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are being seen as key contributors to Europe’s industrial preparedness, production scalability and security of supply. To this end, recent European Union (EU) policy and financial initiatives have specifically targeted SMEs in the defence sector, to address the financial, regulatory and industrial bottlenecks facing SMEs in Europe. However, SMEs still face considerable challenges and barriers. This Study examines the evolving role of SMEs within the European Defence Technological and Industrial Base (EDTIB). It specifically analyses the persistent barriers preventing SMEs from entering the defence market in Europe, and, once present, from scaling their innovation, services and products. The Study argues that, despite the growing political recognition of SMEs as sources of technological and disruptive innovation, SMEs still face considerable financial, regulatory and political barriers to access the EDTIB.

Autor extern : Daniel FIOTT

Rezumat : This study was prepared at the request of the European Parliament’s Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO). It maps the fraudulent practices used by fake web shops across their full operational lifecycle, assesses the EU legal and enforcement framework against each stage, and identifies structural gaps in coverage, enforcement, and cross-border coordination. The study provides six high-level recommendations for legislative and operational action, as well as a list of targeted gap-specific recommendations tied to specific legislative acts.

Autori : PIERDONATI Costanza

Autor extern : Viktoriia Kravchyk, Žilvinas Martinaitis, Jokūbas Bagdonas, Monika Namysłowska

Rezumat : This in-depth analysis was prepared for the Policy Department for Economy and Growth at the request of the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection (IMCO). It maps the fraudulent practices used by fake web shops across their full operational lifecycle, assesses the EU legal and enforcement framework against each stage, and identifies structural gaps in coverage, enforcement, and cross-border coordination. The paper concludes with six high-level recommendations for legislative and operational action, as well as a list of targeted gap-specific recommendations.

Autori : PIERDONATI Costanza

Autor extern : Viktoriia Kravchyk, Žilvinas Martinaitis, Jokūbas Bagdonas, Monika Namysłowska

Rezumat : This briefing explores the potential of a European Senior/Pensioner Card from a human rights perspective. It assesses different design options, particularly regarding eligibility. While such a card could support mobility, participation and access to services, it would need to be embedded in a broader policy approach addressing age discrimination and promoting age-friendly environments across the EU.

Autor extern : MAHLER Claudia

Rezumat : This infographic presents the key facts and policy challenges surrounding childhood cancer, a rare but highly impactful disease that remains the leading disease-related cause of death beyond infancy in Europe. The infographic underlines that children are not small adults, but rather require specific approaches to diagnosis, treatment, research, rehabilitation, and long-term survivorship care. It also highlights the persistent inequalities in access to specialised paediatric oncology services across Europe and calls for stronger action to ensure that every child can benefit from timely, equitable, and high-quality care.

Autori : VALLEDOR DE VICENTE Victoria

Rezumat : This briefing paper analyses the protection offered by the Sale of Goods Directive, the Digital Content Directive, the Ecodesign Regulation, the Unfair Contract Terms Directive and the Unfair Commercial Practices Directive against abandonware. Abandonware pertains to the situation where consumers’ use of goods with digital elements, digital content or digital services depends on their interaction with a trader’s network or services, and such interaction is discontinued or changed by the trader or the third party. As a result, the consumers are no longer able to properly make use of the goods with digital elements, digital content or digital services they have purchased. In addition, the paper considers policy options for amendments to the abovementioned legal instruments.

Autor extern : Marco B.M. LOOS

Rezumat : Consumer offerings made available on the market for ‘sale’ often look very differently from what they used to look a few decades ago. Many of them are no longer tangible, but in digital format, and if they are still primarily tangible, they often come with digital elements. Examples of digital items offered for ‘sale’ include software (such as apps), audio and video files, images, and videogames. Examples of tangible items with digital elements include connected products (such as connected vehicles) and immovable property with smart home equipment. When consumers ‘buy’ such digital items or tangible items with digital elements, the question arises whether what they get in return for the ‘purchase price’ is really comparable to what they used to get in the past, i.e. ownership

Autor extern : Christiane WENDEHORST

Rezumat : This briefing reviews the first three years of implementation of the European Chips Act and identifies how lessons learnt from its evaluation have been integrated into the legislative proposal to review the Act. Available evidence suggests the Chips Act delivered significant outputs, including the establishment of competence centres and five pilot lines, the foundation of a design platform, substantial public and private investment commitments in production facilities, and a coordination and crisis-response mechanism through the European Semiconductor Board. However, the lab-to-fab transition remains uncertain. While pilot lines have created important technological infrastructure, their contribution to industrial deployment and commercial production is still emerging. Investments in production capacity are significant, but most facilities will only enter production after long ramp-up periods. The evaluation also suggests the Chips Fund improved access to finance for semiconductor and quantum start-ups, and demonstrated strong demand for and uptake of the measure. However, evidence remains limited as to whether it has addressed the broader private capital gap. Key issues highlighted by stakeholders include persistent demand-side weaknesses, fragmented procurement, burdensome procedures for permitting and State aid, limited visibility across the full value chain and incomplete crisis-response mechanisms.

