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Thรฉnardite
A valid IMA mineral species
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About Thรฉnardite
Louis Jacques Thรฉnard
Formula:
Na2SO4
Colour:
Colourless, very light grey, light brown; colourless in transmitted light
Lustre:
Vitreous, Resinous
Hardness:
2½ - 3
Specific Gravity:
2.664
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Name:
Thenardite was named by J.L. Casaseca in 1826 and published both in French and English. In both articles, the mineral name was without the accent mark, even though the family name Thรฉnard is spelled with an accent. Casaseca was a professor of chemistry at the university of Madrid (Spain), and he named the mineral after his teacher and mentor Louis Jacques Thรฉnard (1777-1857), Professor of Chemistry, University of Paris (France). Both spellings, thenardite and thรฉnardite, were used in literature until 2014, when IMA proposal 14-A was accepted and the mineral name "thenardite" became thรฉnardite, in agreement with the original spelling of the family name.
Dimorph of:
Five polymorphs known (compare metathรฉnardite).
May occur as a dehydration product of mirabilite. See also 'UM1962-08-SO:HNa'.
As shown by experiments of Africano et al. (2002), it may deposit from volcanic gas in high fO2 conditions during cooling from ca. 800 down to 400ยฐC, together with aphthitalite.
May occur as a dehydration product of mirabilite. See also 'UM1962-08-SO:HNa'.
As shown by experiments of Africano et al. (2002), it may deposit from volcanic gas in high fO2 conditions during cooling from ca. 800 down to 400ยฐC, together with aphthitalite.
Name Encoding
ASCII-7:
Thenardite
Unique Identifiers
Mindat ID:
3935
Long-form identifier:
mindat:1:1:3935:8
IMA Classification of Thรฉnardite
Approved
IMA status notes:
Renamed by the IMA
IMA Formula:
Na2S6+O4
First published:
1826
Classification of Thรฉnardite
7.AD.25
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
A : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, without H2O
D : With only large cations
7 : SULFATES (selenates, tellurates, chromates, molybdates, wolframates)
A : Sulfates (selenates, etc.) without additional anions, without H2O
D : With only large cations
28.2.3.1
28 : ANHYDROUS ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
2 : A2XO4
28 : ANHYDROUS ACID AND NORMAL SULFATES
2 : A2XO4
25.1.1
25 : Sulphates
1 : Sulphates of the alkali metals and ammonium
25 : Sulphates
1 : Sulphates of the alkali metals and ammonium
Mineral Symbols
As of 2021 there are now IMAโCNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.
Please only use the official IMAโCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
Please only use the official IMAโCNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.
| Symbol | Source | Reference for Standard |
|---|---|---|
| Thn | IMAโCNMNC | Warr, L.N. (2021). IMAโCNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43 |
| Thn | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) | The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download |
Physical Properties of Thรฉnardite
Vitreous, Resinous
Transparency:
Transparent, Translucent
Colour:
Colourless, very light grey, light brown; colourless in transmitted light
Streak:
White
Hardness:
2½ - 3 on Mohs scale
Tenacity:
Brittle
Cleavage:
Perfect
On {010} perfect; on {101} fair; on {100} incomplete
On {010} perfect; on {101} fair; on {100} incomplete
Fracture:
Irregular/Uneven, Hackly
Density:
2.664 g/cm3 (Measured) 2.674 g/cm3 (Calculated)
Optical Data of Thรฉnardite
Type:
Biaxial (+)
RI values:
nα = 1.471 nβ = 1.477 nγ = 1.484
2V:
Measured: 83° , Calculated: 86°
Max. Birefringence:
δ = 0.013
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Based on recorded range of RI values above.
Interference Colours:
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ยตm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
The colours simulate birefringence patterns seen in thin section under crossed polars. They do not take into account mineral colouration or opacity.
Michel-Levy Bar The default colours simulate the birefringence range for a 30 ยตm thin-section thickness. Adjust the slider to simulate a different thickness.