Autori : LOTITO Alexandre

Rezumat : Regulation (EU) 2019/1022 establishing a multiannual plan for the fisheries exploiting demersal stocks in the western Mediterranean Sea (WestMed MAP) aimed at progressively achieving an exploitation level able to keep fish populations of harvested species above levels capable of producing the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) by 2025. After more than five years of implementation, a consensus has emerged to revise the WestMed MAP, and the Commission announced a proposal for revision (also covering the other regional MAPs) in the third quarter of 2026. This briefing aims to inform the PECH implementation report about how the WestMed MAP has been evaluated and lessons learned. The analysis of the Commission's first implementation report on the WestMed MAP, of stakeholder views and of other recent reports finds that the plan has delivered some positive results during its transition phase (concluded at the end of 2024), while falling short in several important respects. The annual setting of fishing opportunities and effort limits, and more structured decision-making among Member States, have helped to reduce fishing pressure. In the WestMed area this allowed for an increase in biomass and a decrease in fishing mortality for many stocks, but the Commission insists that 11 out of 20 assessed stocks remain overfished. European hake and Norway lobster stocks in particular remain in poor condition, though sector organisations and Member States indicate that new assessment models are needed. Despite signs of a gradual move towards more balanced fleets, persistent structural weaknesses have limited the plan's effectiveness. Fleet overcapacity is still significant, and implementation, compliance, monitoring and control by Member States are inconsistent, reflecting differing national capacities and priorities. In addition, external pressures, such as pollution, climate change, rising fuel prices and the COVID-19 pandemic have contributed to stock depletion and the erosion of margins for the sector. Compensation measures have become a key component of annual fishing opportunities decisions by the Council. Overall, although no fully fledged ex-post evaluation in the sense of the Better Regulation agenda has been undertaken on the MAP so far, the assessment suggests that the WestMed MAP is moving in the right direction, but that remaining challenges need to be tackled, in particular fleet overcapacity, while keeping socio-economic implications in mind.

Autori : KRAMER Esther, JANSEN Talander Hugo

Rezumat : This paper examines how the European Union (EU) promotes gender equality in development cooperation through gender mainstreaming and targeted gender-equality actions. It asks whether this twin-track approach delivers meaningful results, where its strengths and weaknesses lie and what is at stake in the post-2027 period. The current EU framework is ambitious and gender mainstreaming has become increasingly visible and routine across EU development cooperation. In many mainstreamed actions, gender is included in diagnostic framing, cross-cutting commitments and some indicators, helping to bring gender equality into sectors where it was previously more marginal. However, the quality and depth of mainstreaming remain uneven. Gender is often better integrated in design and narrative than in implementation, resource allocation, accountability and structural change. Targeted actions are usually clearer and more direct in addressing gender inequality as the central problem, but remain more limited in number, scale and sectoral reach. The paper concludes that mainstreaming and targeted actions are indispensable and complementary. The post-2027 framework should make the twin-track approach more consequential. It is recommended to protect binding gender targets in the Global Europe instrument, use Gender Action Plan IV to set stronger operational standards, improve gender budgeting and reporting, and ensure that EU delegations and implementing partners have the expertise and resources needed to carry gender commitments through implementation.

Autor extern : Petra DEBUSSCHER

Autor extern : Aisling REYNOLDS-FEIGHAN

Rezumat : This briefing, requested by the Committee on Budgetary Control, assesses the efficiency and effectiveness of the Asylum, Migration and Integration Fund (AMIF) and the Border Management and Visa Instrument (BMVI) under the 2014–2020 and 2021–2027 Multiannual Financial Frameworks (MFF). Both instruments are broadly on track to achieve their objectives, demonstrating clear EU added value and flexibility. However, persistent challenges in monitoring, data quality, administrative capacity and performance measurement, together with limitations of existing indicators, make it difficult to fully assess performance across Member States. The briefing also identifies lessons for the design of the 2028–2034 MFF.

Autori : MANGINI ANNA, GHIRAN-MERVEILLE Anda-Diana, BÍLÝ RADIM

Rezumat : This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the European Union’s latest generation of so-called mini trade deals (MTDs), an informal but analytically useful label applied to agreements that sit outside the standard free trade agreement (FTA) framework. The paper focuses on three current categories: clean trade and investment partnerships (CTIPs), sustainable investment facilitation agreements (SIFAs), and memoranda of understanding (MoUs) related to critical raw materials (CRMs). Drawing on existing research by Claussen (2022), Cernat (2023), Larsson and Wennerberg (2024), and Sasmal (2026), as well as on institutional documents, European Parliament (EP) research, and further academic literature, it examines each instrument’s substantive content, procedural origins, stakeholder involvement, legal character, governance architecture, and the role, or absence of a role, of the European Parliament. The paper evaluates the implementation record of existing agreements where data are available, identifies the systemic challenges of transparency and democratic accountability, and assesses the strategic rationale for MTDs in the current geopolitical environment. It concludes that while MTDs offer genuine advantages in speed and flexibility, their growing use (especially in legally non-binding form) raises serious governance concerns that the EU’s institutional architecture is not currently equipped to manage.

Autor extern : Andreas MAURER

Autor extern : David CHIARAMONTI

Rezumat : This study analyses the US critical mineral strategy, mapping its institutional framework, policy instruments and value-chain priorities – such as such as tax incentives, funding mechanisms, strategic stockpiling and demand-anchoring mechanisms. It provides a comparative analysis with the EU’s approach, highlighting differences in scale, coordination and market intervention. Finally, it explains how its findings relate to the specific policy areas of the European Parliament’s IMCO and ITRE committees. The document was prepared by the Policy Departments for Economy and Growth and Transformation, Innovation and Health.

Autori : ATHANASIADIS Georgios, CIUCCI MATTEO, LEHOFER WOLFGANG, MAQUET Marianne Simonne Eva, BECKER KRISTIN

Rezumat : This At a Glance refers to the relevant study that analyses the US critical mineral strategy, mapping its institutional framework, policy instruments and value-chain priorities – such as such as tax incentives, funding mechanisms, strategic stockpiling and demand-anchoring mechanisms. It provides a comparative analysis with the EU’s approach, highlighting differences in scale, coordination and market intervention. Finally, it explains how its findings relate to the specific policy areas of the European Parliament’s IMCO and ITRE committees. The document was prepared by the Policy Departments for Economy and Growth and Transformation, Innovation and Health.

Autori : ATHANASIADIS Georgios, CIUCCI MATTEO, LEHOFER WOLFGANG, MAQUET Marianne Simonne Eva, BECKER KRISTIN

Rezumat : As part of ongoing European Union (EU) efforts to create a more business-friendly and competitive environment, on 24 June 2026 the European Commission presented a proposal for a tax simplification package, including an omnibus simplifying EU rules on direct taxation. The proposed omnibus comprises a set of measures designed to streamline EU direct taxation rules and reduce administrative burdens, by revising key corporate tax directives. The legislative acts proposed for revision are the Interest and Royalties Directive, the Tax Merger Directive, Parent-Subsidiary Directive, the Anti-Tax-Avoidance Directive, the Tax Dispute Resolution Mechanisms Directive, and the Faster and Safer Relief of Excess Withholding Taxes Directive. The implementation of this legislation has led to a fragmented landscape across EU Member States, characterised by different rules and interpretations. Evidence indicates that these directives have created significant challenges for taxpayers and businesses, leading to legal uncertainty and inefficiencies, particularly for cross-border activities, which can undermine the proper functioning of the EU single market and business competitiveness. Additionally, the tax landscape has evolved significantly, both within the EU and globally, since the adoption of the directives the omnibus addresses. This evolution is particularly evident with the introduction of new regulations such as the EU's Global Minimum Tax Directive, which has created additional complexities in the existing tax framework. This implementation appraisal focuses primarily on the revision of the directives under the omnibus. It also examines implementation reports, evaluations, and other evidence assessing the application of the directives under revision. It summarises the main features of the omnibus proposal and considers the European Parliament's perspective, written questions from its Members, and the views of stakeholders, including EU institutions and advisory bodies.

Autori : AHAMAD MADATALI HANNAH NAFIZE, MONDA Mafalda

Rezumat : As the European Union prepares to redefine its external financing framework for the next Multiannual Financial Framework, the proposed Global Europe Instrument raises key questions about the future place of human rights, democracy and the rule of law in EU external action. While intended to enhance coherence, flexibility and geopolitical responsiveness, the new framework must also ensure that values-based commitments remain visible, adequately funded and operationally effective. The workshop held on 23 February 2026, organised on behalf of the European Parliament’s Subcommittee on Human Rights (DROI), examined how the proposed instrument may affect the EU’s capacity to support democratic governance, accountability, civil society, human-rights defenders and fundamental rights worldwide. Against a background of democratic backsliding, shrinking civic space and growing geopolitical competition, participants discussed the risks and opportunities of moving from dedicated funding structures towards a more integrated external financing instrument. The discussion also addressed the balance between strategic interests and values-based external action, and the role of the European Parliament in ensuring democratic oversight, policy coherence and sustained support for human rights and democracy. This publication brings together the workshop proceedings, including exchanges with Members, academics, civil society experts and EU representatives, with a briefing on the same topic.

Autor extern : Julian PLOTTKA

Rezumat : Simon Harris, Minister for Finance of Ireland, is participating in the ECON Committee in his capacity of President of the ECOFIN Council during the Irish Presidency (July - December 2026). According to Article 121 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, “Member States shall regard their economic policies as a matter of common concern and shall coordinate them within the Council”. This briefing provides an overview of the Irish Presidency's priorities in ECON-related matters, including the Council’s work on the implementation of the European Semester for economic policy coordination, the conclusion of the Recovery and Resilience Facility, progress on the Savings and Investments Union (SIU), and efforts to reach agreement on the digital euro and the remaining elements of the Single Currency Package.

Autori : MAZZOCCHI Ronny, SABOL MAJA, LOI GIACOMO, SPITZER Kai Gereon, IGLESIAS ESCUDERO Santiago, STIEBER Harald, MEHMEDI MENTOR, RUANO REMIREZ SOFIA

Rezumat : This study examines the growing financialisation of housing in the EU, focusing on the role of institutional investors and corporate landlords in rental housing markets. It identifies two forms of speculation: valuation-driven business models centred on asset appreciation and landlord practices that undermine tenants’ rights and housing security. While the Commission’s European Affordable Housing Plan recognises these challenges, the study argues that more action and EU-level coordination are needed to address housing financialisation and support alternative, non-financialised housing models that ensure affordability. This document was prepared at the request of the Special Committee on the Housing Crisis in the European Union (HOUS).

Autor extern : Manuel B. AALBERS, Felix BÖHMER, Rodrigo FERNANDEZ

Rezumat : This briefing has been prepared for the hearing with the Chair of the Authority for Anti-Money Laundering and Countering the Financing of Terrorism (AMLA), Bruna Szego, scheduled for 15 July 2026 in the ECON Committee.

Autori : IGLESIAS ESCUDERO Santiago

Rezumat : This digest provides a collection of documents prepared by academia, think tanks, other EU institutions and bodies, as well as stakeholders, that can be useful for Members of the European Parliament’s Committee on Budgets to stay informed about the debate concerning the next Multiannual Financial Framework, starting in 2028. The document is produced on a monthly basis by the Budgetary Support Unit of DG BUDG and the European Parliamentary Research Service.

Autori : SCHWARCZ András, HOPP Balazs

Rezumat : Europe at a crossroads: competitiveness, security and the investment gap. The original full study analyses the implications of the Draghi and Letta reports, the investment needs they identify, and their implications for the EU budget. It examines how the strategic orientations and quantified investment gaps set out in these two reports are reflected in the European Commission's Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) proposal for 2028-2034 and assesses the potential contribution of EU level budgetary instruments to addressing Europe’s competitiveness, resilience and strategic autonomy challenges

Autori : PADILLA OLIVARES FRANCISCO JAVIE, POUWELS Alexandra Cynthia Jana

Autor extern : Laure SANSONETTI, Giulia SPINELLI, Pauline QUENIS

Rezumat : This briefing provides a legal analysis and critical assessment of the genetically modified micro-organisms (GMM) component of the Commission proposal for a Directive amending Directives 2001/18/EC and 2010/53/EU as regards the placing on the market of genetically modified micro-organisms and the processing of organs. This proposal was presented in December 2025 and accompanies the European Biotech Act. The briefing presents and analyses the proposed GMM-related amendments, situates the proposal within the international legal context and the wider EU secondary legal framework, and discusses potential benefits, risks and strategic considerations.

Autor extern : Kai PURNHAGEN

Rezumat : This briefing has been prepared for the public hearing with the Chair of the Single Resolution Board (SRB), Dominique Laboureix, scheduled for 15 July 2026 in the ECON Committee.