Grain Simulation You can rotate the grain simulation to show how this range might look as you rotated a sample under crossed polars. Each grain retains its interference colour (retardation) while its brightness falls to black at extinction and reaches a maximum between extinction positions.
Surface Relief:
Moderate (negative)
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
Relative to Canada balsam mounting medium (n ≈ 1.537).
This shows the grain boundary and Becke line effect under plane-polarised
light, based on the contrast between this mineral's average refractive
index and the mounting medium. It does not take into account mineral
colouration.
In focus
Interference Figure:
This shows the idealized biaxial acute bisectrix (Bxa) interference figure
- the conoscopic view for a grain cut perpendicular to the acute bisectrix, using
this mineral's 2V. The two small white dots mark the melatopes - the points
where the two optic axes emerge - and are shown only when they fall within the
field of view. The coloured bands are isochromatics, and the dark bands are
isogyres.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Rotate the stage: at 0°/90° the isogyres form a cross through the melatopes; at 45° they pull apart into curved hyperbolas. That splitting on rotation - absent in a uniaxial figure - is the standard diagnostic test for telling biaxial minerals from uniaxial ones. If 2V is large, the melatopes may fall outside the field of view, as they often do at the microscope too.
Dispersion:
none
Chemistry of Thรฉnardite
Mindat Formula:
Na2SO4
Element Weights:
Elements listed:
Crystallography of Thรฉnardite
Crystal System:
Orthorhombic
Class (H-M):
mmm(2/m2/m2/m) - Dipyramidal
Space Group:
Fddd
Cell Parameters:
a = 5.86 Å, b = 12.3 Å, c = 9.82 Å
Ratio:
a:b:c = 0.476 : 1 : 0.798
Unit Cell V:
707.81 ร
ยณ (Calculated from Unit Cell)
Z:
8
Morphology:
Crystals dipyramidal {111} with minor truncations; tabular {010} rough and striated, and {101} present as large faces; prismatic [100], rare. Pulverulent crusts, efflorescences.
Twinning:
On {110} common, yielding cruciform groups. Also on {011}, yielding twins rather similar to gypsum "butterfly" twins.
X-Ray Powder Diffraction
Loading XRD data...
Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.
Powder Diffraction Data:
| d-spacing | Intensity |
|---|---|
| 4.66 ร | (70) |
| 3.84 ร | (20) |
| 3.178 ร | (50) |
| 3.075 ร | (50) |
| 2.783 ร | (100) |
| 2.646 ร | (50) |
| 2.329 ร | (20) |
| 1.864 ร | (30) |
Geological Environment
Paragenetic Mode(s):
| Paragenetic Mode | Earliest Age (Ga) |
|---|---|
| Near-surface Processes | |
| 25 : Evaporites (prebiotic) | |
| Stage 7: Great Oxidation Event | <2.4 |
| 45a : [Sulfates, arsenates, selenates, antimonates] | |
| Stage 10a: Neoproterozoic oxygenation/terrestrial biosphere | <0.6 |
| 50 : Coal and/or oil shale minerals | <0.36 |
| Stage 10b: Anthropogenic minerals | <10 Ka |
| 54 : Coal and other mine fire minerals (see also #51 and #56) |
Geological Setting:
Lakes and playas in arid regions; as efflorescences on soils in arid areas, and in caliche. Also occurs around volcanic fumaroles mixed with alkali halides and sulphates and as an incrustation on recent lavas.
Type Occurrence of Thรฉnardite
Place of Conservation of Type Material:
Musรฉum Nationale dโHistoire Naturelle, Paris, France, number 26.252 (holotype).
Geological Setting of Type Material:
Salt lake.