Autori : MAZZOCCHI Ronny, SPITZER Kai Gereon

Rezumat : This study examines the possible long‑term trajectories of the European railway system by analysing the trends, drivers, and uncertainties shaping its evolution towards 2050. It explores how emerging technological, regulatory, economic and societal developments may influence the role of rail within a sustainable, resilient, and competitive European transport system. The analysis considers a range of plausible future configurations for the sector, assessing their implications for mobility, energy use, climate objectives, territorial cohesion, and infrastructure needs. Attention is given to the potential relevance of innovative transport solutions, including hyperloop and maglev, within different development pathways, considering their technical feasibility, regulatory requirements, and system‑level impacts. The study draws on scientific and grey literature and integrates insights from relevant stakeholders to capture diverse perspectives on the future of rail. By identifying policy options, the work aims to support long-term transport planning and investment decisions at EU level. The findings are intended to inform ongoing policy discussions on the transformation of the European rail sector and its contribution to the Union's wider competitiveness, sustainability, and connectivity goals.

Autor extern : Brambilla, Marco; Dolente, Davide ; Führer, Karoline; Kopp, Andreas; Matheus , David ; Vu, Hien

Rezumat : This study assesses GAP III implementation and identifies lessons for GAP IV after 2027. It finds on the one hand GAP III strengthened EU gender mainstreaming through targets, gender analysis, Country-Level Implementation Plans, political dialogue and institutional routines, but on the other hand links to financing, responsibilities, results and accountability remain uneven. GAP IV could preserve this architecture while making gender equality more politically resilient, financially traceable, management-owned and demonstrably transformative, especially in Global Gateway, investment, Women, Peace and Security agenda, crisis response and support to Women’s rights organisations. This document was prepared by Policy Department A at the request of the FEMM Committee.

Autor extern : Petra DEBUSSCHER, Blerina VILA

Rezumat : This briefing, commissioned by the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Justice, Civil Liberties and Institutional Affairs at the request of the Committee on Legal Affairs (JURI), provides a legal assessment of the Intellectual Property Rights Enforcement Directive (IPRED), with particular regard to the European Commission’s Follow-up Study on the Application of the Directive on the Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights (Final report, March 2025, published 2026 [Follow-up Study]).

Autor extern : Matthias LEISTNER

Rezumat : After the Digital Content Directive (DCD) and Sale of Goods Directive (SGD), some measures to improve durability and fight premature digital obsolescence were introduced by further EU legislation, but they are still not sufficient. Information about the minimum period during which the producer or the provider supplies software updates should be made available to consumers in all cases, and not only where the producer or provider makes such information available to the consumer’s contractual counterparty (Article 6(1)(lc) Consumer Rights Directive (CRD)). Information about the supply of updates should also be provided, according to Article 6(1)(o) CRD, in the framework of information on the duration of the contract.

Autor extern : Alberto DE FRANCESCHI

Rezumat : This document provides background information for the Members participating in the mission to the 19th session of the Conference of States Parties to the CRPD, New York, from 9 to 11 June 2026.

Autori : MAKAY Monika, SKUBIEJŪTĖ Greta

Rezumat : The European Biotech Act I, proposed in December 2025, is the EU’s first standalone legislation regulating health biotechnology across its full lifecycle, from research to market placement. This briefing sets the Act’s scope and rationale against the sector’s economic weight and the widening global competitiveness gap. It maps the scope and regulatory landscape and places it in its competitiveness context. The briefing also profiles leading biotech hubs across Member States and identifies structural factors behind their success. This document was provided by the Policy Department for Transformation, Innovation and Health for the Industry, Research and Energy Committee (ITRE).

Autori : PLOEGER Anne, BECKER KRISTIN

Rezumat : This Briefing critically analyses the new EU Anti-Racism Strategy 2026-2030 (the Strategy) which was launched by the European Commission in January 2026. The Briefing situates the Strategy within the landscape of the existing EU anti-racism infrastructure including the primary and secondary legislation, case law, and other policy initiatives and efforts to combat racism, including the Strategy’s precursor, the EU Anti-Racism Action Plan 2020-2025 (the Plan). The Briefing shows that the EU’s anti-racism infrastructure, especially the Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin, commonly known as the ‘Racial Equality Directive’, is robust in principle. Yet, it is underutilised and ultimately ineffective. The low rates of litigation under the Racial Equality Directive at the CJEU are evidence of its underutilisation. The high rates of existing levels of racism across EU Member States, such as recorded in successive FRA reports, evidence its ineffectiveness. It is against this backdrop that the Strategy, and previously the Plan, were adopted. The Plan was meant to be a ‘step up’ in the EU’s fight against racism. The immediate impetus for the adoption of the Plan came from the global Black Lives Matter protests following George Floyd’s death in the US. The Plan sought to address racism comprehensively and at all levels including individual, structural, and the EU’s internal – institutional – level. While the Plan covered much ground, it prioritised coverage and scale over precision and ambition. That is, the Plan lacked a precise normative framework of both racism and anti-racism; and at the same time lacked ambition by failing to identify benchmarks for improvement against which the impact of anti-racism measures could be tested. The Strategy which succeeds the Plan marks not only a semantic, but a more deliberate and determined, shift in the Commission’s approach to anti-racism. In particular, the Strategy is defined by three normative shifts: the adoption of an economic rationale for anti-racism; the shift in focus towards structural racism; and the centring of participation and partnerships in the fight against racism. These shifts are accompanied by a range of measures reinforcing the need to strengthen monitoring, enforcement, and implementation of law and policy against racism in the EU. Together, both the normative and operational aspects of the Strategy may be considered more ambitious than the Plan. Yet, the Strategy leaves significant gaps, both normatively and operationally. The success of the Strategy will depend not on how well it is executed but whether it is able to surmount the challenges posed by these gaps. These include: (i) the development of a working definition of structural racism which exceeds belief, ideology, and animus; (ii) the coordination of EU anti-racism measures across all forms of racism, all forms of discrimination, and all other issues facing the EU; (iii) the development of a common approach to intersectionality which defines and operationalises the concept at the same time; (iv) the development of a legal framework for addressing the alarming rise of xenophobia and xenophobic discrimination; (v) the prioritisation of the voices of racially disadvantaged individuals and groups; (vi) the adoption of the Horizontal Equal Treatment Directive; and (vii) the formulation of more ambitious and comprehensive programmatic approach to positive action measures for addressing racial disadvantage.

Autor extern : Shreya ATREY

Rezumat : This briefing assesses the unexploited potential of Directive 2011/24/EU on patients’ rights in cross-border healthcare over the period 2015-2026 and proposes targeted reforms. The analysis focuses on National Contact Points (NCP), prior authorisation, reimbursement, telemedicine, e-prescriptions, European Reference Networks (ERN) and patients’ rights. It finds that the Directive remains legally significant but underused: patient mobility is limited and does not endanger national healthcare systems, yet patients still face fragmented information, complex procedures for prior authorisation and reimbursement, weak interoperability, uneven ERN integration into the national healthcare systems and poor awareness of their rights under EU law.

Autor extern : Giacomo DI FEDERICO, Alceste SANTUARI

Rezumat : This paper presents the aggregated results of a survey conducted among Members of the Monetary Policy Expert Panel (MPEP) ahead of the June 2026 Monetary Dialogue with ECB President Christine Lagarde. The opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the survey respondents and should not be attributed to the European Parliament or its services.

Autori : MAZZOCCHI Ronny, SABOL MAJA, MEHMEDI MENTOR, RUANO REMIREZ SOFIA

Rezumat : This study investigates cross-border cooperation in Baltic Sea fisheries management under the common fisheries policy, with a particular focus on the Baltic Sea Fisheries Forum (BALTFISH) and the Baltic Sea Advisory Council (BSAC). The analysis shows that while cooperation functions well at a procedural level, it operates below its full potential. Unlocking this potential is essential for the recovery of Baltic Sea stocks and for delivering on the CFP objectives.

Autor extern : Emma BJÖRKVIK

Rezumat : This study examines cross-border cooperation arrangements for fisheries management in the Western Waters, with particular focus on the Iberian sardine and the Bay of Biscay anchovy fisheries. It analyses the development of the cooperation processes, the evolution of the management measures under the long-term management plans and the multi-level governance structures supporting joint decision-making. The findings highlight the critical role of scientific advice, active stakeholder participation and coordinated management measures in strengthening sustainable governance of shared fish stocks.

Autor extern : Cristina PITA, Xochitl ELIAS ILOSVAY, Priscila SILVA, Mónica MANDADO

Rezumat : This paper analyses the European Union’s (EU) evolving engagement with the Sahel region, with particular attention to the Alliance of Sahelian States – Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger. Drawing on interviews with EU officials and external experts, as well as academic and policy literature, this paper examines three interrelated dimensions. Firstly, it reviews the EU’s past approaches to the region since 2011, highlighting how shifting strategic logics, strong Member State influence and limited responsiveness to local political dynamics have shaped EU engagement. Secondly, it assesses the current political and security context in the Sahel. This is characterised by military rule, worsening jihadist violence and a strategic realignment towards non-Western partners, such as Russia, Türkiye and Gulf states, all aspects which influenced the partial rupture with the EU. Finally, it analyses the EU’s recently adopted renewed approach to the Sahel and the challenges of re-engaging in a volatile and competitive geopolitical environment. The paper concludes with policy options for a more pragmatic and differentiated EU engagement in the region, emphasising the need for flexible policies, connecting with the populations and lowered ambitions.

Autor extern : Nina WILËN

Rezumat : This study provides an overview of cross-border cooperation in Mediterranean fisheries management, focusing on the actions taken by the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM). The study examines in particular the process of introducing joint fisheries restricted areas in the Adriatic Sea, which serve as models of successful bilateral cooperation in a regional framework. The findings highlight the key contribution of the stakeholder engagement to the achievement of EU biodiversity targets through agreed and coordinated actions towards sustainability.

Autor extern : Matteo CHIARINI, Isabella BITETTO, Pierluigi CARBONARA & Maria Teresa SPEDICATO

Rezumat : This study investigates cross-border cooperation in Baltic Sea fisheries management under the common fisheries policy, with a particular focus on the Baltic Sea Fisheries Forum (BALTFISH) and the Baltic Sea Advisory Council (BSAC). The analysis shows that while cooperation functions well at a procedural level, it operates below its full potential. Unlocking this potential is essential for the recovery of Baltic Sea stocks and for delivering on the CFP objectives.

Autor extern : Emma BJÖRKVIK

Rezumat : This study provides an overview of cross-border cooperation in Mediterranean fisheries management, focusing on the actions taken by the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean (GFCM). The study examines in particular the process of introducing joint fisheries restricted areas in the Adriatic Sea, which serve as models of successful bilateral cooperation in a regional framework. The findings highlight the key contribution of the stakeholder engagement to the achievement of EU biodiversity targets through agreed and coordinated actions towards sustainability.

Autor extern : Matteo CHIARINI, Isabella BITETTO, Pierluigi CARBONARA & Maria Teresa SPEDICATO

Rezumat : This study examines cross-border cooperation arrangements for fisheries management in the Western Waters, with particular focus on the Iberian sardine and the Bay of Biscay anchovy fisheries. It analyses the development of the cooperation processes, the evolution of the management measures under the long-term management plans and the multi-level governance structures supporting joint decision-making. The findings highlight the critical role of scientific advice, active stakeholder participation and coordinated management measures in strengthening sustainable governance of shared fish stocks.