Synonyms of Thรฉnardite
Other Language Names for Thรฉnardite
Dutch:Thรฉnardiet
Russian:ะขะตะฝะฐัะดะธั
Simplified Chinese:ๆ ๆฐด่็ก
Spanish:Thenardita
Traditional Chinese:็กๆฐด่็ก
Common Associates
Associations Based on Photo Data:
| 27 photos of Thรฉnardite associated with Halite | NaCl |
| 17 photos of Thรฉnardite associated with Mirabilite | Na2SO4 ยท 10H2O |
| 2 photos of Thรฉnardite associated with Konyaite | Na2Mg(SO4)2 ยท 5H2O |
| 2 photos of Thรฉnardite associated with Blรถdite | Na2Mg(SO4)2 ยท 4H2O |
| 1 photo of Thรฉnardite associated with Salammoniac | NH4Cl |
| 1 photo of Thรฉnardite associated with Lecontite | (NH4)Na(SO4) ยท 2H2O |
| 1 photo of Thรฉnardite associated with Gypsum | CaSO4 ยท 2H2O |
| 1 photo of Thรฉnardite associated with Santite | K[B5O6(OH)4] ยท 2H2O |
| 1 photo of Thรฉnardite associated with Ulexite | NaCa[B5O6(OH)6] ยท 5H2O |
| 1 photo of Thรฉnardite associated with Trona | Na3H(CO3)2 ยท 2H2O |
Related Minerals - Strunz-mindat Grouping
| 7.AD. | Bubnovaite | K2Na8Ca(SO4)6 |
| 7.AD. | Dobrovolskyite | Na4Ca(SO4)3 |
| 7.AD. | Calciolangbeinite | K2Ca2(SO4)3 |
| 7.AD. | Murphyite | Pb(Te6+O4) |
| 7.AD. | Cuprodobrovolskyite | Na4Cu(SO4)3 |
| 7.AD. | Kristjรกnite | KNa2H(SO4)2 |
| 7.AD.05 | Mascagnite | (NH4)2SO4 |
| 7.AD.05 | Arcanite | K2SO4 |
| 7.AD.10 | Mercallite | KHSO4 |
| 7.AD.15 | Misenite | K8H6(SO4)7 |
| 7.AD.20 | Letovicite | (NH4)3H(SO4)2 |
| 7.AD.25 | Glauberite | Na2Ca(SO4)2 |
| 7.AD.30 | Metathรฉnardite | Na2SO4 |
| 7.AD.30 | Anhydrite | CaSO4 |
| 7.AD.35 | Baryte | BaSO4 |
| 7.AD.35 | Celestine | SrSO4 |
| 7.AD.35 | Olsacherite | Pb2(Se6+O4)(SO4) |
| 7.AD.35 | Anglesite | PbSO4 |
| 7.AD.40 | Kalistrontite | K2Sr(SO4)2 |
| 7.AD.40 | Palmierite | K2Pb(SO4)2 |
| 7.AD.45 | Ivsite | Na3H(SO4)2 |
| 7.AD.55 | Markhininite | TlBi(SO4)2 |
Other Information
Thermal Behaviour:
Melting Point = 883ยฐ C.
Health Risks:
No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.
Internet Links for Thรฉnardite
mindat.org URL:
https://www.mindat.org/min-3935.html
Please feel free to link to this page.
Please feel free to link to this page.
Search Engines:
External Links:
Mineral Dealers:
References for Thรฉnardite
Reference List:
Larsen, Esper S. (1921) The microscopic determination of the nonopaque minerals. Bulletin 679. US Geological Survey doi:10.3133/b679 p.143
Blasdale, Walter C., Robson, Homer L. (1928) The system water and the sulfates of sodium and magnesium. Journal Of The American Chemical Society, 50 (1). 35-46 doi:10.1021/ja01388a006
Zachariasen, W. H.; Ziegler, G. E. (1932) The Crystal Structure of Anhydrous Sodium Sulfate Na2SO4. Zeitschrift fรผr Kristallographie, Mineralogie und Petrographie, 81 (1-6). p.92-101. doi:10.1524/zkri.1932.81.1.92
Hawthorne, F. C., Ferguson, R. B. (1975) Anhydrous sulphates. I: Refinement of the crystal structure of celestite with an appendix on the structure of thenardite. The Canadian Mineralogist, 13 (2) 181-187
Mehrotra, B. N. (1981) The crystal structure of Na2SO4III. Zeitschrift fรผr Kristallographie, 155 (3-4). p.159-163. doi:10.1524/zkri.1981.155.3-4.159
Africano, F., Van Rompaey, G., Bernard, A., Le Guern, F (2002) Deposition of trace elements from high temperature gases of Satsuma-Iwojima volcano. Earth Planets and Space, 54 (3). 275-286 doi:10.1186/BF03353027
Shannon, Robert D., Shannon, Ruth C., Medenbach, Olaf, Fischer, Reinhard X. (2002) Refractive Index and Dispersion of Fluorides and Oxides. Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, 31 (4) 931-970 doi:10.1063/1.1497384
Lane, M. D. (2007) Mid-infrared emission spectroscopy of sulfate and sulfate-bearing minerals. American Mineralogist, 92 (1) 1-18 doi:10.2138/am.2007.2170
Williams, P. A., Hatert, F., Pasero, M., Mills, S. J. (2014) New minerals and nomenclature modifications approved in 2014, CNMNC Newsletter No 20. Mineralogical Magazine, 78 (3) 549-558 doi:10.1180/minmag.2014.078.3.05
Localities for Thรฉnardite
Showing 388 localities.
symbol to view information about a locality.
The Locality List
- This locality has map coordinates listed.
- This locality has estimated coordinates.
โ - Click for references and further information on this occurrence.
? - Indicates mineral may be doubtful at this locality.
- Good crystals or important locality for species.
- World class for species or very significant.
(TL) - Type Locality for a valid mineral species.
(FRL) - First Recorded Locality for everything else (eg varieties).
All localities listed without proper references should be considered as questionable.
Afghanistan | |
| Orris et al. (2002) |
Antarctica | |
| Liu et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Gore et al. (2000) |
| Bisson et al. (2015) |
| Hodenberg et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
| Hodenberg et al. (1983) +1 other reference |
| Browne |
| Kammerer (2011) | |
| Vennum (1979) |
| Vennum (1979) | |
Argentina | |
| Benedetto et al. (1998) |
| American Mineralogist: 51: 1-13 +1 other reference |
| Raรบl Jorge Tauber Larry | |
| Alonso (1999) |
| Ovejero Toledo et al. (2009) | |
| Raรบl Jorge Tauber Larry +1 other reference | |
| Raรบl J. Tauber Larry (2013) |
| Raรบl Jorge Tauber Larry |
| Raรบl Jorge Tauber Larry | |
Australia | |
| Sutton (2004) |
| Bridge et al. (1979) |
| Mills et al. (2010) |
Austria | |
| Gรถtzinger (2009) +1 other reference |
| Gรถtzinger (2009) +1 other reference |
| Gรถtzinger (2009) +1 other reference | |
| Gรถtzinger (2009) | |
| Gรถtzinger (2009) | |
| Gรถtzinger (2009) | |
| Exel (1993) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Strasser (1989) |
| Meixner (1977) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Kirchner (1974) |
| Exel (1993) |
| Arthofer et al. (2025) +1 other reference |
Azerbaijan | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
Bolivia | |
| Ahlfeld & Muรฑoz Reyes (1955) +2 other references |
| Bentz (2017) |
| Bentz (2017) | |
| Bentz (2017) | |
| Lizeca et al. (1999) |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Janjiฤ et al. (1971) |
Brazil | |
| Azzi (2019) |
| Gomes et al. (2023) | |
Canada | |
| Kohut et al. (1993) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) |
| Peatfield (n.d.) | |
| Peatfield (n.d.) | |
| Woodside collection |
| S. J. Mills (XRD data) |
| Battler et al. (2013) |
| Sabina (2015) +1 other reference |
| Chen et al. (2013) |
| Horvรกth et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
| 176-178. +2 other references |
| Last (1990) |
| Shang (2000) | |
| Greengrass et al. (1999) | |
Cape Verde | |
| Silva et al. (2019) |
Chad | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Chile | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| British Natural History Museum online ... |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| XRD by Joachim Lorenz | |
| Bandy (1938) +1 other reference |
| Cameron et al. (2007) | |
| Robinson (1993) | |
| Collao et al. (2002) |
| Marta et al. (1996) |
| Samples analysed by Dr. Jochen Schlรผter (Hamburg University) | |
| Pueyo et al. (2021) |
| samples analysed by Gerhard Mohn and ... |
China | |
| Yu et al. (2001) |
| Li et al. (2023) |
| Sun Da-peng et al. (2002) |
| Dapeng Sun et al. (1984) +2 other references |
| Xiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981) +3 other references |
| Xifang Liu and Mianping Zheng (2010) |
| Xiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Shaoxiu (1991) | |
| Xiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981) +1 other reference |
| Xiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981) +1 other reference |
| Xiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981) +1 other reference | |
| Xiyu Zheng and Shengsong Yu (1981) +2 other references | |
| Shaoxiu (1991) | |
| Shaoxiu (1991) +2 other references |
| Okada et al. (1994) |
| Okada et al. (1994) | |
| Okada et al. (1994) | |
| Okada et al. (1994) |
| Okada et al. (1994) |
| Tang (2005) |
| Bingxiao (1992) | |
| Okada et al. (1994) | |
| Bingxiao (1992) |
| Bingxiao (1992) +1 other reference |
| Bingxiao (1992) |
| Tang (2005) |
| Bingxiao (1992) |
| Okada et al. (1994) | |
| Tang (2005) | |
| Zhaoxin Han et al. (2004) +1 other reference |
| Yuezhen Gao (1993) +1 other reference |
| Tang (2005) |
| Bingxiao (1992) | |
| Bingxiao (1992) | |
| Bingxiao (1992) |
| Meixiang et al. (1987) |
| Meixiang et al. (1987) | |
| Li et al. (2015) |
Costa Rica | |
| Garvie (2021) |
Czech Republic | |
| Jirรกsek (2001) |
| Fiala |
| Hlouลกek et al. (2002) |
| Cรญlek |
| Scharm +7 other references |
| Matรฝsek et al. (2026) |
| Matรฝsek et al. (2022) |
| Hrลกelovรก et al. (2013) |
DR Congo | |
| Deleins (1975) +1 other reference |
| Bailey (1980) |
Egypt | |
| Marchesini et al. (2009) +1 other reference |
| Sapsford (2009) +1 other reference | |
| Sapsford (2009) | |
| Melanie Sapsford (2009) +1 other reference | |
| Marchesini et al. (2019) | |
| Salem et al. (2018) | |
El Salvador | |
| Hughes et al. (1985) +1 other reference |
France | |
| Naze-Nancy Masalehdani et al. (2009) |
| D. Laurent et al. (2023) |
| Audra et al. (2012) |
| Favreau et al. (2024) |
| Favreau et al. (2024) | |
| Vlastรฉlic et al. (2013) |
Germany | |
| in the collection of Christof Schรคfer |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Wittern (2001) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Weiร (1990) |
| Blaร et al. (1999) +1 other reference |
| Blaร et al. (2005) +1 other reference |
| Blaร et al. (2005) |
| Hentschel (2014) +1 other reference |
| Witzke et al. (2011) |
| Witzke (1994) |
Greece | |
| Rieck et al. (2020) |
| Rieck et al. (2020) |
| Rieck et al. (2020) | |
| Dotsika et al. (2009) |
| Stamatakis (1989) |
Guatemala | |
| Stoiber et al. (1974) |
Hungary | |
| Szakรกll et al. (1997) |
| Sรกndor et al. (2005) |
| Sรกndor et al. (2005) |
| Szakรกll et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| www.minerals- of-the- carpathians.eu (Editor:Szakรกll) |
| Szakรกll & Gatter: Hungarian Mineral ... |
| Szakรกll: Minerals of Rudabรกnya |
| Szakรกll: Minerals of Rudabรกnya | |
| Szakรกll et al. (1997) +1 other reference |
| Szakรกll et al. (1997) |
| Mecsek-Oko |
| Szakรกll-Jรกnosi: Minerals of Hungary |
| Szakรกll et al. (1997) | |
| Geoda - Journal of the Hungarian ... | |
Iceland | |
| Baliฤ-ลฝuniฤ et al. (2016) |
| Baliฤ-ลฝuniฤ et al. (2024) | |
| Mitolo et al. (2008) |
| Jakobsson et al. (1992) |
| JAKOBSSON et al. (1986) +1 other reference | |
Iran | |
| Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts (2011) |
| Ghadimi et al. (2013) |
Italy | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Sinno R. โ (1957) |
| Pelloux (1927) +1 other reference | |
| Pellino et al. (2025) | |
| Cristian Ghia Collection +1 other reference |
| D'Angeli et al. (2018) |