Autor extern : Cristina PITA, Xochitl ELIAS ILOSVAY, Priscila SILVA & Mónica MANDADO

Rezumat : By early 2026, Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine had entered its fifth year with no end in sight and an assessed reconstruction and recovery cost approaching EUR 507 billion over ten years, according to the Fifth Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment published in February 2026. This paper maps Ukraine’s reconstruction and recovery needs across a spectrum from active conflict to long-term managed insecurity. Three findings run through the analysis. Firstly, current donor frameworks persistently conflate reconstruction necessities – rubble clearance, coal mine dewatering and environmental remediation – with commercially investable sectors, leaving the physical preconditions for everything else chronically underfunded while channelling finance toward showcase projects. Secondly, Ukraine’s demographic outlook – falling refugee return intentions together with a mobilised and wounded workforce – is the overriding planning constraint: infrastructure scaled for a population that does not return is stranded public expenditure. Thirdly, reconstruction and Ukraine's European Union accession pathway are formally aligned but operationally separated: nobody on either the European Union or Ukrainian side currently has authority to ensure that investment decisions made today meet the standards Ukraine will be required to apply upon accession. The study closes with recommendations addressed to the European Parliament.

Autor extern : Mykola Nazarov, Dmitri Teperik

Rezumat : This study examines the competitiveness of the EU aviation sector both internally and versus comparator third countries, highlighting its current strengths and weaknesses and likely future developments. The study encompasses the entire aviation value chain and includes an assessment of the working conditions in the sector. It identifies a set of recommendations paving the way towards a strategic action plan for the EU aviation sector, which aim to maintain and improve the competitiveness of EU aviation in the medium- to long-term.

Autor extern : Mark TOLLEY

Rezumat : This in-depth analysis examines whether VET learners, graduates and professionals face systemic disadvantages relative to their higher education counterparts across four domains: labour market outcomes, public support and mobility, qualification pathways and recognition, and access to services and economic sectors. Drawing on evidence from EU Member States, it identifies structural disparities that reduce VET attractiveness, documents significant cross-country variation, and puts forward eight policy recommendations for the forthcoming European VET strategy. This study was commissioned by the European Parliament's Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (EMPL).

Autor extern : Greta SCARPATO & Donatas POCIUS,

Rezumat : The EU’s Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCAR) establishes a broad but residual framework for crypto-assets not already covered by existing EU financial legislation, combining rules for stablecoins with a wider regime for crypto-asset service providers. By contrast, the US GENIUS Act focuses specifically on payment stablecoins, establishing rules on issuance, reserve backing and supervision within the existing US regulatory structure. This briefing compares both frameworks, examining their approaches to classification, supervision, AML/CFT and regulatory coordination, while also considering selected implications for financial stability and monetary sovereignty. It argues that the main difference between the two models lies less in their treatment of stablecoins themselves than in how they organise the relationship between digital assets, existing financial law and supervisory structures. More generally, the comparison illustrates how digital asset regulation is progressively moving from experimentation towards integration into existing financial and regulatory systems.

Autori : IGLESIAS ESCUDERO Santiago

Rezumat : This briefing has been prepared for the public hearing with the Chair of the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM), Claudia Buch, scheduled for 02 July 2026 in the ECON Committee.

Autori : MAZZOCCHI Ronny, SPITZER Kai Gereon

Rezumat : The United States remains a leading global health and life sciences actor, driven by high spending, strong research capacity and a regulatory environment that accelerates innovation. At the same time, the system faces persistent structural challenges, including high costs, fragmented insurance coverage and unequal access. Since the start of President Trump’s second term, federal reforms, budget cuts and institutional restructuring have reshaped the roles of HHS, CDC, NIH and FDA. Reduced engagement with WHO and cuts to USAID have weakened US participation in global health, raising concerns in Europe about global leadership, crisis preparedness and international cooperation.

Autori : JOUINI LEILA, FINNEMANN ANNE-MARIE RASMUSSEN

Rezumat : Digitalisation has powered the shift to a ‘services economy’, and has greatly expanded the cross-border delivery of services, enabling service providers to access markets around the world with little or no local physical presence. Services can now also be produced digitally and supplied automatically, which will expand further with artificial intelligence (AI). Automated digital services (ADSs) can be supplied from the cloud, so that there is no specific location for the place of supply.

Autor extern : Faith AMARO & Sol PICCIOTTO

Rezumat : The taxing of the digital economy remains among the most controversial topics in international tax policy. Although there was political agreement on Pillar One achieved by the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework in 2021, implementation of this proposal has not yet materialised and negotiations within the United Nations Framework Convention on International Tax Cooperation are expected to last until 2027. Lack of a global solution increases the pressure for action at EU level.

Autor extern : Apostolos THOMADAKIS

Rezumat : The Hormuz shock of February 2026 confronts the European Central Bank (ECB) with a familiar dilemma: inaction can risk entrenching inflation, while tightening risks deepening the slowdown and penalising renewable energy and cleantech investment. We argue that the ECB should be cautious and, if tightening proves necessary, ensure its operations shield renewable energy and cleantech sectors. Our analysis also reveals a growing gap between the ECB's communication on fossil fuel risks and its policy framework.

Autor extern : Clara LEONARD, Benjamin BRAUN, Jens van ‘t KLOOSTER, Eric MONNET

Rezumat : This in-depth analysis examines whether VET learners, graduates and professionals face systemic disadvantages relative to their higher education counterparts across four domains: labour market outcomes, public support and mobility, qualification pathways and recognition, and access to services and economic sectors. Drawing on evidence from EU Member States, it identifies structural disparities that reduce VET attractiveness, documents significant cross-country variation, and puts forward eight policy recommendations for the forthcoming European VET strategy. This study was commissioned by the European Parliament's Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (EMPL).

Autor extern : Greta SCARPATO & Donatas POCIUS

Rezumat : The original full study examines the regulations, instruments and practices for enforcing the key digital legislative acts that form the “Digital Rulebook” aimed at adapting the Digital Single Market to technological change, promoting innovation and, at the same time, mitigating risks. To date, (almost) all these legal acts include elementary but uncoordinated provisions on private law remedies and public law sanctions. The study highlights the numerous resulting gaps, overlaps, and inconsistencies that hinder enforcement.

Autor extern : Mary-Rose McGuire, Hans Schulte-Nölke

Rezumat : Due to demographic changes, a growing share of the population suffering from chronic diseases and an unmet need for more healthcare personnel; health systems are under growing pressure to deliver better outcomes with limited resources. Digital health offers tools to improve prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and system efficacy, while also supporting research and innovation. This infographic touches upon the main areas regarding Digital Health, to help understand the discussion taking place during the public hearing on "Digital Health: Preparing Healthcare Systems for the Future"

Autori : VALLEDOR DE VICENTE Victoria, FINNEMANN ANNE-MARIE RASMUSSEN

Rezumat : The EU aims to adapt the Digital Single Market to technological change and to promote innovation, while also mitigating risks. To this end, the Digital Rulebook contains a wide range of legal acts that address specific sectors, individuals, or technologies. To date, (almost) all of these legal acts also include elementary but uncoordinated enforcement provisions. The study highlights the many resulting gaps, overlaps, and inconsistencies that hinder enforcement. The study proposes to resolve this issue by a Digital Rulebook Enforcement Toolbox, which can be further developed into a Directive.

Autori : MARTINELLO BARBARA

Autor extern : Mary-Rose MCGUIRE, Hans SCHULTE-NÖLKE

Rezumat : This briefing was prepared ahead of the Monetary Dialogue between the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs (ECON) and the European Central Bank (ECB) President. It provides an overview of recent ECB monetary policy decisions, the nature of the latest energy price shock, and its implications for inflation dynamics and the outlook. It places particular emphasis on the scenarios presented in the Eurosystem staff macroeconomic projections of June 2026, and reviews recent ECB publications alongside monetary policy developments in the US.

Autori : MAZZOCCHI Ronny, SABOL MAJA, MEHMEDI MENTOR, RUANO REMIREZ SOFIA

Rezumat : This briefing examines European Union (EU) trade in textiles and clothing from 2014 to 2023, covering both imports of new and exports of used goods. It shows that the EU remains highly dependent on imports in labour-intensive clothing segments, while remaining stronger in higher-value and technical textile products. The geographical focus reflects actual EU trade patterns: Asia is the primary source of new textile imports, while Africa and Asia are the main destinations for used textile exports. Assessed here are the trade-policy implications of these flows, including: sustainability and labour-related challenges in supplier countries; growing scrutiny of the quality and transparency of used textile exports; the policy coherence challenge arising from more developed oversight of new textile imports compared with used textile exports and the indirect effects on smaller firms of changes in the scope of EU due-diligence legislation. Also discussed are policy options relevant to the European Parliament's Committee on International Trade, inter alia greater transparency in used textile trade, trade-policy scrutiny of sustainability and labour standards across textile value chains as well as the use of trade instruments and partnerships to support more sustainable and equitable production conditions.

Autor extern : Toni SHARMA

Rezumat : This briefing relates to ECON’s scrutiny of the delegated act (DA) on temporary adjustments to Basel III market risk rules (the Fundamental Review of the Trading Book / FRTB), adopted by the Commission on 4 June 2026, C(2026)3647, under Article 461a(2)(a) CRR. It explains the background, legal procedure, and the amendments effected via this DA to the legal basis, i.e. the Capital Requirements Regulation 575/2013 (CRR).

Autori : KOLASSA Doris, MAIER Rudolf, HERMET EMILIE MARIE CAROLINE CLA

Rezumat : This briefing note covers the main elements of the 2026 European Semester Spring Package proposed by the European Commission, notably the implementation of the Stability and Growth Pact (2025), the 2026 country-specific recommendations (CSRs), the Macroeconomic Imbalances Procedure and the Joint Employment Guidelines. Please refer to EGOV dedicated briefings for a detailed analysis of the implementation of the SGP in 2025 and assessment of the energy price shock.

Autori : MAZZOCCHI Ronny, NAVARRA Cecilia, LOI GIACOMO, STIEBER Harald, MEHMEDI MENTOR, HOLST AMELIE SOPHIE, RUANO REMIREZ SOFIA

Rezumat : Pierre Gramegna, Managing Director of the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) is participating in the first exchange of views with the ECON Committee in the 10th parliamentary term, based on the Memorandum of Cooperation between the ESM and European Parliament signed in 2024. This briefing provides an overview of the ESM setup in 2012, its key features, instruments, and capital structure. It also considers the ESM Annual Report 2025 and discusses the main findings of the joint discussion paper by the ESM and EIOPA on the macroeconomic, fiscal and financial stability implications of climate-related natural catastrophes. Lastly, it reviews various proposals for euro area safe assets, which are becoming increasingly prominent in the debate, as well as the limited role that the ESM can play in that regard and in financing defence investments, bearing in mind that the revised ESM Treaty has not been ratified by all euro area Member States.

Autori : MAZZOCCHI Ronny, SABOL MAJA, SPITZER Kai Gereon

Rezumat : This pre-Commission initiative briefing explores the proposed European product act, a policy initiative announced by the European Commission with the aim of overhauling the legal framework regarding the free movement of goods in the EU. The initiative will address certain problems associated with the rise of 'e-commerce', i.e. low-value items ordered online from third countries. The briefing looks at the specific legal instruments involved, and anticipates policy solutions which the Commission might put forward.

Autori : ASHTON DAVID

Rezumat : This paper evaluates technical aspects of the Directives on periodic roadworthiness testing (2014/45/EU) and roadside inspection of commercial vehicles (2014/47/EU). Key findings focus on harmonising minimum content for Periodic Technical Inspection and Roadside Inspection requirements across Member States and establishing a cross-border data-exchange platform for registration, driver licence and inspection data. For remote sensing, comparative campaigns across Member States are recommended, noting its benefits while zero-emission vehicle uptake remains low. This document was provided by Policy Department B at the request of the TRAN Committee.

Autor extern : Christian BIRKNER

Rezumat : This briefing aims to support the European Parliament delegation to the UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development, which will convene from 7-15 July 2026 in New York, under the auspices of the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). The briefing gives an overview of the progress made on the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals and presents the key issues at stake at the meeting.