| Forti et al. (1995) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| www.cse.speleo.it +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| P.Forti (1994) |
| Anthony et al. (2003) |
| De Vecchi et al. (pp. 417-443) |
Japan | |
| - (n.d.) |
| Seki et al. (1987) |
| Oana (1962) |
| Africano et al. (2002) |
Kazakhstan | |
| Dautbekov et al. (2026) |
| Pekov et al. (1993) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
Kenya | |
| Vergouwen (1981) |
| Vergouwen (1979) | |
| Vergouwen (1981) |
Mexico | |
| Megaw (1990) |
| Taran et al. (2000) +1 other reference |
Morocco | |
| Joan Rosell. RosellMinerals |
Namibia | |
| Foshag (1933) +1 other reference |
Netherlands | |
| T.G. Nijland |
Niger | |
| Palache et al. (1951) +1 other reference |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Norway | |
| Nordrum (2002) |
| Bรธe (1998) |
| Husdal (2019) | |
| Bryhni (1993) +1 other reference |
Peru | |
| Tyc et al. (2022) |
| Mees et al. (1991) |
| Diaby et al. (2006) |
Poland | |
| Dudek et al. (2014) |
| Wiewiรณrka J. 1972: Wtรณrny mirabilit z ... |
| Kruszewski (2013) |
| ล. Kruszewski PXRD data (to be published soon) |
| Kruszewski et al. (2018) |
Romania | |
| |
Russia | |
| Vladykin et al. (2018) |
| Ovdina +2 other references |
| Ryabin et al. (1920) | |
| Solotchin et al. (2015) |
| Cesnokov et al. (1998) |
| found in volcanic fumaroles of the ... |
| Pavel M. Kartashov analytical data (2011) |
| Pekov et al. (2012) | |
| Siidra et al. (2020) | |
| Hรฅlenius et al. (2016) +3 other references |
| Shablinskii et al. (2022) | |
| Okrugin (2004) |
| www.kscnet.ru (2019) | |
| Bortnikova et al. (2017) |
| Arkhipov et al. (2015) |
| Arkhipov et al. (2015) | |
| Dmitry Tonkacheev |
| Chayka et al. (2021) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| ... |
| Prokopyev +4 other references |
| Anthony et al. (2000) | |
| Naumov et al. (2008) |
| Africano et al. (2003) +1 other reference |
Slovakia | |
| Szakรกll et al. (2014) |
South Africa | |
| Kamenetsky et al. (2014) |
| Tarasov et al. (2021, April) +1 other reference |
| Roelofse (2010) |
| Roelofse (2010) |
Spain | |
| Navarro et al. (2009) |
| Schnorrer (2000) |
| Vizcayno et al. (1995) |
| Vizcayno et al. (1995) |
| Vizcayno et al. (1995) |
| Vizcayno et al. (1995) | |
| Mees et al. (2011) |
| Collection of NHM |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) | |
| Buey et al. (2025) |
| Buey et al. (2025) | |
| Sanz-Montero et al. (2019) +1 other reference | |
| Desor (2018) |
| euromin.w3sites.net (2002) |
| Casaseca (1826) |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Garrett (2001) |
| Calvo Rebollar (2014) |
| Benavente et al. (2018, September) |
Sweden | |
| Kresten (1990) |
Switzerland | |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
| Stalder et al. (1998) |
Tanzania | |
| Victoria Sekisova et al. (2015) |
Turkey | |
| Helvaci et al. (2004) |
| Helvaci (1998) +1 other reference | |
| Karakaya et al. (2013) | |
| Zeki Camur et al. (1996) | |
| Ortฤฑฬ et al. (2002) |
| Karakaya et al. (1984) | |
| Vergouwen (1981) |
| Vergouwen (1981) | |
| Garcรญa-Veigas et al. (2010) +1 other reference |
| Altay et al. (2010) |
Turkmenistan | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
Uganda | |
| Kasedde et al. (2014) |
UK | |
| Ansermet (2007) |
| Young et al. (1985) |
| Mineralogical Magazine 1959 32 : ... |
Ukraine | |