Autor extern : Carole-Anne SÉNIT

Rezumat : This briefing provides an assessment of the ECB Annual Report 2025 and the ECB’s feedback statement responding to the issues raised and requests made by the European Parliament in its resolution on the “European Central Bank – annual report 2025”, which relates to the ECB Annual Report for the previous year.

Autori : MAZZOCCHI Ronny

Rezumat : We assess the latest monetary policy stance of the European Central Bank (ECB). We first discuss whether the inflation surge is temporary or permanent and examine the nature of the inflation shock. We then analyse the ECB’s interest rate and quantitative tightening policies. Finally, we examine inflation differentials within the euro area and the ECB’s communication strategy.

Autor extern : Paul DE GRAUWE, Yuemei JI

Rezumat : On 3 June 2026, the Commission published the European Semester Spring Package, including the first assessment of compliance with the net expenditure paths under the reformed Stability and Growth Pact. This briefing provides an overview of the main fiscal elements of the package. It examines the proposed extension of the national escape clause to energy-related expenditure, the Commission’s assessment of compliance for 2025 and 2026, and the progress made on reforms and investments underpinning extended adjustment periods.

Autori : MAZZOCCHI Ronny, LOI GIACOMO, RUANO REMIREZ SOFIA

Rezumat : This study examines the competitiveness of the EU aviation sector both internally and versus comparator third countries, highlighting its current strengths and weaknesses and likely future developments. The study encompasses the entire aviation value chain and includes an assessment of the working conditions in the sector. It identifies a set of recommendations paving the way towards a strategic action plan for the EU aviation sector, which aim to maintain and improve the competitiveness of EU aviation in the medium- to long-term.

Autor extern : STEER

Rezumat : This paper evaluates technical aspects of the Directives on periodic roadworthiness testing (2014/45/EU) and roadside inspection of commercial vehicles (2014/47/EU). Key findings focus on harmonising minimum content for Periodic Technical Inspection and Roadside Inspection requirements across Member States and establishing a cross-border data-exchange platform for registration, driver licence and inspection data. For remote sensing, comparative campaigns across Member States are recommended, noting its benefits while zero-emission vehicle uptake remains low. This document was provided by Policy Department B at the request of the TRAN Committee.

Autor extern : Christian BIRKNER

Rezumat : This briefing assesses the impact of the recent energy price shock on the EU economy, with a focus on oil and gas price developments, their implications for growth, inflation and competitiveness, and the extent to which the current shock differs from the 2022 energy crisis. It also reviews the main EU and national policy responses, including the Commission’s “Accelerate EU” package, the Middle East Crisis Temporary State Aid Framework, the proposed extension of fiscal flexibility under the National Escape Clause for energy resilience measures, and measures adopted by Member States to cushion the impact of higher energy prices on households and businesses. Finally, it considers the role of a deeper Energy Union in strengthening energy security and reducing energy costs over the medium term.

Autori : MEHMEDI MENTOR

Rezumat : The Cybersecurity Act (CSA) came into force in 2019 as part of the EU's broader efforts to build strengthened cybersecurity. The CSA formalised the role of the European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA), giving it a permanent mandate, resources and tasks, including operational ones. It also established a voluntary European cybersecurity certification framework (ECCF) for ICT products, services and processes. The ECCF aims to set up and maintain specific certification schemes, allowing companies operating in the EU to use certificates recognised across all Member States. In January 2025, a targeted amendment to the CSA was adopted to enable the future adoption of European certification schemes for 'managed security services' – cybersecurity risk management services provided by third-party providers – covering areas such as incident response, penetration testing, security audits and consultancy. The CSA requires an evaluation and review every five years. After being postponed several times, the current proposal is the result of this review. The Commission published the CSA review proposal on 20 January 2026, together with targeted amendments to the NIS2 Directive. The proposal aims to clarify ENISA's mandate and improve the ECCF, and introduces new measures for secure and resilient ICT supply chains. In the Parliament, the file has been assigned to the Industry, Research and Energy committee (ITRE), and Marketa Gregorova (Greens/EFA, Czechia) was appointed rapporteur.

Autori : CAR POLONA, DE LUCA Stefano

Rezumat : This study, prepared for the European Parliament’s Policy Department for Transport, Employment and Social Affairs and commissioned by the Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (EMPL), describes support for large families and single parents across the European Union. It analyses the vulnerability of these households and provides recommendations to improve support at both EU and Member State level. Attention is paid to the implementation of large family cards across EU Member States, and the feasibility of a European large family card.     

Autor extern : Olatz RIBERA ALMANDOZ, Kate BROCKIE, Elizabeth KADAR, Madeline NIGHTINGALE, Mateusz KRZĄKAŁA, Katarzyna LIPOWSKA, Iga MAGDA and Mateusz SMOTER

Rezumat : On 12 July 2023, the Commission published its proposal for a revision of the Victims' Rights Directive, the key EU legislation on the protection of the rights of victims of crime. In Parliament, the file was handled by the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE) and the Committee on Women's Rights and Gender Equality (FEMM) under the joint committee procedure. The text, agreed by the Council and Parliament on 10 December 2025, requires Member States to put in place victims' helplines to facilitate the reporting of criminal offences by victims and third parties, ensure access to legal aid for those who need it and ensure compensation for victims through the adoption of execution measures and enforcement measures. Support services for victims with specific needs will need to be made available and access to child-friendly services will need to be ensured for child victims. Victims' personal data will also need to be protected.

Autori : PRPIC Martina

Rezumat : According to Directive 2008/115/EC, third-country nationals staying illegally on the territory of a European Union (EU) Member State should, as a general rule, be issued a return decision obliging them to leave the EU. However, available data suggest that, among those who receive such a decision, only about a quarter actually leave the EU. The limited effectiveness of the return policy is due to several challenges that the EU and Member States face when carrying out return procedures, including difficulties related to implementation at national level. To increase the effectiveness of the EU return policy, the European Commission announced in its 2025 work programme that it would develop a new common approach to returns, including a new legislative proposal on the subject.

Autori : RADJENOVIC Anja