| Nesterovskiy et al. (2015) | |
| Alexander I. Tischenko (1996) |
| Deyak M.A. Modern water-chemogenic ... |
| Deyak M.A. Modern water-chemogenic ... |
| Deyak M.A. Modern water-chemogenic ... |
| Geologiya SSSR. Poleznye iskopaemye (The geology of USSR. Commercial mineral) |
| Dvoichenko (1914) +1 other reference |
| Geologiya SSSR (The geology of USSR) |
USA | |
| Regis (1967) +1 other reference |
| University of Arizona Mineral Museum ... |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Kampf et al. (2019) |
| Kampf et al. (2019) +1 other reference | |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) |
| Guild (1910) +3 other references | |
| Thompson (1983) |
| Anthony et al. (1995) | |
| Tenny (1928) +1 other reference | |
| Grant et al. (2005) | |
| Tucker (1921) +8 other references |
| Tucker (1924a) +1 other reference | |
| Adams et al. (2014) |
| Adams et al. (2014) |
| Adams et al. (2014) | |
| Adams et al. (2014) | |
| Adams et al. (2014) | |
| Adams et al. (2014) |
| Bodewig (1885) +2 other references |
| Bailey (1902) | |
| 767 pp.: 129 +9 other references |
| - (2005) | |
| Crowley (1996) +1 other reference | |
| Erd et al. (1970) +1 other reference |
| McAllister (1961) +2 other references |
| Smith et al. (1987) |
| Post (1984) |
| Ver Planck et al. (1958) +6 other references | |
| U.S. Borax |
| Pemberton et al. (1960) +1 other reference | |
| Wells (1937) +1 other reference |
| Ingalls et al. (1908) |
| Tucker et al. (1943) +4 other references |
| Robottom (1874) +8 other references | |
| Palache et al. (1951) |
| Arnold (1909) +3 other references |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Eckel et al. (1997) |
| Zielinski et al. (2001) | |
| ... |
| Washington et al. (1921) | |
| Palache et al. (1951) | |
| Hon et al. (2009) | |
| Rocks & Min. |
| Joeckel et al. (1999) |
| Cahit Helvaci et al. (2012) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Buck et al. (2006) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Silver Coin Mine. Compact Disc. Paul ... |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Heins (1937) +2 other references | |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Jensen (1993) +1 other reference |
| Castor et al. (2004) | |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Castor et al. (2004) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| 10th Annual New Mexico Mineral Symposium +1 other reference |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Northrop et al. (1996) | |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... |
| NMBMMR Memoir 15 Geology and Technology ... | |
| 2008 New Mexico Mineral Symposium ... |
| Northrop et al. (1996) |
| Jones | |
| Personal Message - Jeri L Jones |
| www.dmr.nd.gov (2009) |
| Ransom (1974) | |
| Carlson (2015) |
| Smith et al. (1997) |
| Gold (2006, October) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Weeks et al. (1963) +1 other reference |
| Bullock (1981) | |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Wendlandt et al. (2006) |
| Kampf et al. (2018) |
| Bullock (1981) |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1985) |
| Dietrich (1990) | |
| Dietrich (1990) |
| Cannon (1975) |
| www.dnr.wa.gov/geology/okanogan.htm. | |
Uzbekistan | |
| Slyusareva (1964) +1 other reference |
Zambia | |
| Van Ranst et al. (2008) |
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